SIMPLIFIED STUDY OF BENGALI
LANGUAGE STRUCTURE
Teaching
Truth in Bengali |
Teaching
Truth in Bengali |
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This course will help you to learn to speak Bengali language in a simple
and correct manner from the start.
Instead of learning first the letters of the Bengali script, they are
replaced with Roman characters.
(1 Corinthians 14:8)
Having prepared the pronunciation, one will
study enough of the structure, grammatical
rules and vocabularies. One will consider the elements of a sentence
one after another so as to put them together and express your message in
sufficient detail. This forms a sound basis
for you to construct meaningful conversations, adding additional vocabulary
yourself, as and when necessary.
(Zechariah 4:10)
To master the full extent of the language and grammar, you can go on to
study our full course.
Click
on the links: |
||
GRAMMAR |
EXERCISE |
DETAILS |
Doers
(nouns and pronouns) |
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Process
done (verb)—a simple past, present and future tense |
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Object
forms of nouns and pronouns according to ‘case’ |
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Quality describing doers and objects (adjectives, possessive
pronouns, etc.) |
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Manner
describing process done (adverbs) |
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Connectives
linking to another clause |
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Conditional
sentences |
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Interrogatives,
correlatives and relatives |
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Other
forms of expression common or without equivalent |
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Exercise 10 |
Add
other features |
GENERAL NOTES
1. Note that throughout this course ‘YOU’ means the plural of ‘you’.
2. Note that English pronouns underlined are equivalent to the honorific
form in Bengali.
3. Bengali letters underlined represent the ‘cerebral’ sound, not the ‘dental’
family.
4. In these Bengali spellings ‘_’ indicates that the adjacent letters get
brought together as one syllable.
5. In these Bengali spellings ‘-’ indicates that the adjacent letters are in
different syllables.
AUDIO FILES TO GUIDE PRONUNCIATION
1. Sounds can be played by clicking on the hyperlinks in the table. These call audio files on the website.
2. The sounds can be all be downloaded. If necessary, follow the instructions given at this link, downloadsounds.htm.
3. When you want to learn the Bengali script, other helps are provided using audio files, such as the sound charts and other pronunciation routines.
PRONUNCIATION OF ROMAN CHARACTERS
Vowels
PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS |
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ROMAN |
ENGLISH |
AS IN THE ENGLISH WORD |
AFTER A
CONSONANT (e.g. after “k ”) |
“ ` ” |
(no vowel) |
(no sound after ‘k’ in
“black_”) |
|
short “a” very short “o” (hints: ~“å”) |
“wander” “off” (inherent a) |
ka |
|
long “a” |
“far” |
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a
, a,
yaa |
flat “a” |
“apple” |
ka |
short “i” |
“pill” |
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long “i”, |
“pip”, “peel” |
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short “u” |
“pull” |
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long “u” |
“pool” |
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short “ri” |
“dribble” |
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short “e” |
“pegging” |
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long “oi” |
“point” |
kee |
|
medium “o” |
“pond” |
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long “o”, |
“poke”, “pole”,
“pound”, “power” |
koo |
|
nasal “ng”, |
“singer” |
kan° |
|
abrupt “h” |
“Judah had” |
kahh |
|
faint nasal “n” as in
French |
“Non, ton
son est bon” |
ka^ |
Consonants
Note that the sounds whose Romanization contains “-h” must be breathed. So, “kh” is like “ka” but breathed. (There is nothing similar in English.)
PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS |
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PHYSICAL CLASS |
ROMAN |
ENGLISH |
AS IN
THE ENGLISH WORD |
Guttural |
k |
keen |
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kh |
rockhead |
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g |
got |
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gh |
slagheap |
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n¹ |
donkey |
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Palatal |
c |
chair |
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ch |
matchhead |
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j |
enjoy |
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jh |
hedgehog |
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n² |
enjoy,
pinch |
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Cerebral |
t / t³ |
alter |
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th / t³h |
malthouse |
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d / d³ |
holder |
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r / r³ (rolled) |
millrun,
barrel |
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dh / d³h |
goldhammer |
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rh / r³h (rolled) |
myrrh
lump |
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n or n³ |
inlaid |
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Dental |
t |
panting |
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th |
anthill |
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d |
beds |
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dh |
bedheads |
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n |
bending |
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Labial |
p |
peace |
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ph |
uphold |
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b |
bob |
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bh |
nibholder |
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m |
mop |
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Forward |
y |
jog |
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y |
yes |
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r (rolled) |
red |
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l |
led |
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Sibilants |
sh |
dishes |
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s |
rashly |
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s |
washroom |
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s before t, th, p, ph |
stop |
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Semi-guttural |
h |
happy |
The Romanized form is a script system in which each Bengali letter is matched accurately and uniquely by a character (or a group) taken from the Roman alphabet. Many of these sound nearly the same as the normal sound of the Bengali character. However, some Bengali characters are sometimes pronounced differently from normal. In these cases we provide phonetic hints like “(~shaak’kå)”.
A further great benefit of this Romanization method is its conformity of use in all the aids that we provide that we provide for other Sanskrit-based languages. So you can easily adapt to these scripts and languages. Some students have learned the Bengali script with the help of the Romanized script in less than two days.
It also conforms with the Romanized typing method available with Jaspell's free Jaldi Multilingual Word Processor Software Package.
[Go to Audio Files] [Go to Pronunciation]
[Go to Top] [Go to Contents]
To begin with you may feel that you would prefer to read the simplest representation of the approximate sound of the Bengali. That is fine, if we are only learning some set phrases off by heart. However, a language like Bengali is more complicated because of its numerous, variable sounds and letters.
If you want to spell correctly so as to write Bengali, you will need a more accurate system of writing. It is necessary in order to progress and to recognize or construct other sentences in different, unexpected circumstances.
In essence, the Bengali alphabet has far more sounds than the number of characters in the Roman alphabet. The language cannot be written sufficiently accurately purely in a phonetic form, because more than one Bengali letter can have the same sound. You cannot tell consistently what letters are being represented. Some students might write the example of “witness” approximately as “shako”. However, there are three different letters that can be pronounced like (~“sha”), and several letters or groups of letters that can be pronounced like (~“ka” or ~“kka”). If the pronounciation differs greatly from the normal way, we show more exact phonetic suggestions, such as (~“shaak’kå”).
Instead of attempting to replace the Bengali script merely with an approximate phonetic representation, we use a well-established alternative Romanized Script accompanied by audio files. These will help you learn the relationship between the sounds, the Bengali characters, and their equivalent Romanized characters.
If you wish, you can adapt better to the Romanization of the Bengali sounds by reading the letter below from the author. Also, you can click on [Contact Us!].
[Go to Author’s letter] [Go to Pronunciation] [Go to Contents]
Dear Student of Bengali, You may be puzzled about how we have used Roman characters to represent Bengali sounds. The number of Roman characters is far less than the number of characters in the Bengali alphabet. Therefore, some of these are represented by a combination of Roman characters. European languages pronounce some of the Roman characters in several different ways. Our Romanized Bengali may use them in yet another way. Note that in French you may write the sound of “verre” also as “ver”, “vers”, “vert”, “verts”, or “vair”. Moreover, “v” is pronounced differently in German than these other languages. In English, a letter may be pronounced in numerous ways. In Italian “c” is pronounced differently in “ca” than in “ce”. When we learn Chinese Mandarin using its Romanized form, Pinyin, we find “c” sounds like “ts”. Enjoy reading Zulu, in which “c” is clicked on the palate! So, we just try to adapt to any new ways of pronouncing these Roman characters. Anyhow, any mysteries here should not inhibit you for very long, if you use the sound files and other pronunciation aids we have provided you. Some have learned this way to read Bengali within two days. The same representation of the Classification of Sounds can be applied equally to many related languages from North India and Nepal. With best wishes, The Author |
[Go to Pronunciation] [Go to Top] [Go to Contents]
This is the key to constructing simple sentences.
(A) Picture someone or something
(B) Decide what action is being done (placed
last in Bengali)
(C) Add an ‘object’, if someone or something is
affected by the action
(D) Describe the doer
(E) Describe the object
(F) Describe the action
(G) You can use your sentence as a clause, and
connect it to another one.
For example, you can build up a sentence to say some or all of the following information.
“This little message joyfully tells everyone good news to
us all, and …”
A |
(This) |
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B |
message |
tells |
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C |
message |
news |
tells |
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D |
This little |
message |
news |
tells |
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E |
This
little |
message |
good |
news |
tells |
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F |
This
little |
message |
good |
news |
joyfully |
tells |
|
G |
This
little |
message |
good |
news |
joyfully |
tells |
and ... |
Quality |
DOER |
Quality |
OBJECT |
Manner |
PROCESS |
LINK |
|
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A: Someone or something |
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(The) message |
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san°baad |
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B: + action |
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(The) message |
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tells. |
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san°baad |
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bale. |
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C: + add an object |
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(The) message |
|
news |
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tells. |
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san°baad |
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khabar |
bale. |
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D: + describe the doer |
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This little |
message |
|
news |
|
tells. |
|
ei chota |
san°baad |
|
khabar |
|
bale. |
|
|
||||||
E: + describe the object |
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This little |
message |
good |
news |
|
tells. |
|
ei chota |
san°baad |
bhaalo |
khabar |
bale. |
|
|
|
||||||
F: + describe the action |
||||||
This little |
message |
good |
news |
joyfully |
tells. |
|
ei chota |
san°baad |
bhaalo |
khabar |
aanande |
bale. |
|
|
||||||
G: + link this clause to another clause |
||||||
This little |
message |
good |
news |
joyfully |
tells, |
and |
ei chota |
san°baad |
bhaalo |
khabar |
aanande |
bale, |
eban° |
There can be a direct object and an
indirect object. Sometimes the ‘object’
section of the sentence has two parts, such as when someone gives someone
(direct) something (indirect). The
‘direct’ part usually precedes the ‘indirect’ part.
This little
message joyfully tells good news to all.
This little |
message |
|
to all |
good |
news |
joyfully |
tells. |
ei chota |
san°baad |
|
sakal-ke |
bhaalo |
khabar |
aanande |
bale. |
This little message joyfully tells
good news to us all.
This little |
message |
us / our |
to all |
good |
news |
joyfully |
tells. |
ei chota |
san°baad |
aamaader |
sakal-ke |
bhaalo |
khabar |
aanande |
bale. |
A conditional sentence is made of
two of these groups (‘clauses’). Start
one with “yadi” (If ) and the other with the link “tabe” (then). Most Bengalis prefer to put “yadi”
just after the doer.
If the news is
good, then the message is good.
news |
if |
good |
[is] |
then |
message |
good |
[is] |
khabar |
yadi |
bhaalo |
[ ] |
tabe |
san°baad |
bhaalo |
[ ]. |
Discover how to build simple sentences using the building blocks provided.
Example 1
You * |
aapani (~“aapåni”) |
You are |
aapani aachen |
how? |
keman? (~“kemån”) |
* See General Notes
How are you?
|
|
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You |
|
how |
|
are? |
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|
|
|
|
aapani |
|
keman |
|
aachen? |
|
|
aapani keman
aachen?
Example 2
I |
aami |
I am |
aami aachi |
fine, O.K., well |
bhaalo |
Thanks |
dhanyabaad (~“dhån’nåbaad”) |
I’m fine, thanks.
|
|
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I |
|
fine |
|
am. |
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aami |
|
bhaalo |
|
aachi. |
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Thanks |
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[to you] |
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[be] |
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dhanya-baad |
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[ ] |
|
[ ] |
|
|
aami bhaalo
aachi, dhanyabaad.
Example 3
[You] read! |
[aapani] parun!
(~“pårdun”) |
message |
san°baad (~“sångbaad”) |
this |
ei |
kindness |
dayaa (~“dåyaa”) |
done |
kare (~“kåre”) |
please, kindly |
dayaa kare |
Read this message, please!
|
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|
[You] |
this |
message |
kindly |
read. |
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[aapani] |
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|
parun! |
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[aapani] |
|
san°baad |
|
parun! |
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[aapani] |
ei |
san°baad |
|
parun! |
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|
[aapani] |
ei |
san°baad |
dayaa kare |
parun! |
|
|
ei san°baad dayaa kare parun!
Example 4
it [that] |
taa |
it is |
taa aache |
what? |
kii? |
What is it?
|
|
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It |
|
what |
|
[is]? |
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|
|
taa |
|
kii |
|
[aache]? |
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|
taa kii aache?
Example 5
-’s, of |
-’r, -er |
my |
aamaar |
name |
naam |
I say / tell |
aami bali (~“båli”) |
I say my name. (Or, ‘Let
me say my name.’)
|
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I |
my |
name |
|
say. |
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aami |
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|
bali |
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aami |
|
naam |
|
bali |
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aami |
aamaar |
naam |
|
bali |
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|
aami aamaar
naam bali.
Example 6
he |
se |
he says / tells |
se bale |
not, “No” |
naa |
his |
taar |
his own |
taar nij |
He does not say his own message.
|
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He |
his (own) |
message |
|
says not. |
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se |
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|
bale |
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se |
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bale naa. |
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se |
|
san°baad |
|
bale naa. |
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se |
taar |
san°baad |
|
bale naa. |
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se |
taar (nij) |
san°baad |
|
bale naa. |
|
|
se taar nij san°baad bale naa.
Example 7
you give |
aapani den |
your |
aapanaar |
invitation |
nimantran |
little |
chota, chotta
(~“chhotå”) |
“Yes” |
haa^ (~“haang”), |
Yes, you give your little
invitation.
Yes, |
|
|
You |
your
little |
invitation |
|
give |
|
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|
aapani |
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|
den |
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aapani |
|
nimantran |
|
den |
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aapani |
aapanaar |
nimantran |
|
den |
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aapani |
aapanaar chota |
nimantran |
|
den |
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haa^ |
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|
aapani |
aapanaar chota |
nimantran |
|
den |
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|
haa^, aapani
aapanaar chota nimantran den.
Example 8
He |
tini |
He says / tells |
tini balen |
his |
taa^r |
He says his own name.
|
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He |
his own |
name |
|
says. |
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|
tini |
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|
balen. |
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tini |
|
naam |
|
balen. |
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tini |
taa^r |
naam |
|
balen. |
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tini |
taa^r nij |
naam |
|
balen. |
|
|
tini taa^r nij
naam balen.
Example 9
we |
aamaraa |
we say / we tell |
aamaraa bali |
faith |
bishvaas (~“bish’shaash”) |
-s’, of |
-der |
our |
aamaader |
and … |
eban° … (~“ebång”), aar |
We say our faith, and …
|
|
|
We |
our |
faith |
|
say. |
and … |
|
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|
|
aamaraa |
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|
bali |
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aamaraa |
|
bishvaas |
|
bali |
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aamaraa |
aamaa-der |
bishvaas |
|
bali |
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aamaraa |
aamaa-der |
bishvaas |
|
bali |
eban° … |
|
aamaraa
aamaader bishvaas bali, eban°…
Example 10
they |
taaraa |
they take |
taaraa ney |
they take |
taa^raa nen |
their |
taader |
They take their invitation.
|
… |
|
They |
their |
invitation |
|
take. |
|
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|
|
taaraa |
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|
ney. |
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taaraa |
|
nimantran |
|
ney. |
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taaraa |
taader |
nimantran |
|
ney. |
|
|
taaraa taader
nimantran ney.
Example 11
YOU |
aapanaaraa |
YOU say / tell / speak |
aapanaaraa balen (~“bålen”) |
news |
khabar |
very |
khub |
YOU speak very good news.
|
|
|
YOU |
very good |
news |
|
say. |
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|
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|
|
aapanaaraa |
|
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|
balen. |
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|
aapanaaraa |
|
khabar |
|
balen. |
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|
aapanaaraa |
bhaalo |
khabar |
|
balen. |
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aapanaaraa |
khub bhaalo |
khabar |
|
balen. |
|
|
aapanaaraa khub
bhaalo khabar balen.
Example 12
man |
maanus |
(the) man does |
maanus kare |
work |
kaaj |
he works / he does work |
se kaaj kare |
[The] man does good work
|
|
|
(The) man |
good |
work |
|
does, |
… |
|
|
|
|
maanus |
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|
kare |
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|
maanus |
|
kaaj |
|
kare |
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|
maanus |
bhaalo |
kaaj |
|
kare |
|
|
maanus
bhaalo kaaj kare
Example 13
if |
yadi (~“jådi”) |
only |
maatra (~“maatrå”) |
then |
tabe (~“tåbe”) |
If a good man only does good
work, then …
|
If |
[a] good |
man |
good |
work |
only |
does, |
… |
|
|
|
|
maanus |
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|
kare |
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|
maanus |
|
kaaj |
|
kare |
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bhaalo |
maanus |
|
kaaj |
|
kare |
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bhaalo |
maanus |
bhaalo |
kaaj |
|
kare |
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bhaalo |
maanus |
bhaalo |
kaaj |
maatra |
kare |
|
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|
yadi |
bhaalo |
maanus |
bhaalo |
kaaj |
maatra |
kare, |
… |
|
|
yadi |
bhaalo |
maanus |
bhaalo |
kaaj |
maatra |
kare, |
tabe |
… |
yadi bhaalo maanus maatra bhaalo kaaj
kare, tabe …
Example 14
who? |
ke? |
bad |
khaaraap |
now |
ekhan (~“ekhån”) |
… then who does this bad work
now?
|
… then |
|
who |
this bad |
work |
now |
does? |
|
|
|
|
|
ke |
|
|
|
kare? |
|
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|
ke |
|
kaaj |
|
kare? |
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|
ke |
ei |
kaaj |
|
kare? |
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|
ke |
ei khaaraap |
kaaj |
|
kare? |
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|
ke |
ei khaaraap |
kaaj |
ekhan |
kare? |
|
|
|
… tabe |
|
ke |
ei khaaraap |
kaaj |
ekhan |
kare? |
|
|
… tabe ke ei
khaaraap kaaj ekhan kare?
Example 15
whether, is it so? |
ki? |
you know |
aapani jaanen |
question |
prashna (~“pråshnå”) |
of the question, question’s |
prashner |
answer |
uttar (~“uttår”) |
answer to the question |
prashner uttar |
Do you know the answer of the
question?
|
|
|
You |
question’s |
answer |
whether |
know? |
|
|
|
|
|
aapani |
|
|
|
jaanen |
|
|
|
|
|
aapani |
|
uttar |
|
jaanen |
|
|
|
|
|
aapani |
uttar |
ki |
jaanen? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
aapani |
prashner |
uttar |
ki |
jaanen? |
|
|
aapani ki prashner
uttar jaanen?
Example 16
explanation |
byaakhyaa (~“bek’kaa”) |
to explain |
byaakhyaa karaa |
doing |
kar-te (~“kår-te”) |
to be able, can |
paaraa |
we can do |
aamaraa kar-te paari |
We can explain
|
|
|
We |
|
|
explanation |
making | can |
|
|
|
|
|
aamaraa |
|
|
|
paari |
|
|
|
|
|
aamaraa |
|
|
|
kar-te | paari |
|
|
|
|
|
aamaraa |
|
|
byaakhyaa |
kar-te | paari |
|
|
|
|
|
aamaraa |
|
|
byaakhyaa |
kar-te | paari |
|
|
|
|
|
aamaraa |
|
|
byaakhyaa |
kar-te | paari |
|
|
aamaraa
byaakhyaa kar-te paari.
Example 17
to … |
…-ke |
to you |
aapanaake |
(the) truth |
satya (~“shåt’tå”) |
We can explain it to you.
|
|
|
We |
|
to you |
|
it |
explanation |
making | can |
|
|
|
|
|
aamaraa |
|
|
|
|
|
paari |
|
|
|
|
|
aamaraa |
|
|
|
|
|
kar-te | paari |
|
|
|
|
|
aamaraa |
|
|
|
|
byaakhyaa |
kar-te | paari |
|
|
|
|
|
aamaraa |
|
|
|
taa |
byaakhyaa |
kar-te | paari |
|
|
|
|
|
aamaraa |
|
aapanaake |
|
taa |
byaakhyaa |
kar-te | paari |
|
|
aamaraa
aapanaake taa byaakhyaa kar-te paari.
Moving Forward
You can extend these
conversations. Choose additional words
from the vocabularies and use the grammar explanations in the following Basic
Language Syllabus.
[Go to Start of First Conversations] [Go to Top] [Go to Contents]
INTRODUCTION TO THE BASIC GRAMMAR SYLLABUS
This basic course will cover the main features of the Bengali language. If you understand sentence structure you should be able to achieve quickly a system of communication that is simplified but adaptable and effective. A fully detailed course can be studied later in harmony with these basic but sound beginnings.
This basic language syllabus addresses each of the 10 elements of sentences described in “Sentence Structure Made Easy”. They are presented in the logical order in which you add them to build up sentences.
SYLLABUS |
||
Exercise |
Grammar Subject |
|
Doers
(nouns and pronouns) |
||
Process
done (verb) — a simple past, present and future tense |
||
Object
forms of nouns and pronouns according to ‘case’ |
||
Quality describing doers and objects (adjectives, possessive
pronouns, etc.) |
||
Manner
describing process done (adverb) |
||
Connectives
linking to another clause |
||
Conditional
sentences |
||
Interrogatives,
correlatives and relatives |
||
Other
forms of expression common or without equivalent |
||
Exercise 10 |
Add
other features |
1.1 Introduction to Nouns and Pronouns
1.2 Omission of the verb “to be” if “Aaaa is
Bbbb”
1.3 Personal Pronouns
1.4 Vocabulary
– Nouns and Pronouns
1.4.1 Vocabulary – Persons
– 1.4.1.1
Family;
– 1.4.1.2
Non-family
1.4.2 Vocabulary – Questions and Answers
– 1.4.2.1
Arrangements;
– 1.4.2.2
Topics
1.4.3 Vocabulary – Animals
1.4.4 Vocabulary – Things
1.4.5 Vocabulary – Concepts
1.4.6 Vocabulary – States
1.4.7 Vocabulary – Activities
1.4.8 Vocabulary – Time
1.5 Nouns and Pronouns: Full List – English to
Bengali
1.6 Nouns and Pronouns: Full List – Bengali to
English
[Go to Grammar 1] [Go to Top] [Go to Contents]
GRAMMAR 1.1: Introduction to Nouns and Pronouns
The person or thing that is doing something is represented by a noun or a pronouns. A noun names the doer. A pronoun is a short word that can be used in place of the noun.
A few nouns are listed below. You can learn more from the attached vocabularies or lists of frequently used words, and dictionaries. Pronouns are also listed here.
The listed form is for the doer (subject, nominative case) in the clause.
e.g. He said to me that I should tell him.
The form of the nouns and pronouns listed here may be modified in various
ways, if they occur as the object. See
the later consideration of “Forms of Nouns and Pronouns As Objects According to
‘Case’”. [ Grammar Section 3 ]
e.g. He said to me that I should tell him.
[Go to Grammar 1] [Go to Top] [Go to Contents]
GRAMMAR 1.2: Omission of the verb “to be” if “Aaaa is
Bbbb”
If the sentence expresses “Aaaa” is “Bbbb”, both “Aaaa” and “Bbbb” are in the unmodified subject nominative form. The doing word (verb) ‘to be’ can be omitted. Even if “Aaaa” is plural, “Bbbb” can be singular.
Examples:-
Today [ is ] Sunday. |
aaj-ke
[ ] rabi-baar. |
|
We [ are ] parents. |
aamaraa
[ ] pitaamaataa. |
|
God [ is ] love. |
iishvar
[ ] prem. |
|
They [ are ] friends. |
taaraa
[ ] bandhu. |
Practice
Translate:-
We [ are ] friends. |
|
aamaraa [ ] bandhu. |
aaj-ke [ ] rabi-baar. |
|
Today [ is ] Sunday. |
They [ are ] parents. |
|
taaraa [ ]
pitaamaataa. |
aamaraa [ ] pitaamaataa. |
|
We [ are ]
parents. |
God [ is ] love. |
|
iishvar [ ] prem. |
taaraa [ ] bandhu. |
|
They [ are ] friends. |
[Go to Grammar 1] [Go to Top] [Go to Contents]
GRAMMAR 1.3: Personal
Pronouns
Singular |
|
Plural |
|||||
Common |
I |
aami |
|
we |
aamaraa |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
you |
tumi |
|
YOU |
tomaraa |
|||
he, |
se |
|
they |
taaraa |
|||
it |
taa |
|
they |
taaraa |
|||
|
|||||||
Honorific |
you |
aapani |
|
YOU |
aapanaaraa |
||
he, |
tini |
|
they |
taa^raa |
The above are the short colloquial (‘Chalito’) forms. The classical
(‘Sadhu’) forms are longer, as follows-:
Short / Chalito Form |
|
(Long / Sadhu Form) |
taa |
(taahaa) |
|
taa^ |
(taa^haa) |
|
taaraa |
(taahaaraa) |
|
taa^raa |
(taa^haaraa) |
Practice
Translate:-
You [ are a] friend. |
|
aapani [ ] bandhu. |
taa [ ] rabi-baar. |
|
it* [ is ] Sunday. |
They [ are ] parents. |
|
taa^raa [ ]
pitaamaataa. |
aapanaaraa [ ] pitaamaataa. |
|
YOU [
are ] parents. |
He [ is ] love. |
|
tini [ ] prem. |
aami [ ] bandhu. |
|
I [am a] friend. |
* Or “that”
Do Exercises 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
[Go to Grammar 1] [Go to Top] [Go to Contents]
GRAMMAR 1.4: Vocabulary – Nouns and Pronouns by Category
These are some useful words to learn — nouns and pronouns. These can be used for ‘Doers’ and for ‘Objects’
Some of the words shown below are used in this short course. The others can be used as you widen your conversations.
You will find a series of small vocabularies by category (Grammar 1.4.1 – Grammar 1.4.8) followed by two combined versions. One is from English into Bengali (Grammar 1.5) and one from Bengali into English (Grammar 1.6).
Grammar 1.4.1: Vocabulary – Persons
Grammar 1.4.1.1: Persons in the
Family
boy, son |
|
chele,
putra |
brother |
|
bhaai |
brother and sister |
|
bhaaibon |
children |
|
chelemeye |
daughter, girl |
|
meye |
family |
|
paribaar |
father |
|
pitaa,
baabaa |
husband |
|
swaamii
(~“shaamii”) |
husband and wife |
|
swaam’strii |
Jehovah |
|
yihobaa (~“jihobaa”) |
Jesus |
|
yiishu (~“jiishu”)
/ iisaa |
mother |
|
maataa,
maa |
parents |
|
pitaamaataa |
sister |
|
bon |
son, boy |
|
chele,
putra |
who |
|
ye (~“je”) |
who? |
|
ke? |
WHO (plural) |
|
yaaraa(~“jaaraa”) |
WHO? (plural) |
|
kaaraa?
|
wife, woman |
|
strii
|
Practice 1.4.1.1
Translate:-
WHO [are] the children? |
|
chelemeye kaaraa [ ]? |
yihobaa ke [ ]? |
|
Who is Jehovah? |
The brother [and] sister |
|
bhaaibon |
taaraa bandhu [ ]. |
|
They [are] friends. |
Jehovah [is] love. |
|
yihobaa prem [ ]. |
taa^raa paribaar [ ]. |
|
They [are] family. |
Who [are] you? |
|
aapani
ke [ ]? |
Grammar 1.4.1.2: Persons – Not in the
Family
anyone, someone |
|
keha
/ keu |
Bengali person |
|
baan¹gaalii |
-doer |
|
-kaarii |
English person |
|
in°rej |
-er |
|
-kaarii |
friend |
|
bandhu
(~“båndhu”) |
God (general Bengali) |
|
iishvar
(~“iish'shår”) |
God (from Urdu) |
|
khodaa |
God’s |
|
iishvarer,
khodaar |
individual, person |
|
byakti
(~“bekti”) / vyakti |
leader |
|
netaa |
man |
|
maanus |
person, people |
|
lok |
person, individual |
|
byakti
(~“bekti”) / vyakti |
plural ending “-s”
(persons) |
|
-eraa
/ -raa |
Satan |
|
shayataan |
someone, anyone |
|
keu
/ keha |
terroriser |
|
santraas-kaarii |
witness |
|
saaksii
(~“sciàac’chii”) |
woman, wife |
|
strii
(~“shaamii”) |
worker |
|
karma-kaarii |
Practice 1.4.1.2
Translate:-
Someone[is the] leader. |
|
keha neta [ ]. |
yiishu karma-kaarii
[ ]. |
|
Jesus [is a] worker. |
They [ are ] Bengalis. |
|
taaraa baan¹gaalii
[ ]. |
maanus in°rej [ ]. |
|
The man [is] an Englishman. |
He [is] one who
loves. |
|
tini prem-kaarii [ ]. |
shayataan santraas-kaarii
[ ]. |
|
Satan [is a] terroriser. |
iishvarer paribaar |
|
God’s family |
Jesus [is] God’s Son. |
|
yiishu iishvarer putra
[ ]. |
We [are] Jehovah’s Witnesses |
|
aamaraa yihobaar
saaksii [ ]. |
[Go to Grammar 1] [Go to Top] [Go to Contents]
Grammar 1.4.2: Vocabulary – Questions
and Answers
Grammar 1.4.2.1: Questions and Answers
- Arrangements
answer |
|
uttar |
Bible |
|
baaibel |
book |
|
bai
(~“boy”), kitaab |
chapter |
|
adhyaay
(~“åd-dhaay”) |
magazine |
|
patrikaa |
meeting |
|
sabhaa
(~“shåbhaa”) |
message |
|
san°baad
(~“shång-baad”) |
name |
|
naam |
problem |
|
samasyaa |
proof, evidence |
|
pramaan |
question |
|
prashna |
return visit |
|
punahha
saaksaat` |
side of an issue |
|
paksa |
study |
|
adhyayan
(~“åd-dhåyån”) |
that (thing) |
|
ee |
these (things) |
|
e-gulo
/ e-guli |
saying; word |
|
kathaa
(~“kåthaa”), |
this (thing) |
|
e |
those (things) |
|
ee-gulo
/ ee-guli |
verse (in a chapter) |
|
pad
(~“påd”) |
visit |
|
saaksaat`
(~“shaak'kaat”) |
what |
|
yaa (~“jaa”) |
what (one)? |
|
kii? |
what ones? |
|
kii
kii? |
whether? is it so? |
|
ki? |
who |
|
ye (~“je”) |
who? |
|
ke? |
WHO (plural) |
|
yaaraa |
WHO? (plural) |
|
kaaraa?
(~“kaaraa”) |
word spoken |
|
baakya
(~“baak'kå”), |
Practice 1.4.2.1
Translate:-
What [is] that saying? |
|
ee kathaa kii [ ]? |
padgulo kii [ ]? / pad kii kii? |
|
What [are] the versess? |
What [is] God’s word? |
|
iishvarer baakya kii
[ ]? |
kaaraa bandhu [ ]? |
|
WHO [are] friends? |
The study [is] today. |
|
adhyayan aaj-ke. |
WHO [are] God’s friends? |
|
kaaraa iishvarer bandhu [ ]? |
Those WHO [are] God’s
witnesses! |
|
taaraa yaaraa
iishvarer saaksii! |
[Go to Grammar 1] [Go to Top] [Go to Contents]
Grammar 1.4.2.2: Questions and Answers - Topics
attitude |
|
manobhaab |
belief |
|
bishvaas
(~“bish'shaash”) |
evidence, proof |
|
pramaan |
manner, way |
|
bhaab |
mind |
|
man
(~“mån”) |
purpose |
|
uddeshya |
religion |
|
dharma
(~“dhårmå”) |
thought |
|
man
(~“mån”), mat |
truth |
|
satya
(~“shåt'tå”) |
will, desire |
|
icchaa |
world |
|
jagat`
(~“jågåt”), duniyaa |
Practice 1.4.2.2
Translate:-
What [is] the will of God? |
|
iishvarer icchaa kii
[ ]? |
bishvaas ki satya [ ]? |
|
[Is] faith the truth? |
[Go to Grammar 1] [Go to Top] [Go to Contents]
Grammar 1.4.3: Vocabulary – Animals
animal |
|
pashu |
bird |
|
paakhi
/ paksi (~“påk'ki”) |
dog |
|
kukur |
fish |
|
maach |
Grammar 1.4.4: Vocabulary – Things
article, thing |
|
jinis |
Bible |
|
baaibel |
book |
|
bai
(~“boy”), kitaab |
chapter |
|
adhyaay
(~“åd-dhaay”) |
creation |
|
srristi |
Earth |
|
prrithibii |
flesh, meat |
|
maan°sa |
food |
|
khaadya,
khaabaar |
house |
|
baarii,
ghar, grriha |
kingdom |
|
raajya |
Kingdom Hall |
|
kin°dam
hal |
magazine |
|
patrikaa |
message |
|
san°vaad
(~“shång-baad”) |
mind |
|
man
(~“mån”) |
mother |
|
maataa,
maa |
name |
|
naam |
picture |
|
chabi
(~“chhåbi”) |
plural ending “-s”
non-persons |
|
-gulo
/ -guli |
that (thing) |
|
ee |
these (things) |
|
e-gulo
/ e-guli |
thing, article |
|
jinis |
this (thing) |
|
e |
those (things) |
|
ee-gulo
/ ee-guli |
tree |
|
gaach,
brriksa (~“brik'kå”) |
verse (in a chapter) |
|
pad
(~“påd”) |
water |
|
paani,
jal |
what |
|
yaa (~“jaa”) |
what (one)? |
|
kii? |
what (ones)? |
|
kii
kii? |
world |
|
jagat`
(~“jågåt”), duniyaa |
[Go to Grammar 1] [Go to Top] [Go to Contents]
Grammar 1.4.5: Vocabulary – Concepts
accurate knowledge |
|
tatva
jnaan |
answer |
|
uttar |
attitude |
|
manobhaab |
belief |
|
bishvaas
(~“bish'shaash”) |
benefit |
|
laabh,
phaa'idaa |
Bengali language |
|
baan°laa |
circumstances, situation |
|
paristhiti |
condition, state |
|
abasthaa
/ avasthaa |
desire, will |
|
icchaa |
direction, way |
|
dik`
/ dig`, taraph |
encouragement |
|
ut`saaha |
English language |
|
in°rejii |
evidence, proof |
|
pramaan |
faith |
|
bishvaas
(~“bish'shaash”) |
freedom |
|
mukti |
happiness |
|
sukh,
aananda |
hatred |
|
ghrrinaa |
help |
|
saahaayya
(~“shaahaaj'jå”) |
hope |
|
aashaa |
kindness |
|
dayaa
(~“dåyaa”) |
knowledge |
|
jnaan
(~“gyaan”) |
lack, shortage |
|
abhaab
(~“åbhaab”) |
life |
|
jiiban |
love |
|
prem,
bhaalabaasaa |
manner, way |
|
bhaab |
mental spirit |
|
man
(~“mån”) |
mind |
|
man
(~“mån”) |
problem |
|
samasyaa |
proof, evidence |
|
pramaan |
purpose |
|
uddeshya |
religion |
|
dharma
(~“dhårmå”) |
rescue, survival |
|
raksaa |
righteousness |
|
dhaarmikataa |
salvation |
|
paritraan |
shortage, lack |
|
abhaab
(~“åbhaab”) |
side of an issue |
|
paksa |
terrorism |
|
santraas
(~“shåntraash”) |
saying; word |
|
kathaa
(~“kåthaa”), |
thought |
|
man
(~“mån”), mat |
truth |
|
satya
(~“shåt'tå”) |
way (direction) |
|
dik`/
dig`, taraph |
way (manner) |
|
man
(~“mån”), bhaab |
wickedness |
|
dustataa |
will, desire |
|
icchaa |
word spoken |
|
baakya
(~“baak'kå”), |
[Go to Grammar 1] [Go to Top] [Go to Contents]
Grammar 1.4.6: Vocabulary – States
benefit |
|
laabh,
phaa'idaa |
circumstances, situation |
|
paristhiti |
condition, state |
|
abasthaa
/ avasthaa |
destruction |
|
dhvan°sa
(~“d'dhång-så”) |
disturbance |
|
ashaanti
(~“åshaanti”) |
encouragement |
|
ut`saaha |
freedom |
|
mukti |
happiness |
|
sukh,
aananda |
hatred |
|
ghrrinaa |
hope |
|
aashaa |
kindness |
|
dayaa
(~“dåyaa”) |
kingdom |
|
raajya |
lack, shortage |
|
abhaab
(~“åbhaab”) |
last days |
|
shes
kaal |
life |
|
jiiban |
manner, way |
|
bhaab |
peace |
|
shaanti |
problem |
|
samasyaa |
proof, evidence |
|
pramaan |
purpose |
|
uddeshya |
rescue, survival |
|
raksaa |
righteousness |
|
dhaarmikataa |
salvation |
|
paritraan |
shortage, lack |
|
abhaab
(~“åbhaab”) |
side of an issue |
|
paksa |
situation, circumstances |
|
paristhiti |
state, condition |
|
abasthaa
/ avasthaa |
survival, rescue |
|
raksaa |
terrorism |
|
santraas
(~“shåntraash”) |
violence |
|
dooraatmya
(~“douraat'tå”), |
war |
|
yuddha (~“jud'dhå”) |
wickedness |
|
dustataa |
[Go to Grammar 1] [Go to Top] [Go to Contents]
Grammar 1.4.7: Vocabulary – Activities
answer |
|
uttar |
Bengali language |
|
baan°laa |
creation |
|
srristi |
crime |
|
aparaadh
(~“åpåraadh”) |
desire, will |
|
icchaa |
destruction |
|
dhvan°sa
(~“d'dhång-så”) |
to do |
|
karaa
(~“kåraa”) |
-doer |
|
-kaarii |
doing |
|
kar-te
(~“kår-te”) |
encouragement |
|
ut`saaha |
English language |
|
in°rejii |
-er |
|
-kaarii |
faith |
|
bishvaas
(~“bish'shaash”) |
hatred |
|
ghrrinaa |
help |
|
saahaayya
(~“shaahaaj'jå”) |
hope |
|
aashaa |
...ing / verbal: e.g.
doing--- |
|
---kar-te
(~“kår-te”) |
...ing / verbal: e.g.
seeing--- |
|
---dekh-te |
kindness |
|
dayaa
(~“dåyaa”) |
kingdom |
|
raajya |
love |
|
prem,
bhaalabaasaa |
meeting |
|
sabhaa
(~“shåbhaa”) |
proof, evidence |
|
pramaan |
question |
|
prashna |
rescue, survival |
|
raksaa |
return visit |
|
punahha
saaksaat` |
study |
|
adhyayan
(~“åd-dhåyån”) |
survival, rescue |
|
raksaa |
terrorism |
|
santraas
(~“shåntraash”) |
to ... / verbal: e.g. to
do--- |
|
---karaa
(~“kåraa”) |
to ... / verbal: e.g. to
see--- |
|
---dekhaa |
violence |
|
dooraatmya
(~“douraat'tå”), |
visit |
|
saaksaat`
(~“shaak'kaat”) |
war |
|
yuddha (~“jud'dhå”) |
way (manner) |
|
man
(~“mån”), bhaab |
wickedness |
|
dustataa |
will, desire |
|
icchaa |
witness (activity) |
|
saaksa
(~“shaak'kå”) |
work |
|
kaaj,
kaam, |
[Go to Grammar 1] [Go to Top] [Go to Contents]
Grammar 1.4.8: Vocabulary – Time
day |
|
din |
day 1 : Monday |
|
som-baar |
day 2: Tuesday |
|
man¹gal-baar |
day 3: Wednesday |
|
budh-baar |
day 4: Thursday |
|
brrihaspatibaar |
day 5: Friday |
|
shukrabaar |
day 6: Saturday |
|
shanibaar |
day 7 : Sunday |
|
rabi-baar
/ ravi-vaar |
future |
|
bhavisyat`
(~“bhåbish'shåt”) |
last days |
|
shes
kaal |
time (measure) |
|
samay
(~“shåmoi”) |
time (period, era) |
|
kaal |
today |
|
aaj-ke |
tomorrow |
|
aagaamii kaal |
week |
|
saptaa
(~“shåptaa”) |
year ( in a date) |
|
saal
(~“shaal”) |
year ( the period) |
|
bat`sar
(~“båt-sår”) |
yesterday |
|
gata
kaal (~“gåtå kaal”) |
[Go to
Grammar 1] [Go to Top] [Go to Contents]
GRAMMAR 1.5: Nouns and Pronouns: Full List
– English to Bengali
[Go to Full List –
Bengali to English Nouns and Pronouns]
tomorrow |
|
aagaamii kaal |
today |
|
aaj-ke |
hope |
|
aashaa |
state, condition |
|
abasthaa
/ avasthaa |
condition, state |
|
abasthaa
/ avasthaa |
lack, shortage |
|
abhaab
(~“åbhaab”) |
shortage, lack |
|
abhaab
(~“åbhaab”) |
chapter |
|
adhyaay
(~“åd-dhaay”) |
study |
|
adhyayan
(~“åd-dhåyån”) |
crime |
|
aparaadh
(~“åpåraadh”) |
disturbance |
|
ashaanti
(~“åshaanti”) |
Bible |
|
baaibel |
word spoken |
|
baakya
(~“baak'kå”), |
Bengali language |
|
baan°laa |
Bengali person |
|
baan¹gaalii |
house |
|
baarii,
ghar, grriha |
book |
|
bai
(~“boy”), kitaab |
friend |
|
bandhu
(~“båndhu”) |
year ( the period) |
|
bat`sar
(~“båt-sår”) |
manner, way |
|
bhaab |
brother |
|
bhaai |
future |
|
bhavisyat`
(~“bhåbish'shåt”) |
belief |
|
bishvaas
(~“bish'shaash”) |
faith |
|
bishvaas
(~“bish'shaash”) |
sister |
|
bon |
day 4: Thursday |
|
brrihaspatibaar |
day 3: Wednesday |
|
budh-baar |
individual, person |
|
byakti
(~“bekti”) / vyakti |
person, individual |
|
byakti
(~“bekti”) / vyakti |
picture |
|
chabi
(~“chhåbi”) |
boy, son |
|
chele,
putra |
son, boy |
|
chele,
putra |
kindness |
|
dayaa
(~“dåyaa”) |
to ... / verbal: e.g. to
see--- |
|
---dekhaa |
...ing / verbal: e.g.
seeing--- |
|
---dekh-te |
righteousness |
|
dhaarmikataa |
religion |
|
dharma
(~“dhårmå”) |
destruction |
|
dhvan°sa
(~“d'dhång-så”) |
direction, way |
|
dik`
/ dig`, taraph |
way (direction) |
|
dik`/
dig`, taraph |
day |
|
din |
violence |
|
dooraatmya
(~“douraat'tå”), |
wickedness |
|
dustataa |
this (thing) |
|
e |
that (thing) |
|
ee |
those (things) |
|
ee-gulo
/ ee-guli |
these (things) |
|
e-gulo
/ e-guli |
plural ending “-s”
(persons) |
|
-eraa
/ -raa |
tree |
|
gaach,
brriksa (~“brik'kå”) |
yesterday |
|
gata
kaal (~“gåtå kaal”) |
hatred |
|
ghrrinaa |
plural ending “-s”
non-persons |
|
-gulo
/ -guli |
desire, will |
|
icchaa |
will, desire |
|
icchaa |
God (general Bengali) |
|
iishvar
(~“iish'shår”) |
God’s |
|
iishvarer,
khodaar |
English person |
|
in°rej |
English language |
|
in°rejii |
world |
|
jagat`
(~“jågåt”), duniyaa |
life |
|
jiiban |
article, thing |
|
jinis |
thing, article |
|
jinis |
knowledge |
|
jnaan
(~“gyaan”) |
work |
|
kaaj,
kaam, |
time (period, era) |
|
kaal |
WHO? (plural) |
|
kaaraa?
(~“kaaraa”) |
-doer |
|
-kaarii |
-er |
|
-kaarii |
to do |
|
karaa
(~“kåraa”) |
to ... / verbal: e.g. to
do--- |
|
---karaa
(~“kåraa”) |
worker |
|
karma-kaarii |
doing |
|
kar-te
(~“kår-te”) |
...ing / verbal: e.g.
doing--- |
|
---kar-te
(~“kår-te”) |
saying; word |
|
kathaa
(~“kåthaa”), |
who? |
|
ke? |
anyone, someone |
|
keha
/ keu |
someone, anyone |
|
keu
/ keha |
food |
|
khaadya,
khaabaar |
God (from Urdu) |
|
khodaa |
what ones? |
|
kii
kii? |
what (one)? |
|
kii? |
Kingdom Hall |
|
kin°dam
hal |
dog |
|
kukur |
benefit |
|
laabh,
phaa'idaa |
person, people |
|
lok |
fish |
|
maach |
flesh, meat |
|
maan°sa |
man |
|
maanus |
mother |
|
maataa,
maa |
mental spirit |
|
man
(~“mån”) |
mind |
|
man
(~“mån”) |
way (manner) |
|
man
(~“mån”), bhaab |
thought |
|
man
(~“mån”), mat |
day 2: Tuesday |
|
man¹gal-baar |
attitude |
|
manobhaab |
daughter, girl |
|
meye |
freedom |
|
mukti |
name |
|
naam |
leader |
|
netaa |
bird |
|
paakhi
/ paksi (~“påk'ki”) |
water |
|
paani,
jal |
verse (in a chapter) |
|
pad
(~“påd”) |
side of an issue |
|
paksa |
family |
|
paribaar |
circumstances, situation |
|
paristhiti |
situation, circumstances |
|
paristhiti |
salvation |
|
paritraan |
animal |
|
pashu |
magazine |
|
patrikaa |
fruit |
|
phal |
father |
|
pitaa,
baabaa |
parents |
|
pitaamaataa |
evidence, proof |
|
pramaan |
proof, evidence |
|
pramaan |
question |
|
prashna |
love |
|
prem,
bhaalabaasaa |
earth |
|
prrithibii |
return visit |
|
punahha
saaksaat` |
kingdom |
|
raajya |
day 7: Sunday |
|
rabi-baar
/ ravi-vaar |
rescue, survival |
|
raksaa |
survival, rescue |
|
raksaa |
help |
|
saahaayya
(~“shaahaaj'jå”) |
witness (activity) |
|
saaksa
(~“shaak'kå”) |
visit |
|
saaksaat`
(~“shaak'kaat”) |
witness (person) |
|
saaksii
(~“shaak'kii”) |
year ( in a date) |
|
saal
(~“shaal”) |
meeting |
|
sabhaa
(~“shåbhaa”) |
problem |
|
samasyaa |
time (measure) |
|
samay
(~“shåmoi”) |
message |
|
san°vaad
(~“shång-baad”) |
terrorism |
|
santraas
(~“shåntraash”) |
terroriser |
|
santraas-kaarii |
week |
|
saptaa
(~“shåptaa”) |
truth |
|
satya
(~“shåt'tå”) |
peace |
|
shaanti |
day 6: Saturday |
|
shanibaar |
Satan |
|
shayataan |
last days |
|
shes
kaal |
day 5: Friday |
|
shukrabaar |
day 1: Monday |
|
som-baar |
creation |
|
srristi |
wife, woman |
|
strii
(~“shaamii”) |
woman, wife |
|
strii
(~“shaamii”) |
happiness |
|
sukh,
aananda |
husband |
|
swaamii |
accurate knowledge |
|
tatva
jnaan |
purpose |
|
uddeshya |
encouragement |
|
ut`saaha |
answer |
|
uttar |
what |
|
yaa (~“jaa”) |
WHO (plural) |
|
yaaraa |
who |
|
ye (~“je”) |
Jehovah |
|
yihobaa (~“jihobaa”) |
Jesus |
|
yiishu (~“jiishu”)
/ iisaa |
war |
|
yuddha (~“jud'dhå”) |
[Go to Grammar 1] [Go to Top] [Go to Contents]
GRAMMAR
1.6: Nouns and Pronouns: Full List – Bengali to English
[Go to Full List – English to Bengali Nouns and Pronouns]
--- dekhaa |
|
to… / verbal: e.g. to see --- |
--- dekh-te |
|
…ing / verbal: e.g. seeing --- |
--- karaa |
|
to… / verbal: e.g. to do --- |
--- kar-te |
|
…ing / verbal: e.g. doing --- |
aagaamii kaal |
|
tomorrow |
aaj-ke |
|
today |
aananda / sukh |
|
happiness |
aashaa |
|
hope |
abasthaa (~“åbåsthaa”) |
|
condition, state |
abhaab (~“åbhaab”) |
|
lack, shortage |
adhyaay (~“åd-dhaay”) |
|
chapter |
adhyayan (~“åd-dhåyån”) |
|
study |
aparaadh (~“åpåraadh”) |
|
crime |
ashaanti (~“åshaanti”) |
|
disturbance |
baaibel |
|
Bible |
baakya (~“baak'kå”), |
|
word |
baan°laa |
|
Bengali language |
baan¹gaalii |
|
Bengali person |
baarii, ghar, grriha |
|