Mandarin Chinese Introductory Language Course (Using Pinyin)

In the online (.htm) version of this file Studies 1 to 3 include pronunciation of text linked to audio files.

The file titled “Mandarin Chinese Pronunciation Using Pinyin” only contains the same material as in these first three studies.
Click on a hyperlink character to hear its sound.
The audio files (.wav) used in this pronunciation course can be downloaded from www.jaspell.uk/downloadsounds.htm, if needed for use offline.

Dictionaries are also available online at www.jaspell.uk

The development of versions of this file is described a “History” below.

LIST OF CONTENTS

Studies

1    Pronunciation of individual and grouped characters

1.1 Individual sounds and their writing in Pinyin

1.2 Pronunciation of special vowel groups and syllables

1.3 Pronunciation of i depending on its context

1.4 Vowel tones and their tone marks in Pinyin

2    Greetings and appreciation, request and thanks; read

3    Presenting a message

4    Personal pronouns I, you, he, she, it; basic sentence construction

4.1 Sentence construction—subject and predicate

4.2 Sentence construction—conveying a verb for “being”

4.3 Sentence construction—with a verb other than for “being”

5    Plural formation of personal pronouns

6    Who? – questioning

7    What? — questioning; calling by name

8    shì – the verbal word for “being, be, am, is, are”; yíge – “a, an”

9    ma – “is it so?” forms questions from statements; hǎo ma? — O.K.?

10 hěn – very, indeed

11 bù – not, forming negative phrases

12 Auxilliary verbs: xiǎng — want to; xīwàng — wish, hope to

13 gěi — give; ná — take

14 Speaking; Indirect and Direct Object pronouns

15 zài – again

16 néng, huì, dào – can, to be able to

17 Close relatives and friends

18 Addition of xiē to form plurals of demonstrative pronouns

19 know; understand; sentence elements with action and object

20 thing, look, see

21 Review of words learned in Studies 1-20

22 de — of; …’s; …s’ possessive case

23 Sentence structure with Direct or Indirect Objects

24 bǎ — a device for relocating an Indirect Object to achieve emphasis

25 bèi — by, indicating the doer in a Passive Sentence

26 God; Jehovah; kěyǐ — permission; bùkě — prohibition

27 Measure words — more detail; (yī + gē) = yíge — “a, an”

28 de is added after more than one Hanzi character, as in hěn hǎo de rén

29 yǒu, méiyǒu — having; the Bible’s promised blessings

30 qù, lái, xué, xuéxí — go, come, study

31 Places, buildings, meetings

32 huì — future actions and times

33 Past actions and times

34 cónglái, cónglái bù, cónglái méi — ever, never

35 Yes and No

36 Connectives — and, but, or

37 More Connectives — therefore, because, whether

38 wèishénme? yīnwèi — reasoning why? because

39 yàoshi, jiǎrú, rúguǒ — Conditional Sentences — if…, then…

40 [zài] zhèr / zhèlǐ; nàr / nàlǐ — [located] here, there

41 [zài] zhěr? / zhělǐ; nǎr? / nǎlǐ — [located] where?

42 … de — that which …; huà — words; zhòngyào — important

43 zuò — [to] do, make; sit; ride; xūyào — [to] need [to]

44 yàng - manner; fāngfǎ - way; fāngshì - method; lù - means, road

45 Measure Words (MW) : “běn”, and “fèn”. See also Study 28+

46 guānyú —about; bāngzhù — help; yòng— use

47 yàoshi …, … jiù …— If …, then … …: further examples

48 suǒ —what, that which; suǒyǒu —whatever there is; dōu—all

49 Review of Interrogatives— who? what? when? where? why?

50 More interrogatives— how? how much? whose? which?

51 Try [to]

52 Let; cause to; suffer problem conditions

53 Direction: to, from

54 Direction: through, by way of, in the name of, behalf

55 Purpose, for, due to

56 Position: [located] in, at, on

57 Position: up, down, inside, outside, ahead, behind, beside, near

58 Circumstances: before, with, during, after

59 Auxilliary verbs - desire [to]: like, enjoy, wish, hope, want

60 Auxilliary verbs – complusion: need to, must, should, ought to

61 Auxilliary Verbs – ability: may, can, try to, let, allow

62 Use of Verbs: help, live, return, visit, stay, meet, do

63 Use of Verbs: see, hear, read, write

64 Use of Verbs: love, understand, have, obtain, receive

65 de and its various uses; Relatives and Correlatives

66 Measure Words (MW)

67 bǐ — Comparative; zuì — Superlative; gender

68 Numbers

69 Days, Months, and Dates

70 FREQUENTLY USED WORDS — Mandarin Chinese to English

71 FREQUENTLY USED WORDS — English to Mandarin Chinese

72 Review of Words Learned

APPENDICES

A     SENTENCE STRUCTURE

B   CONDUCTING A MEETING IN MANDARIN CHINESE

C   HEBREW-ARAMAIC SCRIPTURES

D   CHRISTIAN GREEK SCRIPTURES

ASSOCIATED PUBLICATIONS (at www.jaspell.uk/learn_mandarin_language.htm )

i     PRONUNCIATION (WITH AUDIO FILES)

ii    EXERCISES

iii   INCREMENTAL PHRASE METHOD

iv   DICTIONARY – MANDARIN CHINESE TO ENGLISH

v    DICTIONARY – ENGLISH TO MANDARIN CHINESE

OTHER INFORMATION

History of this file

STUDY 1

Pronunciation of individual and groups of characters

PRONUNCIATION 1.1 (Individual Sounds and Their Writing in Pinyin)

Pinyin script provides an approximate method for representing the pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese using Roman characters with accents. Some letters are pronounced as in English, but others have very different sounds (as highlighted in the following chart). Pronunciation also varies in different regions of China, but the following guidance is generally acceptable.

INDIVIDUAL SOUNDS
Letters	Pronounciation	Position
a	a as in “father”, “atone”
b	b as in “bag”
c	ts as in “bats”
ch	tsh as in “hatshop”
d	d as in “dog”
e	e as in “her”	generally
e	e as in “yes”, “yeah”	after “y”
f	f as in “fun”
g	g hard as in “get”	(not soft as in“gel”)
h	ch gutturally as in “loch”
i	i as in “sir”, “circle”, “chirp”	after c, ch, r, s, sh, z, zh
i	ee as in “been”; i as in “bistro”	after b, d, j, l, m, n, p, q, t, x, y
j	j as in “jam”
k	k as in “kitchen”
l	l as in “love”
m	m as in “mug”
n	n as in “nibble”
o	o as in “or”
p	p as in “pun”
q	chh as in “matchhead”
r	r rolled as in “curl”
s	s as in “sat”
sh	sh as in “rashly”
t	t as in “top”
u	u as in “boot”	(See group below)
w	w as in “water”
wu	oo as in “pool”	not “wu”
x	s as in “see”; hs as in “aah, see!”
y	y as in “yam”
yi	ee as in “been”	yi is “i”, not “yi”
z	ds as in “suds”
zh	dge as in “hedgeless”

See also the table below about groups of vowels and syllables.

PRACTICE 1.1 (Pronunciation of Characters in Simple Syllables)

Read: ba, ca, cha, da, e, ye, er, fa, ga, ha, yi, bi, ci, ju, ka, la, ma, na, bo, pa, qu, re, sa, sha, ta, wu, bu, wa, xi, ya, yi, za, zha

Repeat

PRONUNCIATION 1.2 (Pronunciation of Special Vowel Groups)

See the following table titled: “Some Special Vowel Groups and Syllables”.

Some groups are marked with an asterisk, “*”. The following comments apply to these.

If the vowel group starting in “i” occurs on its own, it needs to be written beginning with “y” instead of “i”. So, “ian” would be written as “yan”.

Similarly, a group on its own starting in “u” is written using a “w” instead of the “u”. So, “uan” is written as “wan”.

Some sound groups are easier recognizable for an English speaker: aisle; ban; bang; naos (sounding like now); eight; tiara; ring.

SOME SPECIAL VOWEL GROUPS AND SYLLABLES
Group		Sounds like…
en		urn or undo
eng		Bung
i  (in ci, chi, ri, si, shi, zi, zhi)		shirt (without r), zircon, adze
i  (in bi, di, fi, ji, li, mi, ni, qi, ti, xi, yi)		been, deed, jeep, tee, see, eel
ia / ya	*	yarn, try a bit
ian / yan	*	yen, try any
iang / yang	*	Young
iao / yao	*	Yowl
ie / ye	*	the air; ee-ye
iong / yong	*	Jung (German)
iu / you	*	Yoyo
o		fore, door
ong (after d, t, n, l, z, c, s, zh, ch, r, g, k, h)		jung (German); long
ou		Dough
u / wu	*	shoe, gnu, do
u  (in lü, nü ) / yu	*	chew your food
u  (in ju, qu, xu) / yu	*	chew your food
ua / wa	*	Wax
uai / wai	*	Wide
uan / wan	*	Won
uan (after j, q, x) / yuan	*	ú-yen; new end; innuendo
uang / wang	*	Wangle
ue (in lüe, nüe) / yue	*	ú-ye, new energy
ue (in jue, que, xue) / yue	*	ú-ye, new energy
(uei) / ui / wei	*	Weigh
un (after d, t, n, l, z, c, s, zh, ch, sh, r, g, k, h) / wen		won, dun
(ueng) / weng	*	Swung
un (in jun, qun, xun) / yun	*	unique; German ú
uo / wo		Wall

PRACTICE 1.2 (Pronunciation of Special Vowel Groups and Syllables)

With the help of the table (of special vowel groups and syllables) given above please read these syllables:

Read:

en, ben, beng, ci, bi, ya, jia, lia, yian, dian, dianr, yang, liang, yao, biao, jiao, ye, bie, jie, xie, yong, jiong, xiong, you, miu, jiu, o

Repeat

Read:

bo, dong, rong, zhong, wu, bu, yu, nü, lü, ju, qu, wa, zhua, hua, wai, guai, wan, duan, juan, quan, xuan, wang, huang, chuang, yue

Repeat

Read:

lüe, nüe, jue, xue, wei, dui, zui, wen, dun, hun, yun, jun, xun, wo, duo, shuo, huo, huor .

Repeat

PRONUNCIATION 1.3 (Pronunciation of “i” Depending on Its Context)

The vowel “i” may occur after some, but not all consonants. If the sound of the letter “i” occurs on its own, the sound is represented by “yi”.

The letter “i” can be pronounced in two different ways, depending on which sort of consonant it occurs with. It is easier to remember which is right, if you register where in your mouth the first group is pronounced.

Note: c, ch, r, s, sh, z, and zh are a family of sounds. They are all pronounced in the roof of the mouth towards the front of the palate with the help of different amounts of pressure from the tongue. With “r” the tongue barely touches the palate, whereas with “zh” the tongue is folded back there somewhat painfully.

WAYS TO PRONOUNCE “I” / “i”
ci	*	what sir did	bi	Been
chi	*	what churns around	di	Deed
ri	*	never irksome	ji	Jeep
si	*	sir	li	Leek
shi	*	shirt	mi	Meek
zi	*	zircon	ni	Need
zhi	*	adjourn	pi	Peek
			qi	Cheek
			ti	Tee
			xi	“aah, see!”
			yi	“eel”
Repeat			Repeat

* If this “i” occurs with characters in the group in left hand column, but it occurs without a tonal mark — especially at the tail end of a word — it tends to be restrained. (Compare the end of English words like “sire”, “shire”, “adze”, “badge”, etc., in which the final vowel “e” is almost lost.) For example, this applies to “shi”, but not to sh, sh, sh, or sh.

PRACTICE 1.3 (Varying Pronunciation of “i”)

With the help of the table given above please read these syllables:

Read: bi, ci, chi, di, ji, li, mi, ni, pi, qi, ri, si, shi, ti, xi, yi, zi, zhi.

Repeat

PRONUNCIATION 1.4 (Vowel Tones and Their Tone Marks in Pinyin)

Mandarin is pronounced with tones. These are indicated in Pinyin script by tone marks.

Mandarin Tone	Pinyin Tone mark	Description of Tone	Example
First tone	ā	highest and level pitch	mā (mother)
Second tone	á	starts high and rises	máfan (trouble)
Third tone	ǎ	falls first and then rises	mǎ (horse)
Fourth tone	à	starts high and then falls	mà (scold)
(Toneless)	a (No mark)	unstressed or neutral	ma (eh, surely!)
			Repeat

NOTE 1

When a third tone (…ˇ ) precedes another third tone, pronounce it as a second tone (…ˊ). Hence “hěn hǎo” is pronounced ‘hén hǎo’. Similarly, “nǐ hǎo” is pronounced more like “ní hǎo”.

NOTE 2

Some words like “bù” change before a fourth tone syllable (…ˋ), such as “mà”, or before a toneless syllable, such as “ma”: “bù” changes to “bú” in this context.

PRACTICE 1.4 (Pronunciation of Vowel Tones)

Read the following verses (from Galatians 5:22-23).

Lìng yì fāngmiàn,	shènglíng de guǒshí	yǒu	àixīn,	xǐlè,	hépíng,
On the other hand,	the fruitage of the spirit	is / have	love,	joy,	peace,
jiānrěn,	réncí,	liángshàn,	xìnxīn,	wēnhé,	zìzhì.
long-suffering,	kindness,	goodness,	faith,	mildness,	self-control.

Lìng yì fāngmiàn , shènglíng de guǒshí yǒu àixīn, xǐlè, hépíng, jiānrěn, réncí, liángshàn, xìnxīn, wēnhé, zìzhì.

PRACTICE 1.5 (Pronunciation of Vowel Tones)

Read:

Qǐng dú zhège hǎo xiāoxi.	Please read this good news.
Wǒ xīwàng gěi nǐ zhège tèbié qǐngtiě.	I'd like to give you this special invitation.
Xīwàng hěn kuài jiàndào nǐ!	See you soon! (Like very quickly get to see you.)
Zhù nǐ zǎo rì kāngfù!	‘Get well soon!’

DIALOGUE 1.1 (Pronunciation of Vowel Tones)

Read this dialogue as two persons, A and B:

A	Zǎoshàng hǎo	Good morning
B	Zǎoshàng hǎo.	Good morning
A	Hěn gāoxìng jiàndào nï	Nice to see you.
B	Wǒ yě hěn gāoxìng jiàndào nǐ.	Nice to see you too.
A	Wǒ jiào X. Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi?	I'm called X. What name are you called?
B	Wǒ jiào X.	I'm called X.
A	Wǒmen xīwàng xiǎngyǒu hépîng de shēngmìng, kěshì yǒu duō kùnnan.	We'd like to enjoy a life of peace, but we have much difficulty.
B	Duì!	Correct!
A	Wǒ xīwàng gěi nǐ zhèfèn qǐngtiě.	I'd like to give you this invitation.
B	Wèishénme?	For what?
A	Měi Xīngqīyī yǒu pǔtónghuà yòng de tǎolùn.	Each Monday there's a discussion using Mandarin.
B	Tǎolùn de huàtí shì shénme?	What is the topic?
A	Wǒmen xuéxí Shàngdì de yùyán. Tā shuō le Tā huì zěnyàng bāngzhù yìrén.	We study God's prophecy. He said how He will help righteous ones.
B	Zài nǎr?	Where?
A	Wǒ néng lái ràng nǐ dāché.	I can come and give you a lift by car.
B	Xièxie. Kěshì wǒ néng zǒulù.	Thanks. However, I can go on foot.

DIALOGUE 1.2 (Pronunciation of Vowel Tones)

Read this dialogue as two persons, A and B:

A	Nǐ xiǎng dú zhège hǎo xiāoxi ma?	Would you like to read this good news?
B	Hǎode	OK
A	Nǐ duì zhège huàtí gǎn xìngqù ma?	Are you interested in this topic?
B	Wǒ yǒu xìngqù liǎojiě. Kěshì guò yīhuǐr.	I'm interested in understanding. But later.
A	Zhè shì wǒde diànhuà hàomǎ. Zhè shì wǒde yīmèir dìzhǐ.	This is my telephone number. This is my email address.
B	Xièxie.	Thanks.
A	Nǐ néng gàosù wǒ nïde diànhuà hàomǎ hé dìzhǐ ma?	Could you tell me your telephone number and address?
B	Hǎode. Gěi nǐ.	OK. Here you are.
A	Míngtiān Yíngwén yòng de tǎolùn huì shì: “Shàngdì duì nǐ hěn zhòngshì ma?”	Tomorrow the topic in English will be: “Does God count you as important?”

STUDY 2

Greetings and appreciation; read

VOCABULARY 2.1 (Greetings, Request and Thanks)

Huānyíng! *	Welcome!
Nǐ hǎo!	Hello! Hi! Howdy! How do you do!
pǔtōnghuà	Mandarin
Qǐng	Please!
dú	[to] read
Xièxie!	Thanks!
Xièxie nín!	Thank you! (polite form)

* See guidance on Mandarin pronunciation and Pinyin script.

Check especially “h” in Pronunciation 1.1.

Check especially “q”, and “x” in Pronunciation 1.1.

Check tones and tonal marks in Pronunciation 1.4.

Remember, when a third tone (…ˇ) precedes another third tone, pronounce it as a second tone (…ˊ). So, “nǐ hǎo” is pronounced more like “ní hǎo”.

ˉˊˇˋ

PRACTICE 2.1 (Greetings and Appreciation)

Nǐ hǎo!	Hi!
qǐng	Please
Qǐng dú	Please read.
Xièxie	Thanks!
pǔtōnghuà	Mandarin
Huānyíng	Welcome!

STUDY 3

Presenting a message; style awareness

VOCABULARY 3.1 (Messages)

zhè; zhèi	this (some person or thing here)
zhège …	this (particular) …
nà …	that (some person or thing there)
nàge …	that (particular) …
hǎo	well, good fine
xiāoxi	news
xìnxī	information, message
qǐngtiě	invitation

(Remember, “h” in “hǎo” is pronounced raspingly, like “ch” in Scottish “loch”)

(Pronounce “zh” in “zhè” like ‘dge’ in ‘hedgeless’. Curl back the tongue.)

GRAMMAR 3.1 (Style Awareness)

You may be able to discern subtle differences in how a word feels according to context. Observe in the following example that “zhè” would feel too vague and general, so it’s good to add “-ge” to make the object in the sentence more specific.

The examples provided at the start of this course try to make meaningful sentences, but with only a few words learned at this stage, it is almost unavoidable that some of them lack some of the finer style you can achieve with a wider choice of words.

Qǐng dú zhè[ge].

Please read this [item].

INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 3.1 (Messages)

Learn the following method or constructing a sentence incrementally.

Nǐ hǎo!	Hi!
Qǐng dú	Please read.
xiāoxi	news
hǎo xiāoxi	good news
zhège xiāoxi	this news
zhège hǎo xiāoxi	this good news
dú zhège hǎo xiāoxi	Read this good news
Qǐng dú zhège hǎo xiāoxi!	Please read this good news!

INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 3.2 (Messages)

Nǐ hǎo!	Hi!
Qǐng dú	Please read.
qǐngtiě	invitation
hǎo qǐngtiě	good invitation
zhège qǐngtiě	this invitation
zhège hǎo qǐngtiě	this nice invitation
dú zhège hǎo qǐngtiě	read this nice invitation
Qǐng dú zhège hǎo qǐngtiě!	Please read this nice invitation!
Xièxie!	Thanks!
Xièxie nín!	Thank you! (polite form)

REVIEW 3.1

Greetings! / ‘Hello!’ / ‘How are you?’	‘nǐ hǎo’! [- h is pronounced like ch in loch]
Please!	qǐng! [- q is lpronounced ike ch in chicken]
Read!	dú!
Please read …!	qǐng dú …!
information	xìnxī
this [a word used in place of a person or thing]	zhè [- zh is pronounced like dge in fudge]
this particular …	zhège … - g is like g in get
this information	zhège xìnxī
Please read this message.	Qǐng dú zhège xìnxī.
Please read this invitation.	Qǐng dú zhège qǐngtiě.
Thanks!	Xièxie!
Thank you! (polite form)	Xièxie nîn!

STUDY 4

Personal pronouns and basic sentence construction

VOCABULARY 4.1 (Personal Pronouns)

wǒ	I
nǐ	you
tā	he, she, it

ACTIVITY 4.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Clap, repeat prompt: “Juanita”. Get all to stand, pointing to oneself, to the adjacent person, or to another person further away.}

Imagine “Juanita” dancing to lively music played on stringed instruments.

1. Do the following activity.

    wǒ    point to self (= 1st. person)

     nǐ     point to partner (= 2nd. person)

     tā     point to another (= 3rd. person)

2. Repeat singing and clapping.

3. Repeat gesturing without singing.

4. Repeat singing and clapping.

5. Repeat singing and gesturing.}

GRAMMAR 4.1 (Sentence Construction – Subject and Predicate)

Observe in the following examples how a sentence is made up of a Subject and its Predicate. The Subject is, in effect, the doer of an action. The action is conveyed by a doing word, a verb. This action may or may not affect an object. For further examples of sentence construction see Study 19.

GRAMMAR 4.2 (Sentence Construction – Conveying a Verb for “Being”)

In this first example, the action word, or verb, conveys the thought of “being”. In some languages, as with Mandarin Chinese, the verb word indicating “being” can be omitted. Each of these sentences is simple, only having one clause, and this is a Main Clause. In each of these simple Main Clauses there are a ‘subject’ (doer) and an adjective describing the doer.

SUBJECT	PREDICATE		SUBJECT	PREDICATE
DOER	ACTION		DOER	ACTION
Wǒ	[ ]	hǎo.	I	[am]	fine.
Nǐ	[ ]	hǎo.	You	[are]	fine.
Tā	[ ]	hǎo.	He, she or it	[is]	fine.

GRAMMAR 4.3 (Sentence Construction – With a Verb Not for “Being”)

In these second examples, the action word, or verb, conveys the thought of “reading”. In one set the verb does not have an object. The other does.

SUBJECT	PREDICATE		SUBJECT	PREDICATE
DOER	ACTION	OBJECT	DOER	ACTION	OBJECT
Wǒ	dú.		I	read.
Nǐ	dú.		You	read.
Tā	dú.		He, she or it	reads.
Wǒ	dú	tā.	I	read	it.
Nǐ	dú	tā.	You	read	it.
Tā	dú	tā.	He, she or it	reads	it.

ROUTINE 4.1

Form a variety of sentences using one choice from each of the three elements.

1	2	3
Qǐng		tā
Wǒ Nǐ Tā	dú	zhège xiāoxi

EXERCISE 4.1 (See Answers below.)

Translate into English:-

1. He reads.

2. Please read.

3. Please read it.

4. Please read this news.

5. I read it.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 4.1

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	He reads.	Ta dú.
2.	Please read.	Qǐng dú.
3.	Please read it.	Qǐng dú tā.
4.	Please read this news.	Qǐng dú zhège xiāoxi.
5.	I read it.	Wǒ dú tā.

EXERCISE 4.2 (See Answers below.)

Translate into Mandarin:-

1. Nǐ dú.

2. Qǐng dú tā.

3. Tā dú zhège xiāoxi

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 4.2

(Practise these until you know them well.)

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	Nǐ dú.	You read
2.	Qǐng dú tā.	Please read it.
3.	Tā dú zhège xiāoxi.	He reads this news.

STUDY 5

Plural formation of personal pronouns

VOCABULARY 5.1 (Plural Construction)

…men	…s (plural ending for persons )

GRAMMAR 5.1

The plural of words for personal pronouns and nouns for animate groupings is made by appending “men”. This is similar to the appending of “s” in English.

Wǒ	Wǒmen	I	We
Nǐ	Nǐmen	You	YOU
Tā	Tāmen	He, she, it	They

EXAMPLES 5.1

Wǒ hǎo.	I [am] fine.
Nǐ dú.	You read.
Wǒmen hǎo.	We [are] fine.
Nǐmen dú.	YOU read.

ROUTINE 5.1

Form a variety of sentences using one choice from each of the three elements.

Wǒ Nǐ Tā Wǒmen Nǐmen Tāmen	dú	tā zhège xiāoxi
		hǎo

PRACTICE 5.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of three}

Exchange statements using:-

wǒ, ní, tā, wǒmen, nǐmen, tāmen, hǎo, dú, zhège xiāoxi.

STUDY 6

Who? - questioning

VOCABULARY 6.1

shéi?

who?

GRAMMAR 6.1

Shéi [ ] hǎo? *	Who [is] well?
Shéi dú tā?	Who reads it?
Shéi dú zhège qǐngtiě?	Who reads this invitation?

* Note that the verb word indicating “being” has been omitted again.

ROUTINE 6.1

Create questions (wèntí) and answers (huídá) from the two elements.

Q	Shéi	dú? hǎo?	Q	Who	reads? is well?
A	Wǒ Nǐ Tā Wǒmen Nǐmen Tāmen	dú hǎo	A	I You He, she, it We YOU They	read am/is/are well

ACTIVITY 6.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of three.}

Exchange statements using:-

wǒ, ní, tā, wǒmen, nǐmen, tāmen, shéi, hǎo, xiāoxi, qǐngtiě, dú.

STUDY 7

What? — questioning; calling by name

VOCABULARY 7.1

shénme?	what?
jiào	[to] call by a name; [to] be called by a name
míngzi; míng	name

GRAMMAR 7.1

Wǒ jiào Alan.	I'm called Alan.
Nǐ jiào shénme mingzi?	What name are you called?
Nǐ jiào Bill.	You are called Bill.
Tā jiào Colin.	He is called Colin.
Tāmen jiào shénme míngzi?	What is their name?

GRAMMAR 7.2

Nǐ dú shénme?	What are you reading?
Tā dú shénme xiāoxi?	He is reading what news?
Shénme hǎo xiāoxi?	What good news?
Shénme xiāoxi [ ] hǎo? *	What news [is] good?

* Note that the verb word indicating “being” has been omitted again.

ACTIVITY 7.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of two or three.}

Act out roles of two persons. Exchange names. Exchange questions and statements using:-

wǒ, ní, tā, wǒmen, nǐmen, tāmen, shénme, etc.]

Tā Wǒmen Nǐmen Nǐ Wǒ Tāmen	dú	shénme?
		hǎo xiāoxi!

STUDY 8

shì – the verbal word for “being, be, am, is, are”; yíge – “a, an”

VOCABULARY 8.1

shì	[to] be; am, are, is, be
yíge *	a, an (indefinite article )

* “yíge” is, in effect, a combination of “yī” (meaning “one”) and “gē”. This “gē” is a measure word and the most common one, because you can get away with using it generally. Later you will learn other measure words that are specific to particular nouns. (See Study 27.)

GRAMMAR 8.1

Nǐmen shì shéi?	Who are YOU?
Tā shì shénme?	What is it?
Zhè shì yíge qǐngtiě.	This is an invitation.

ACTIVITY 8.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of two or three.}

Act out roles of two persons. Exchange questions and statements using one choice from each of the three sentence elements.

Tā Wǒmen Nǐmen Nǐ Wǒ Tāmen	shì	shéi?
		Ann Bill Colin …
		*

* Here you could also say: “Yēhéhuá Jiànzhèngrén” : “Jehovah's Witness(es)”, for example.

DIALOGUE 8.1

Read this dialogue as two persons, A and B:

A	Nà shì shénme?	What is that?
B	Nà shì yíge qǐngtiě!	That’s an invitation!
A	Zhè shì shénme qǐngtiě?	What invitation is this?
B	Zhège xìnxī shì hǎo xiāoxi!	This message is good news?
B	Qǐng dú nàge qǐngtiě.	Please read that invitation.
A	Xièxie.	Thanks.
B	Xièxie nín!	Thank you. (polite form)

EXERCISE 8.1

Translate into English:-

1.	Nà shì shénme?
2.	Nǐmen shì shéi?
3.	Nà shì shénme xìnxī?
4.	Nàge xiāoxi shì shénme?
5.	Zhè shì yíge xìnxī.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 8.1

(Practise these until you know them well.)

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	Nà shì shénme?	What is that?
2.	Nǐmen shì shéi?	Who are YOU?
3.	Nà shì shénme xìnxī?	What message is that?
4.	Nàge xiāoxi shì shénme?	What is that news?
5.	Zhè shì yíge xìnxī.	This is a message.

EXERCISE 8.2

Translate into Mandarin:-

1.	This invitation is good news.
2.	That is an invitation?
3.	Please read that invitation.
4.	What message?
5.	That message.
6.	What message is it?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 8.2

(Practise these until you know them well.)

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	This invitation is good news.	Zhège qǐngtiě shì hǎo xiāoxi.
2.	That is an invitation?	Nà shì yíge qǐngtiě?
3.	Please read that invitation.	Qǐng dú nàge qǐngtiě.
4.	What message?	Shénme xìnxī?
5.	That message.	Nàge xìnxī.
6.	What message is it?	Tā shì shénme xìnxī?

STUDY 9

ma – “is it so?” to form a question from a statement; hǎo ma? — O.K.?

VOCABULARY 9.1

ma?	mm, eh, surely, is it so?
… hǎo ma?	…, O.K.? (…, is it good with you?)

NOTE: “… ma?” is added to a sentence to convert it from a statement to a question.

EXAMPLES 9.1

Wǒ hǎo ma?	How am I? I'm O.K., eh? Am I well?
Nǐ hǎo ma? *	You're O.K., mm? How are you? *
Nǐ dú tā ma?	Do you read this?
Zhège xiāoxi hǎo ma?	Is this news good?
Qǐng dú zhège qǐngtiě, hǎo ma?	Would you read this invitation? (Please read this invitation, O.K.?

* Note that this is asking how “you” are and differs from “Nǐ hǎo”.

PRACTICE 9.1

Convert these questions into plain statements.

Wǒ hǎo ma?	How am I? I'm O.K., eh?
Nǐ hǎo ma?	You're O.K., mm? How are you?
Tā hǎo ma?	Is it O.K.? It's fine, mm? He's well?
Wǒmen hǎo ma?	How are we? We're O.K., surely?
Nǐmen hǎo ma?	How are you? YOU're fine, eh?
Tāmen hǎo ma?	How are they? They're O.K., mm?

PRACTICE 9.2

Convert these statements into questions by using “ma?”

Wǒ hǎo.	I'm O.K.
Nǐ hǎo.	You're O.K.
Tā hǎo.	It's fine. / He's well
Wǒmen hǎo.	We're O.K.
Nǐmen hǎo.	YOU're fine.
Tāmen hǎo.	They're O.K.

PRACTICE 9.3

Convert these statements from singular person to plural person.

Wǒ hǎo.	I'm O.K.
Nǐ hǎo.	You're O.K.
Tā hǎo.	It's fine. / He's well

PRACTICE 9.4

Convert these questions from plural person to singular person.

Wǒmen hǎo ma?	How are we? We're O.K., surely?
Nǐmen hǎo ma?	How are you? YOU're fine, eh?
Tāmen hǎo ma?	How are they? They're O.K., mm?

PRACTICE 9.5

Converse using questions (wèntí) and answers (huídá).

	QUESTIONS		ANSWERS
1.	Wǒ hǎo ma?	1.	Nǐ hǎo!
2.	Nǐ hǎo ma?	2.	Wǒ hǎo!
3.	Tā hǎo ma?	3.	Tā hǎo!
4.	Wǒmen hǎo ma?	4.	Nǐmen hǎo!
5.	Nǐmen hǎo ma?	5.	Wǒmen hǎo!
6.	Tāmen hǎo ma?	6.	Tāmen hǎo!

REVIEW 9.1

well, good	hǎo
I	wǒ
I [am] well	Wǒ [ ] hǎo
you	nǐ
You [are] well.	Nǐ [ ] hǎo
he, she, it	tā
He [is] well.	Tā [ ] hǎo
we	wǒmen
We [are] well.	Wǒmen [ ] hǎo
YOU	nǐmen
YOU [are] well.	Nǐmen [ ] hǎo
they	tāmen
They [are] well.	Tāmen [ ] hǎo
…, is it so?	… ma?
I [am] well, is it so?	wǒ [ ] hǎo ma?
You [are] well, are you?	Nǐ [ ] hǎo ma?

STUDY 10

hěn – very, indeed

VOCABULARY 10.1

hěn	very, ‘is very’, ‘is indeed’

GRAMMAR 10.1

Wǒ hěn hǎo! *	I sure [am] fine! I['m] very well.
Wǒ bù hǎo.	I [am] not well.
Wǒ bù hěn hǎo. *	I [am] not very well.

* Remember, when a third tone (…â) precedes another third tone, pronounce it as a second tone (…á). Hence “hěn hǎo” is pronounced like ‘hén hǎo’.

ROUTINE 10.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of two or three.}

Exchange names. Converse using questions (wèntí) and answers (huídá)

Wǒ hǎo ma?	Nǐ hěn hǎo!
Nǐ hǎo ma?	Wǒ hǎo.
Tā hǎo ma?	Tā hěn hǎo!
Nǐmen hǎo ma?	Wǒmen hěn hǎo!
Tāmen hǎo ma?	Tāmen bù hǎo!

STUDY 11

bù – not, forming negative phrases

VOCABULARY 11.1

bù (bú before a fourth tone syllable   ã or before a toneless syllable)

not, not want to, No

GRAMMAR 11.1

Wǒ hěn hǎo!	I sure [am] fine! I [am] very well.
Wǒ bù hǎo.	I [am] not well.
Wǒ bù hěn hǎo.	I [am] not very well.

Remember, when a third tone (…â) precedes another third tone, pronounce it as a second tone (…á). Hence “hěn hǎo” is pronounced like ‘hén hǎo’.

ROUTINE 11.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of two or three.}

Converse using questions (wèntí) and answers (huídá).

1.	Wǒ hǎo ma?	1.	Nǐ hěn hǎo!
2.	Nǐ hǎo ma?	2.	Wǒ bù hǎo.
3.	Tā hǎo ma?	3.	Tā hěn hǎo!
4.	Wǒmen hǎo ma?	4.	Nǐmen bù hǎo!
5.	Nǐmen hǎo ma?	5.	Wǒmen hěn hǎo!
6.	Tāmen hǎo ma?	6.	Tāmen bù hǎo!
7.	Tāmen hǎo ma?	7.	Tāmen bù hěn hǎo!

EXERCISE 11.1 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into English:-

1.	Wǒmen hǎo ma?
2.	Nǐmen bù hǎo!
3.	Tā hǎo ma?
4.	Tāmen bù hěn hǎo!
5.	Wǒmen hěn hǎo!
6.	Tāmen bù hǎo.
7.	Tāmen hǎo ma?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 11.1

Practise these, if you need to.

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	Wǒmen hǎo ma?	Are we O.K.?
2.	Nǐmen bù hǎo!	YOU are not well!
3.	Tā hǎo ma?	Is he well?
4.	Tāmen bù hěn hǎo!	They are not very well!
5.	Wǒmen hěn hǎo!	We are very well!
6.	Tāmen bù hǎo.	They are not O.K.
7.	Tāmen hǎo ma?	Are they alright?

EXERCISE 11.2 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into Mandarin Chinese:-

1.	You are very fine!
2.	I’m not O.K.
3.	It’s great!
4.	How are you?
5.	How are YOU?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 11.2

These translations are quite flexible, loosely mixing the words “O.K., “fine”, “great”, “well”, etc. Practise these, if you need to.

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	You are very fine!	Nǐ hěn hǎo!
2.	I’m not O.K.	Wǒ bù hǎo.
3.	It’s great!	Tā hěn hǎo!
4.	How are you?	Nǐ hǎo ma?
5.	How are YOU?	Nǐmen hǎo ma?

STUDY 12

Auxilliary verbs: xiǎng — want to; xīwàng — wish, hope to

VOCABULARY 12.1

xiǎng	[to] want to, intend, think [about]; would like to
xīwàng	[to] wish, hope, would like [to]

GRAMMAR 12.1

Wǒ xiǎng dú zhège qǐngtiě.	I'd like to (want to) read this invitation.
Wǒmen xīwàng dú nàge xìnxī.	We would like (wish we could) read that information.

PRACTICE 12.1

Nǐ xiǎng dú zhège xìnxī ma?	Would you like to read this information?
Bù xiǎng.	No. (=No, I don’t want to.)
Nǐ hǎo! Qǐng dú nàge xìnxī, hǎo ma?	Hi! Would you [like] to read this information(, O.K.)?
Wǒ xiǎng dú nàge xìnxī.	I'd like to read this information.
Wǒmen hěn xīwàng dú hǎo xiāoxi.	We'd really would like to read good news.

EXERCISE 12.1 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into English:-

1.	Wǒ xīwàng dú nàge xìnxī.
2.	Tā xīwàng dú zhège hǎo xiāoxi.
3.	Nǐ xiǎng dú zhège qǐngtiě ma?
4.	Xiǎng bù xiǎng?
5.	Bù xiǎng.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 12.1

Practise these, if you need to.

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	Wǒ xīwàng dú nàge xìnxī.	I'd like to read that information.
2.	Tā xīwàng dú zhège hǎo xiāoxi.	He'd like to read this good news.
3.	Nǐ xiǎng dú zhège qǐngtiě ma?	Would you like to read this invitation?
4.	Xiǎng bù xiǎng?	Would [you] like to or not [like to]?
5.	Bù xiǎng.	No. (=No, I wouldn't [like to].)

EXERCISE 12.2 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into Mandarin Chinese:-

1.	We would like to read good news.
2.	They don’t want to read that message.
3.	Would you like to read it or not?
4.	I would very much like to.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 12.2

Practise these, if you need to.

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	We would like to read good news.	Wǒmen xīwàng dú hǎo xiāoxi.
2.	They don’t want to read that message.	Tāmen bù xiǎng dú nàge xìnxī.
3.	Would you like to read it or not?	Nǐ xiǎng bù xiǎng dú tā?
4.	I would very much like to.	[Wǒ] Hěn xiǎng.

STUDY 13

gěi — give; ná — take

VOCABULARY 13.1

gěi	[to] give
ná	[to] take

GRAMMAR 13.2

Wǒmen gěi nǐmen tā.	We give YOU it.
Wǒ gěi nǐ hǎo xiāoxi.	I give you good news.
Tāmen ná zhège hǎo qǐngtiě.	They take this nice invitation.

PRACTICE 13.2

Wǒ xiǎng gěi nǐ tā.	I'd like to give you it (that).
Tā xiǎng gěi wǒmen zhège xìnxī.	He'd like to give us this information.
Nǐ xiǎng ná tā ma?	Would you like to take it?
Bù xiǎng.	No. (=No, I wouldn't [like to].)

EXERCISE 13.1 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into English:-

	EXERCISE		ANSWER
1.	Nǐ xiǎng ná zhège qǐngtiě ma?	1.
2.	Qǐng gěi wǒ nàge xìnxī.	2.
3.	Ná tā.	3.
4.	Tā gěi wǒ hǎo xiāoxi.	4.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 13.1

Practise these, if you need to.

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	Nǐ xiǎng ná zhège qǐngtiě ma?	Would you like to take this invitation?
2.	Qǐng gěi wǒ nàge xìnxī.	Please give me that information.
3.	Ná tā.	Take it.
4.	Tā gěi wǒ hǎo xiāoxi.	It [or he, she] gives me good news.

EXERCISE 13.2 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into Mandarin Chinese:-

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	I give him this news.
2.	Give me it.
3.	I would like to give you this information.
4.	Please take this invitation.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 13.2

Practise these, if you need to.

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	I give him this news.	Wǒ gěi tā zhège xiāoxi.
2.	Give me it.	Gěi wǒ tā.
3.	I would like to give you this information.	Wǒ xiǎng gěi nǐ zhège xìnxī.
4.	Please take this invitation.	Qǐng ná zhège qǐngtiě.

STUDY 14

Speaking; Indirect and Direct Object pronouns

VOCABULARY 14.1

shuō	[to] speak, say
shuōhuà	[to] discuss, talk
gàosu	[to] tell
pǔtōnghuà	Mandarin
Pīnyīn	a Romanized form of writing Mandarin [as used in this course]
Hànzì	the writing of Chinese in pictographic characters [not used in this course]

GRAMMAR 14.1 (Indirect and Direct Object Pronouns)

The Indirect and Direct Object pronouns are the same as the Nominative Case in Mandarin Chinese. This means that “me” is, in effect, translated as “I” in a sentence like “You tell me”: “Nǐ gàosu wǒ”.

Tā shuō pǔtōnghuà.	He (or she) speaks Mandarin.
Nǐ shuō pǔtōnghuà ma?	Do you speak Mandarin?
Wǒ bù shuō pǔtōnghuà.	I do not speak Mandarin.
Wǒmen gàosu nǐmen hǎo xiāoxi.	We tell YOU good news.
Qǐng gàosu wǒ, nǐ shì shéi?	Please tell me, who are you?
Wǒ xiǎng shuōhuà.	I would like (want) to talk.

ROUTINE 14.1

Create questions (wèntí) and answers (huídá) using some of these words.

shéi					?
	[bù]	xīwàng	dú gàosu	tā
wǒ nǐ wǒmen nǐmen		xiǎng	ná gěi tāmen	zhège hǎo xiāoxi	ma?
			shuōhuà

STUDY 15

zài – again

VOCABULARY 15.1

zài

again

GRAMMAR 15.1

The word “zài”, when it means “again”, is placed in front of the action that is to be repeated.

zài dú	read again
Qǐng zài dú tā.	Please read it again.
Nǐ xiǎng zài dú ma?	Would you like to read again.
Qǐng zài gàosu wǒ tā.	Please tell me it again.

STUDY 16

néng, huì – can, to be able to

VOCABULARY 16.1

néng	[to] be able to; can
huì	[to] be able to; can
dào	[to] be able to attain / accomplish; can

NOTE: “huì” is also used like “will” to express future actions.

GRAMMAR 16.1

Tā néng shuō pǔtōnghuà.	He [or she] can speak Mandarin.
Nǐ huì shuō pǔtōnghuà ma?	Can you speak Mandarin?
Nǐmen huì bú huì dú Hànzì? *	Can you [or can you not] read Hanzi?

* Remember, “bù” needs to change to “bú” in front of “huì”.

PRACTICE 16.1

Wǒ néng dú tā.	I can read it.
Nǐ néng dú tā ma?	Can you read it?
Tā bù néng dú zhège xiāoxi.	He cannot read this news.
Tā bú huì dú tā.	He cannot read it.

PRACTICE 16.2

Tā néng dú Hànzì.	He (or she) can read Hanzi.
Nǐ huì dú Hànzì ma?	Can you read Hanzi?
Wǒ néng dú Pīnyīn.	I can read Pinyin.
Wǒ néng dú pǔtōnghuà.	I can read Mandarin.
Nǐ néng dú Hànzì ma?	Can you read Hanzi?
Wǒ bù néng dú Hànzì.	I cannot read Hanzi.

PRACTICE 16.3

Wǒ bù néng dú pǔtōnghuà.	I cannot read Mandarin.
Nǐ néng dú Hànzì ma?	Can you read Hanzi?
Tāmen bù xiǎng dú Pīnyīn.	They don't want to read Pinyin.
Tāmen xīwàng dù Hànzì.	They wish [they could] to read Hanzi.
Wǒmen bú huì dú Hànzì. *	We cannot read Hanzi.
Wǒmen xīwàng néng dú Hànzì.	We'd like to be able to read Hanzi.

* Remember, “bù” must change to “bú” in front of “huì”.

ROUTINE 16.1

Create questions (wèntí) and answers (huídá) using some of these words.

shéi					?
	[bù] [bú]	néng huì	dú gàosu	tā zhège hǎo xiāoxi
wǒ nǐ wǒmen		xiǎng xīwàng	ná gěi tāmen		ma?

ACTIVITY 16.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of two or three.}

Converse using néng, huì, xiǎng, xīwàng, dú, shuō, pǔtōnghuà, Pīnyīn, Hànzì, zài.]

ROUTINE 16.2

Repeat incrementally at speed the following sets of words.

Qǐng.................shuō.................Qǐng shuō pǔtōnghuà

Wǒ

huì

Wǒ huì

shuō

Wǒ huì shuō

pǔtōnghuà

Wǒ huì shuō pǔtōnghuà

ma?

Wǒ huì shuō pǔtōnghuà ma?

Nǐ

huì

Nǐ huì

shuō

Nǐ huì shuō

pǔtōnghuà

Nǐ huì shuō pǔtōnghuà

ma?

Nǐ huì shuō pǔtōnghuà ma?

Tā

huì

Tā huì

shuō

Tā huì shuō

pǔtōnghuà

Tā huì shuō pǔtōnghuà

ma?

Tā huì shuō pǔtōnghuà ma?

STUDY 17

Close relatives and friends

VOCABULARY 17.1

rén	person, man
péngyou	friend
dìxiōng	brother
jiěmèi, zǐmèi	sister
dìxiōng jiěmèi	brothers and sisters
dìxiōngmen	brothers
jiātíng	family
fùmǔ	parents
màma; mǔ qīn	mother
bàba; fù qīn	father
xiāoháir	child
érzi	son
nǚ’ér	daughter

GRAMMAR 17.1

When speaking about one’s close relative, there is no need to use a grammatical possessive form (my, etc.). Full construction of Possessive forms is explained later, including the use of “de”.

Zhè shì shéi?	Who is this?
Tā shì wǒ dìxiōng.	He is my brother.
Tāmen shì wǒ dìxiōngmen.	They are my brothers.
Nǐ jiěmèi néng dú tā.	Your sister can read it.
Zhège péngyou shì wǒ dìxiōng.	This friend is my brother.
Nàge rén shì shéi?	Who is that person?

PRACTICE 17.1

Qǐng dú zhè[ge].	Please read this [item].
Zhè shì shéi?	Who is this?
Nǐ xiǎng gàosu wǒ tā ma?	Would you like to tell me it?
Tā shì wǒ dìxiōng.	He is my brother.
Zhè shì shénme?	What is this?
Wǒ xiǎng shuō tā.	I'd like to say it.
Zhè shì hǎo xiāoxi	This is good news.

PRACTICE 17.2

Nǐ néng dú zhè[ge] ma?	Can you read this?
Zhè shì wǒ jiěmèi.	This is my sister.
Wǒ xiǎng gàosu nǐ zhè[ge].	I'd like to tell you this.
Shéi shuō zhè?	Who says this?
Nǐ dìxiōng huì dú zhège qǐngtiě.	Your brother can read this invitation.
Zhège péngyou shì wǒ dìxiōng.	This friend is my brother.

EXERCISE 17.1 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into English:-

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	Tā shì wǒ dìxiōng.
2.	Nǐ jiěmèi néng dú tā.
3.	Nǐ xiǎng shuō tā ma?
4.	Nàge péngyou shì wǒ dìxiōng.
5.	Tāmen xiǎng gàosu nǐ zhè[ge].
6.	Wǒ shì nǐ dìxiōng.
7.	Tā jiěmèi shuō zhè.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 17.1

Practise these, if you need to.

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	Tā shì wǒ dìxiōng.	He is my brother.
2.	Nǐ jiěmèi néng dú tā.	Your sister can read it.
3.	Nǐ xiǎng shuō tā ma?	Would you like to read it?
4.	Nàge péngyou shì wǒ dìxiōng.	That friend is my brother.
5.	Tāmen xiǎng gàosu nǐ zhè[ge].	They'd like to tell you this.
6.	Wǒ shì nǐ dìxiōng.	I am your brother.
7.	Tā jiěmèi shuō zhè.	His sister says this.

EXERCISE 17.2 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into Mandarin Chinese:-

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	That sister tells me this good news.
2.	Who is this person?
3.	That person can tell them.
4.	Our brothers and sisters would like to give YOU this information.
5.	Who is your brother?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 17.2

Practise these, if you need to.

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	That sister tells me this good news.	Nàge jiěmèi gàosu wǒ zhège hǎo xiāoxi.
2.	Who is this person?	Zhège rén shì shéi?
3.	That person can tell them.	Nàge rén huì gàosu tāmen.
4.	Our brothers and sisters would like to give YOU this information.	Wǒmen dìxiōng jiěmèi xiǎng gěi nǐmen zhège xìnxī.
5.	Who is your brother?	Nǐ dìxiōng shì shéi?

STUDY 18

Addition of xiē to form plurals of demonstrative pronouns

VOCABULARY 18.1

...xiē *	...se (plural determiner); some
yìxiē	some
zhèxiē	these; these ones
nàxiē	those; those ones

* Note, remember to pronounce ‘x’ rather like ‘hss’ or the ‘s’ in ‘see’, but

Pronounce ‘sh’ like the English ‘sh’ in ‘rashly’.

GRAMMAR 18.1

zhèxiē rén	shì	hǎo péngyou.	These persons are good friends.
zhèxiē	shì	hǎo péngyou.	These are good friends.
nàxiē	shì	hǎo rén.	Those are good persons.
nàxiē péngyou	shì	wǒ dìxiōng jiěmèi.	Those friends are my brothers and sisters.

ACTIVITY 18.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of two or three to do the following activities.}

Using the structure of Columns 1, 2, and 3 the first person makes up a sentence from the language learned up to now. The next person this from singular to plural or from plural to singular.

STUDY 19

know; understand; sentence elements

zhīdao	[to] know, have knowledge of a fact
rènshi	[to] know, be acquainted with (a person, the personality behind a name)
dǒng	[to] understand
míngbai *	[to] see clearly, understand

* míngbai =“clear”+“white”

GRAMMAR 19.1 (Sentence Elements)

For previous discussion of sentence construction, see Grammar 4.1. The following groups of examples demonstrate the breakdown of any sentence strictly into Subject (Doer) and Predicate (composed of Action and Object). Word order is more or less the same in Mandarin Chinese as in English.

SUBJECT	PREDICATE
DOER	ACTION	OBJECT
Tā	shì	wǒ dìxiōng.	He is my brother.
Nǐ	zhīdao.		You know.
Nǐ	zhīdao	tā.	You know it.
Wǒ	zhīdao	nǐ shì shéi.	I know who you are.
Wǒ	xīwàng zhīdao	zhè shì shénme.	I would like to know what this is.
Tāmen	bù zhīdao	zhège hǎo xiāoxi shì shénme.	They do not know what this good news is.
Nǐ jiěmèi	zhīdao	wǒmen shūo tā.	Your sister knows we say it.
Wǒ	zhīdao	nǐ xiǎng dú zhège xìnxī.	I know you would like to read this information.

Wǒ	rènshi	nǐ.	I know you.
Nǐ	bú rènshi	tā.	You don't know him.
Zhèxiē péngyou	bú rènshi	nǐ dìxiōng.	These friends do not know your brother.
Nǐ dìxiōng jiěmèi	rènshi	zhège péngyou ma?	Do your brothers and sisters know this friend?
nàxiē rén	rènshi	zhèxiē jiěmèi.	Those people know these sisters.

Wǒ	míngbai.		I understand.
Tāmen	míngbai	zhège hǎo xiāoxi.	They understand this good news.
[Nǐ]	Dǒng bù dǒng?		Do [you] understand [or do you not understand]?
Tā	míngbai	pǔtōnghuà	He understands Mandarin.
Nǐ	míngbai	pǔtōnghuà ma?	Do you understand Mandarin?
Tāmen	bù míngbai	zhège qǐngtiě.	They do not understand this invitation.

ACTIVITY 19.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of two or three.}

Work on the Mandarin Chinese in Columns 1, 2, and 3 of the above tables.

Taking turns, one person says the Mandarin already given; then the next person turns a statement into a question by adding “ma?” or turns a question into a statement. The next person translates this into English. The next converts the Mandarin from singular to plural or from plural to singular.

ACTIVITY 19.2

Another student says one of the grammar examples in the Mandarin already given in the above tables; then next person says the negative of this by putting “bù/bú” in front of “shì”, “zhīdao”, “dǒng”, “míngbai” or “rènshi”, or says the affirmative by removing “bù/bú”.

ACTIVITY 19.3

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Read to students all together.}

Get a good reader to read sentences in the Grammar 19 tables, and students write them down in Mandarin Chinese using Pinyin.

EXERCISE 19.1 (Answers are given below)

Translate into English:-

1.	Tā	zhīdao.
2.	Nǐmen	zhīdao	wǒ shì shéi.
3.	Nǐmen	bù zhīdao	zhège hǎo xiāoxi shì shénme.
4.	Nǐ	zhīdao	wǒ xiǎng dú zhège xìnxī.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.1

1.	Tā	zhīdao.		He/she knows.
2.	Nǐmen	zhīdao	wǒ shì shéi.	YOU know who I am.
3.	Nǐmen	bù zhīdao	zhège hǎo xiāoxi shì shénme.	YOU do not know what this good news is.
4.	Nǐ	zhīdao	wǒ xiǎng dú zhège xìnxī.	You know I would like to read this information.

EXERCISE 19.2 (Answers are given below)

Translate into Mandarin Chinese:-

1.	I know it.
2.	They would like to know what this is.
3.	Your brother knows we say it.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.2

1.	I know it.	Wǒ	zhīdao	tā.
2.	They would like to know what this is.	Tāmen	xīwàng zhīdao	zhè shì shénme.
3.	Your brother knows we say it.	Nǐ dìxiōng	zhīdao	wǒmen shūo tā.

EXERCISE 19.3 (Answers are given below)

Translate into English:-

1.	Wǒ	rènshi	tā.
2.	Nàxiē péngyou	bú rènshi	nǐ jiěmèi.
3.	Zhèxiē rén	rènshi	wǒmen.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.3

1.	Wǒ	rènshi	tā.	I know him.
2.	Nàxiē péngyou	bú rènshi	nǐ jiěmèi.	Those friends do not know your sister.
3.	Zhèxiē rén	rènshi	wǒmen.	These people know us.

EXERCISE 19.4 (Answers are given below)

Translate into Mandarin Chinese:-

1.	You don't know me.
2.	Do his brothers and sisters know that person?
3.	They do not know your brother.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.4

1.	You don't know me.	Nǐ	bú rènshi	wǒ.
2.	Do his brothers and sisters know that person?	Tā dìxiōng jiěmèi	rènshi	nàge rén ma?
3.	They do not know your brother.	Tāmen	bú rènshi	nǐ dìxiōng.

EXERCISE 19.5 (Answers are given below)

Translate into English:-

1.	Wǒ	míngbai	zhège hǎo xiāoxi.
2.	Tā	bù míngbai	pǔtōnghuà
3.	Wǒ	bù míngbai	nàge xìnxī.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.5

1.	Wǒ	míngbai	zhège hǎo xiāoxi.	I understand this good news.
2.	Tā	bù míngbai	pǔtōnghuà	He does not understand Mandarin.
3.	Wǒ	bù míngbai	nàge xìnxī.	I do not understand this information.

EXERCISE 19.6 (Answers are given below)

Translate into Mandarin Chinese:-

1.	We understand.
2.	Do [you] understand [or do you not understand]?
3.	Do they understand Mandarin?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.6

1.	We understand.	Wǒmen	míngbai.
2.	Do [you] understand [or do you not understand]?	[Nǐ]	Dǒng bù dǒng?
3.	Do they understand Mandarin?	Tāmen	míngbai	pǔtōnghuà ma?

STUDY 20

thing, look, see

VOCABULARY 20.1

dōngxi	thing; things
niàn	[to] read (aloud)
kàn	[to] look, watch; read (silently)
kànjiàn	[to] see; observe; get sight of

GRAMMAR 20.1

Qǐng kàn nàge xìnxī.	Please look at that information.
Qǐng kàn zhège dōngxi.	Please look at this thing.
Nàge dōngxi shì shénme?	What is that thing?
Wǒ xiǎng kàn tā.	I'd like to look at it.
Nǐ kànjiàn nàge rèn ma?	Do you [get to] see that person?
Tāmen xiǎng nǐ niàn zhège qǐngtiě.	They would like you to read this invitation (aloud).

PRACTICE 20.1

Nǐ néng kànjiàn nàge dōngxi ma?	Can you [get to] see that thing?
Zhège dōngxi shì hǎo xiāoxi.	This thing is good news.
Wǒ xiǎng gàosu nǐ zhè (ge).	I'd like to tell you this (matter).
Shéi shuō zhège xìnxī?	Who says this information?
Nǐ dìxiōng néng dú zhège qǐngtiě ma?	Can your brother read this invitation?
Zhège péngyou shì wǒ dìxiōng.	This friend is my brother.
Tā huì niàn Hànzì.	He can read out Hanzi.

PRACTICE 20.2

Nǐ néng dú zhè(ge) ma?		Can you read this?
Zhè shì wǒ jiěmèi.		This is my sister.
Wǒ xīwàng kàn nàge qǐngtiě.		I'd like to have a look at that invitation.
Zhè shì shéi?	Who is this?
Tā shì wǒ dìxiōng.	He is my brother.
Qǐng niàn zhège xìnxī.	Please ring out this message.

STUDY 21

Review of words learned in Studies 1-20

VOCABULARY 21.1 (Review of Words Learned)

This is a review of all the vocabularies covered in Studies 1-20.

See Study 1 for guidance on Mandarin pronuciation and Pinyin script.

Check especially tones and tonal marks in Pronunciation 1.4.

English to Mandarin Chinese in Pinyin

English	Mandarin Chinese in Pinyin	Study
‘Hello!’ / Greetings! / ‘How are you?’	Nǐ hǎo!	2
‘How are you?’ / Greetings! / ‘Hello!’	Nǐ hǎo!	2
able to attain or accomplish; can	dào	16
able (be able to; can)	huì, néng	16
able (be able to; can)	néng, huì	16
again	zài	15
answer	dáfù (See also: huídá)	6
answer	huídá (See also: dáfù)	6
be (am, is, are)	shì	8
brother	dìxiōng	17
brothers	dìxiōngmen	17
brothers and sisters	dìxiōng jiěmèi	17
call by a name; [to] be called by a name	jiào	7
can; be able to attain or accomplish	dào
can, be able to	huì, néng	16
can, be able to	néng, huì	16
child	érzi	17
daughter	nǚ’ér	17
discuss	shuōhuà	14
Do [you] understand?	Dǒng bù dǒng?	19
family	jiātíng	17
father	fùmǔ	17
fine	hǎo	3
friend	péngyou	17
give	gěi	13
good	hǎo	3
Greetings! / ‘Hello!’ / ‘How are you?’	Nǐ hǎo!	2
Hanzi (the writing of Chinese in pictographic characters, not used in this course)	Hànzì	14
he	tā	4
hope, wish, would like [to]	xīwàng	12
I	wǒ	4
indeed	hěn	10
information	xìnxī	3
invitation	qǐngtiě	3
is it so?	ma?	9
it	tā	4
Jehovah	Yēhéhuá	8
Jehovah's Witness(es)	Yēhéhuá Jiànzhèngrén	8
know (person)	rènshi	19
look at	kàn	20
Mandarin	pǔtōnghuà	2
message	xìnxī	3
message; news	xiāoxi	3
mm, is it so?	ma?	9
mother	màma; mǔ qīn	17
name	míng; míngzi	7
name	míngzi; míng	7
news; message	xiāoxi	3
not	bù (Note: bú before 4th tone, such as shì)	11
O.K.?	hǎo ma?	9
parents	fùmǔ	17
people, person	rén	17
person, people	rén	17
Pinyin (a Romanized form of writing Mandarin, as used in this course)	Pīnyīn	14
Please!	qǐng!	2
Please …, O.K.?	Qǐng …, hǎo ma?	9
question	wèntí	6
read	dú (See also: kàn)	2
read (silently)	kàn (See also: dú)	20
read aloud	niàn (See also dú)	20
s (…s) (Plural ending)	men (…men)	5
say, speak	shuō	14
se (...se, plural determiner); some	xiē (...xiē)	18
see clearly; understand	míngbai	19
see; observe; get sight of	kànjiàn	20
several, some	yìxiē	18
sister	jiěmèi, zǐmèi	17
sister	zǐmèi, jiěmèi	17
some, several	yìxiē	18
son	érzi	17
speak, say	shuō	14
surely	hěn	10
take	ná	13
talk	shuōhuà	14
tell	gàosu	14
Thank you! (polite form)	Xièxie nín!	2
Thanks!	xièxie!	2
that (pronoun)	nà	3
that …	nàge …	3
these	zhèxiē	18
these …	zhèxiē …	18
they	tāmen	4
thing; things	dōngxi	20
this (pronoun)	zhè; zhèi	3
this (pronoun)	zhèi; zhè	3
this …	zhège …	3
those	nàxiē	18
those …	nàxiē …	18
understand	dǒng	19
understand; see clearly	míngbai	19
very	hěn	10
want to, would like to	xiǎng	12
we	wǒmen	5
Welcome!	huānyíng!	2
well	hǎo	3
what	shénme	7
what?	shénme?	7
who	shéi	6
who?	shéi?	6
wish, hope, would like [to]	xīwàng	12
Witness(es)	Jiànzhèngrén	8
would like to, want to	xiǎng	12
would like [to], wish, hope	xīwàng	12
would you? O.K.?	hǎo ma?
you	nǐ	4
YOU	nǐmen	4
you (Thank you! —polite form)	nín (Xièxie nín!)	2

Mandarin Chinese Pinyin to English

Mandarin Chinese in Pinyin	English	Study
bàba; fù qīn	father	17
bù (Note: bú before 4th tone, such as shì)	not	11
dáfù (See also: huídá)	answer	6
dào	be able to attain / accomplish; can	16
dìxiōng	brother	17
dìxiōngmen	brothers	17
dìxiōng jiěmèi	brothers and sisters	17
dōngxi	thing; things	20
dǒng	understand	19
Dǒng bù dǒng?	Do [you] understand?	19
dú (See also: kàn)	read	2
érzi	son	17
fù qīn; bàba	father	17
fùmǔ	parents	17
gàosu	tell	14
gěi	give	13
Hànzì	Hanzi (the writing of Chinese in pictographic characters, not used in this course)	14
hǎo	fine	3
hǎo	good	3
hǎo	well	3
hǎo ma?	O.K.?
hěn	indeed	10
hěn	surely	10
hěn	very	10
huānyíng!	Welcome!	2
huì, néng	able (be able to; can)	16
huì, néng	can, be able to	16
huídá (See also: dáfù)	answer	6
jiātíng	family
Jiànzhèngrén	Witness(es)	8
jiào	call by a name; [to] be called by a name	7
jiěmèi, zǐmèi	sister	17
kàn	look at	20
kàn (See also: dú)	read (silently)	20
kànjiàn	see; observe; get sight of	20
ma?	is it so?	9
ma?	mm, is it so?	9
màma; mǔ qīn	mother	17
men (…men)	s (…s) (Plural ending)	5
míng; míngzi	name	7
míngbai	see clearly; understand	19
míngbai	understand; see clearly	19
míngzi; míng	name	7
mǔ qīn; màma	mother	17
ná	take	13
nà	that (pronoun)	3
nàge …	that …	3
nàxiē	those	18
nàxiē …	those …	18
néng, huì	able (be able to; can)	16
néng, huì	can, be able to	16
nín (Xièxie nín!)	you (Thank you! —polite form)	2
nǐ	you	4
Nǐ hǎo!	Greetings! / ‘Hello!’ / ‘How are you?’	2
Nǐ hǎo!	‘Hello!’ / Greetings! / ‘How are you?’	2
Nǐ hǎo!	‘How are you?’ / Greetings! / ‘Hello!’	2
nǐmen	YOU	4
niàn (See also dú)	read aloud	20
nǚ’ér	daughter	17
péngyou	friend	17
Pīnyīn	Pinyin (a Romanized form of writing Mandarin, as used in this course)	14
pǔtōnghuà	Mandarin	2
qǐng!	Please!	2
qǐngtiě	invitation	3
rén	people, person	17
rén	person, people	17
rènshi	know (person)	19
shéi	who	6
shéi?	who?	6
shénme	what	7
shénme?	what?	7
shì	be (am, is, are)	8
shuō	say, speak	14
shuō	speak, say	14
shuōhuà	discuss, talk	14
tā	he	4
tā	it	4
tāmen	they	4
wèntí	question	6
wǒ	I	4
wǒmen	we	5
xīwàng	hope, wish, would like [to]	12
xīwàng	wish, hope, would like [to]	12
xīwàng	would like [to], wish, hope	12
xiāoháir	child	17
xiāoxi	message; news	3
xiāoxi	news; message	3
xiǎng	want to; would like to	12
xiē (...xiē)	se (...se, plural determiner); some	18
xièxie!	Thanks!	2
Xièxie nín!	Thank you! (polite form)	2
xìnxī	information	3
xìnxī	message	3
Yēhéhuá	Jehovah	8
Yēhéhuá Jiànzhèngrén	Jehovah's Witness(es)	8
yìxiē	several, some	18
yìxiē	some, several	18
zài	again	15
zhè; zhèi	this (pronoun)	3
zhèi; zhè	this (pronoun)	3
zhège …	this …	3
zhèxiē	these	18
zhèxiē …	these …	18
zǐmèi, jiěmèi	sister	17

STUDY 22

de — of; …’s; …s’ possessive case

VOCABULARY 22.1

de	of; …'s; …s'
de	having the description of
wǒde	of me; my
nǐde	of you; your
tāde	of him, her, it; his, her, its
wǒmende	of us; our
nǐmende	of YOU; YOUR
tāmende	of them; their
zìjǐ de	own; of oneself; of self

GRAMMAR 22.1

For further information on the uses of “de”, see Study 28.

wǒde péngyou	my friend
nǐmende péngyou	YOUR friend
wǒde qǐngtiě	my invitation
nǐde xiāoxi	your news
tāmende qǐngtiě	their invitation
péngyou de jiěmèi	his/her sister
wǒmende dìxiōng	our brother
zìjǐ de mǔ qīn	[one’s] own mother

PRACTICE 22.1

Anna de jiěmèi	Anna's sister; the sister of Anna
Bob de dìxiōng	Bob’s brother; the brother of Bob
Colin de míngzi shì shénme?	What is Colin’s name?
wǒde péngyoumen	my friends
Nǐde míngzi shì shénme?	What is your name?
Nǐde péngyou shì shéi?	Who is your friend?
kàn qǐngtiě de rén	a person who reads the
míngbai wǒ de péngyoumen	friends who understand me
Wǒ huì dú zìjǐ de qǐngtiě.	I can read my own invitation.

EXERCISE 22.1 (Answers are given below)

Translate into English:-

1.	nǐ bù zhīdao wǒde míngzi.
2.	Qǐng ná nǐde qǐngtǐe.
3.	Zhège rén de xìnxī shì hǎo xiāoxi
4.	Nǐ shì shéi de péngyou?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 22.1

1.	Nǐ bù zhīdao wǒde míngzi.	You do not know my name.
2.	Qǐng ná nǐde qǐngtiě.	Please take your invitation.
3.	Zhège rén de xìnxī shì hǎo xiāoxi	This person's message is good news.
4.	Nǐ shì shéi de péngyou?	Whose friend are you?

EXERCISE 22.2 (Answers are given below)

Translate into Mandarin Chinese:-

1.	I know your friend.
2.	I know your name.
3	Would you like to read my invitation?
4.	They tell their message.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 22.2

1.	I know your friend.	Wǒ rènshi nǐde péngyou.
2.	I know your name.	Wǒ zhīdao nǐde míngzi.
3	Would you like to read my invitation?	Nǐ xiǎng dú wǒde qǐngtiě ma?
4.	They tell their message.	Tāmen gàosu tāmende xìnxī.

STUDY 23

Sentence structure with Direct or Indirect Objects

GRAMMAR 23.1

Observe the break-down of the simple sentences used in the next practice.

Doer	Action	Receiver	Object acted upon.
SUBJECT	VERB	DIRECT OBJECT	INDIRECT OBJECT
Zhè	shì	nǐde qǐngtiě. *
Qǐng [nǐ]	dú		wǒmende hǎo xiāoxi.
Qǐng [nǐ]	ná		nǐmende qǐngtiě.
Wǒ	bù néng dú		zhège qǐngtiě.
Qǐng [nǐ]	gěi	wǒ	nǐde qǐngtiě.
Wǒ	xiǎng gěi	nǐ	zhège xìnxī.

Note the first sentence uses “shì” as the doing word or verb. The structure of the sentence says that “A” is “B”. This is termed technically as the “copulative form”. Contrast matching “he” in “I am he” with Direct and Indirect Objects in “I give him them”. It is wrong to say, “I give he they”.

PRACTICE 23.1

Translate to and fro.

Zhè shì nǐde qǐngtiě.	This is your invitation.
Qǐng dú wǒmende hǎo xiāoxi.	Please read our good news.
Qǐng ná nǐmende qǐngtiě.	Please take your invitation.
Wǒ bù néng dú zhège qǐngtiě.	I cannot read this invitation.
Qǐng gěi wǒ nǐde qǐngtiě.	Please give me your invitation.
Qǐng gáosu wǒ nǐde míngzi.	Please tell me your name.
Wǒ xīwàng gěi nǐ zhège xìnxī.	I would like to give you this information.

PRACTICE 23.2

Translate to and fro.

Nà shì hǎo xiāoxi.	That is good news.
Nà bú shì wǒde xìnxī.	That is not my message.
Nǐde míngzi shì shénme?	What is your name?
Zhè shì wǒmende qǐngtiě.	This is our invitation.
Wǒde péngyou xīwàng dù tā.	My friend would like to read it.
Tāmen bú néng dú nǐmende hǎo xiāoxi.	They cannot be able to read YOUR good news.
Zhè shì shéi de hǎo xiāoxi?	Whose good news is this? (This is whose good news?)
Qǐng gěi wǒ nǐmende qǐngtiě.	Please give me YOUR invitation.
Wǒde jiěmèi xīwàng gěi nǐ tāde qǐngtiě.	My sister would like to give you her invitation.

EXERCISE 23.1

Using the method shown in the above grammar table, analyse the simple sentences in the previous practice and break them into doer, action done, receiver of the action (if any), and object acted upon (if any).

Doer	Action	Receiver	Object acted upon.
SUBJECT	VERB	DIRECT OBJECT	INDIRECT OBJECT
		*
		*
		*
		*
		*

* Matching form.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 23.1

Doer	Action	Receiver	Object acted upon.
SUBJECT	VERB	DIRECT OBJECT	INDIRECT OBJECT
Nà	shì	hǎo xiāoxi.
Nà	bú shì	wǒde xìnxī.
Nǐde míngzi	shì	shénme?
Zhè	shì	wǒmende qǐngtiě.
Wǒde péngyou	xiǎng dù		tā.
Tāmen	bú néng dú		nǐmende hǎo xiāoxi.
Zhè	shì	shéi de hǎo xiāoxi?
Qǐng	gěi	wǒ	nǐmende qǐngtiě.
Wǒde jiěmèi	xīwàng gěi	nǐ	tāde qǐngtiě.

STUDY 24

bǎ — a device for relocating an Indirect Object to achieve emphasis

VOCABULARY 24.1

yíxià	a bit, a little while, once, just
bǎ	an indicator device placed in front of an Indirect Object when it has been relocated for emphasis before the verb that acts on it.

GRAMMAR 24.1

Although this section is important in explaining a device that is frequently used by natural Chinese speakers, you can get by without using it yourself until you are more experienced in Mandarin.

Word Order — Basically, for General Use

Word order in Mandarin is basically the same as in English.

Word Order — Why Alter It?

The overall purpose of a change in word order is to emphasize or clarify a part of a sentence, when normal word order does not achieve this.

Word Order — Caution!

Changing the word order may clarify one part but may also obscure another, so some words may need adding to overcome this problem.

Word Order — Examples

In some cases it is not crucial in what order the blocks of words are arranged, but sometimes “regular” word order needs to be followed to avoid confusion. Let's illustrate this point.

In English we can say, “They give him this invitation.” You don't say, “They give this invitation him”. If the word “to” is added, however, we can say, “They give this invitation to him.” Again, we don't usually say, “They give to him this invitation.”

Somewhat similarly, Mandarin has a regular word order, but it allows other word orders, if another word is added to indicate what has been moved from its normal order. Examples of words to add are “bǎ” (discussed below in this Study) and “bèi” (presented in the next Study).

Mandarin Uses “bǎ” to Relocate the Object of the Verb in Front of the Verb

The regular order in Mandarin places the object acted upon (“Indirect Object” in the “Accusative Case”) after that action word (“verb”).

Tāmen gěi tā zhège qǐngtiě.

They give him this invitation.

These words can be used in a different order, putting the Indirect Object before the verb, but only by inserting the indicator device “bǎ” in front of the relocated Indirect Object.

Tāmen bǎ zhège qǐngtiě gěi tā.

They give him this invitation.

PRACTICE 24.1

Try converting these sentences to the regular order and removing “bǎ”.

Bǎ tā gěi wǒ.	Give me it.
Qǐng bǎ zhège xìnxī dú [yíxià]. *	Please [just] read this information.
Wǒ xiǎng bǎ zhège qǐngtiě gěi nǐ.	I'd like to give you this invitation.

* NOTE: “dú” feels a bit bald with nothing after it, so “yíxià” is added.

PRACTICE 24.2

How did you get on with the previous practice? The following are the answers to it. Now try to work the opposite way and re-order these sentences with the help of “bǎ”, so that the object acted upon by the verb is positioned before that verb.

Gěi wǒ tāde qǐngtiě.	Give me it this qǐngtiě.
Qǐng dú zhège xìnxī. *	Please read this information.
Wǒ xiǎng gěi nǐ zhège qǐngtiě. †	I'd like to give you this invitation.

* NOTE: Don't forget to add “yíxià”, as necessary.

† NOTE: In the compound “xiǎng gěi” the object can be repositioned between “xiǎng” and “gěi” with the insertion of “bǎ”. This because the Indirect Object relates to the action, “give”, not the auxilliary thought of “liking to do so”.

PRACTICE 24.3

Rearrange the words of these sentences into an easier order and remove “bǎ”.

Wǒ xiǎng bǎ zhège xìnxī gěi nǐ.

Tā xiǎng bǎ nǐde qǐngtiě dú yíxià.

Bǎ tā gěi wǒ!

Bǎ tāmende xìnxī qǐng dú yíxià!

Wǒ bǎ pǔtōnghuà bú huì shuō.

PRACTICE 24.4

The following sentences are the inverse of the previous practice. Rearrange the word order, so that the indirect object of the verb is in front of its verb: but remember to add “bǎ”.

Wǒ xiǎng gěi nǐ zhège xìnxī.

Tā xiǎng dú nǐde qǐngtiě.

Gěi wǒ tā!

Qǐng dú tāmende xìnxī!

STUDY 25

bèi — by, indicating the doer in a Passive Sentence

VOCABULARY 25.1

bèi	by, indicating the doer in a Passive Sentence

Mandarin Uses “bèi” as “by” in a Passive Sentence

Tāde dìxiōng dú wǒmende xìnxī.	His brother reads our information.
Wǒmende xìnxī bèi tāde dìxiōng dú.	Our information is read by his brother.
Shàngdì gěi wǒmen xīwàng.	God gives us hope.
Xīwàng bèi Shàngdì gěi wǒmen.	Hope is given us by God.

STUDY 26

God; Jehovah; kěyǐ — permission; bùkě — prohibition

VOCABULARY 26.1

Shàngdì	God
Yēhéhuá	Jehovah
kěyǐ	[to] be allowed to; can; may; [to] be permitted
bùkě	[to] not be allowed; must not; [to] be prohibited

GRAMMAR 26.1

Shàngdì de péngyou	God’s friend
Shàngdì de míngzi shì Yēhéhuá.	God’s name is Jehovah.
Wǒmen kěyǐ shì Shàngdì de péngyou.	We can be God’s friend.
Bùkě dú wǒde xìnxī.	You must not read my message.
Bùkě shuō tā.	You must not say it.

PRACTICE 26.1

Translate to and fro the following sentences.

A	Wǒ xīwàng shì Shàngdì de péngyou.	I'd like to be God's friend.
B	Nǐ kěyǐ shì Shàngdì de péngyou.	You may be God's friend.
A	Tā shì shéi?	Who is He?
B	Nǐ zhīdao bú zhīdao Tā de míngzi?	Do you know (or not know) His name?
A	Wǒ bú zhīdao Tā de míngzi.	I don't know His name.
B	Wǒmen néng rènshi Tā de míngzi.	We can know (be acquainted with) His name.
A	Shéi shì Shàngdì?	Who is God?
B	Shàngdì jiào Yēhéhuá (míngzi).	God is called (by the name of) Jehovah.
A	Yēhéhuá shì Shàngdì de míngzi ma?	Jehovah is God's name, is it?
B	Nǐ xiǎng dú Shīpiān 83:18 ma?	You'd like to read Psalm 83:18, eh?
A	Tā shuō, “Nǐ de míng shì Yēhéhuá.”	It says, “Your name is Jehovah.”
B	Shīpian 91:14 shuō shénme?	Psalm 91:14 says what?
A	“Tā rènshi wǒ de míng.”	“He knows my name.”

DIALOGUE 26.1

Act out the sentences in the previous practice as a dialogue.

STUDY 27

Measure words — more detail; (yī + gē) = yíge — “a, an”

VOCABULARY 15.1 : Measure Words

yíge ‡	a, an (“a” can be for a thing or a person)
yī	one
-gē †	a ‘measure word’ used generally

‡ Pronounce ‘ge’ hard as in English ‘get’, (never soft as in ‘gel’).

† A ‘measure word’ (“MW”) is used for focusing on a thing, person or action. In English we say things like a sheet of paper; a piece of string; a loaf of bread; a cup or a glass of water; a volume of a particular book; a wave of optimism. That's better than a paper, a water, a bread, an optimism.

You could say, “a bit” or “a piece” for many things but not all. Likewise, the “MW” ‘ge’ is acceptable for general use for most things. See the Index or List of Contents for others.

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor. Instructor comments to students about the use of various ‘measure words’.}

Are there any similarities in English to Measure Words? Perhaps think of manage-r, manage-ress, sheep-flock, cattle-herd. Refer also to Study 45 about “běn” for ‘a volume of’.

PRACTICE 27.1

yíge péngyou	a friend
Nǐ shì tāde yíge péngyou ma?	You are a friend of his, eh? Are you a friend of his?
Wǒ shì tāde yíge péngyou!	I am a friend of his!
Tāmen bú shì hǎo péngyou.	They aren't good friends.

ACTIVITY 27.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor. Randomly point at students and have each respond.}

Make statements or questions using these elements as appropriate.

wǒ nǐ tā wǒmen nǐmen tāmen

+

shì bú shì xīwàng shì

+

yíge péngyou péngyou

+

ma?

STUDY 28

de is required after more than one Hanzi character, as in hěn hǎo de rén

GRAMMAR 28.1

If the description (the “adjective”) is written with more than one Hànzì character, then “de” is added after with it.

Hence “hǎo” …, but “hěn hǎo de” ….

For further examples of the uses of “de”, see Study 42.

hǎo rén	nice person; good man
hěn hǎo de rén	very nice person
Zhè shì hǎo xiāoxi.	This is good news.
Nà shì hěn hǎo de xiāoxi.	That is very good news.

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor. Randomly point at students and quiz them on how words are used in translation.}

Comment on how words are used in the following translations into Mandarin or into English.

PRACTICE 28.1

	Wǒ	shì	nǐde	péngyou.	I am your friend.
Nàge	rén	shì	yìge	hǎo péngyou.	That person is a good friend.
Tāmen de	péngyou	bú shì		hǎo rén.	Their friends are not good people.
Zhèxiē	dìxiōng	rènshi	tā de	péngyou.	These brothers know his/her friends.
Yǒu yìxiē	rén	rènshi		nǐ	Some people know you.
	Nǐ	shuō		hěn hǎo de xiāoxi.	You say very good news.

PRACTICE 28.2

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor or Student’s partner. Touch articles in the room (such as a pencil). Individual students upon demand simultaneously point at self and say “wǒde …” (such as “wǒde pencil”); or look at someone else and say “nǐde …”; or just point away at someone else and say “tāde …”.}

{With discretion, a game could be played, eliminating anyone who does the wrong combination of gesture and words!}

STUDY 29

yǒu, méiyǒu — having; the Bible’s promised blessings

VOCABULARY 29.1

yǒu	[to] have; there is; there are
méiyǒu; méi yǒu	[to] not have; without; there is no
zázhì	leaflet, thin magazine, document
shū	book
Shèngjīng	Holy Scriptures; Bible
hépíng	peace
gāoxìng	happiness
xìngfú	blessing; happiness
ài	love
yǒngshēng	everlasting life

GRAMMAR 29.1

NOTE: To say “a book” or “a magazine” correctly, see Study 45.

Yǒu yíge qǐngtiě ma?	Is there an invitation?
Yǒuméiyǒu yíge qǐngtiě?	Is there [or is there not] an invitation.
Wǒ méi yǒu nǐde zázhì.	I don't have your magazine.
Wǒ yǒu nǐde shū.	I have your book.
Méiyǒu zázhì.	There is no magazine.
Yǒu xīwàng.	There is hope.
Méiyǒu xīwàng.	There is no hope.

PRACTICE 29.1

Nǐ yǒu zhège qǐngtiě ma?	Do you have this invitation?
Nǐmen yǒu Shàngdì de hǎo xiāoxi.	YOU have God's good news.
Tāmen méi yǒu nǐde shū.	They don't have your book.
Tā shuō tā méi yǒu péngyou.	She says she hasn't friends.

PRACTICE 29.2

Tāmen méi yǒu xīwàng.	They don't have hope.
Wǒ xīwàng nǐ huì yǒu yíge qǐngtiě.	I hope you can have an invitation.
Shèngjīng shì Shàngdì de.	The Holy Scriptures are God's.
Shèngjīng shì Yēhéhuá de shū.	The Bible is Jehovah's book.

INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 29.1

Shèngjīng
Shèngjīng shuō
Shàngdì
Shàngdì ài
hépíng
hépíng de rén
Shèngjīng	shuō	Shàngdì	ài	hépíng de	rén
The Bible	says	God	loves	(of peace)	people

INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 29.2

Shèngjīng
Shèngjīng shuō
Shàngdì
Shàngdì xiǎng
Shàngdì xiǎng gěi
Shàngdì xiǎng gěi wǒmen
Shàngdì xiǎng gěi wǒmen yǒngshēng
Shàngdì xiǎng gěi wǒmen yǒngshēng de xìngfú
Shèngjīng	shuō	Shàngdì	xiǎng	gěi	wǒmen	yǒngshēng de	xìngfú
The Bible	says	God	wants	to give	us	everlasting life's	blessings

ACTIVITY 29.1

Discuss your hope.

EXERCISE 29.1 (Answers are given below)

Translate into English:-

Ài Shàngdì de rén[men] ài nǐ.

Méiyǒu xīwàng de rén méi yǒu gāoxìng.

Wǒmen néng gàosu Yēhéhuá wǒmen ài Tā.

Dú Shèngjīng de rén huì míngbai Shàngdì shì shéi.

Qǐng gěi wǒ nǐde zázhì, hǎo ma?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 29.1

Ài Shàngdì de rén[men] ài nǐ.	People who love God love you.
Méiyǒu xīwàng de rén méi yǒu gāoxìng.	A person without hope does not have happiness.
Wǒmen néng gàosu Yēhéhuá wǒmen ài Tā.	We can tell Jehovah we love Him.
Dú Shèngjīng de rén huì míngbai Shàngdì shì shéi.	People who read the Bible can understand who God is.
Qǐng gěi wǒ nǐde zázhì, hǎo ma?	Please give me your magazine, O.K.?

EXERCISE 29.2 (Answers are given below)

Translate into Mandarin Chinese:-

Do you want to understand God’s book?

You can get to see God’s blessings.

{People who love God} study His book.

I [am] very happy to tell you the Bible’s blessings.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 29.2 (Answers are given below)

Do you want to understand God’s book?	Nǐ xīwàng míngbai Shàngdì de shū ma?
You can get to see God’s blessings.	Nǐ huì kànjiàn Shàngdì de xìngfú.
{People who love God} read His book.	{Rènshi Shangdì de rén} dú Tāde shū.
I [am] very happy to tell you the Bible’s blessings.	Wǒ hěn gāoxìng gàosu nǐ Shèngjīng de xìngfú.

STUDY 30

qù, lái, xué, xuéxí — go, come, study

VOCABULARY 30.1

qù	[to] go
lái	[to] come
xué; xuéxí	[to] study, learn
xǐhuan	[to] like, prefer, (doing something)

GRAMMAR 30.1

Wǒ xīwàng lái xuéxí nǐmende shū.	I wish I could come to study YOUR book.
Zhège rén xǐhuan xuéxí.	This person likes to study.

ROUTINE 30.1

Make up sentences using an optional word or phrase from some or all of these columns.

Wǒ	bú	néng	lái	xuéxí	Hànzì
Wǒ Nǐ Tā Wǒmen Tāmen Zhège rén Wǒde dìxiōng	[bú]	[néng] [xiǎng] [xǐhuan]	qù lái	dú xuéxí	Shèngjīng Shàngdì [shuō] de shū pǔtōnghuà Hànzì

STUDY 31

Places, buildings, meetings

VOCABULARY 31.1 (Places)

dìfang	place
jiā	home; the place where you live
fángzi	house
jùhuì	meeting
dàhuì	assembly, convention

GRAMMAR 31.1

Nǐde jiěmèi bù néng lái wǒde jiā.	Your sister cannot come to my home.
Tā búkě qù wǒmende dàhuì.	He/she is not permitted to go to our assembly.
Wǒ hěn xīwàng kànjiàn nǐde fángzi.	I would very much like to get to see your house.
Zhège dìfang shì shénme?	What is this place?

ROUTINE 31.1

Zhège rén	bù néng	qù	nǐde jiā
Wǒ Tāde jiěmèi Nǐmen Zhège rén Wǒde péngyou Wǒde dìxiōng Tāmen	néng bù néng kěyǐ búkě	qù lái	nǐde jiā tāmende jùhuì wǒmende dàhuì

STUDY 32

huì — future actions; subsequent times

VOCABULARY 32.1 (Future Actions and Tense Identifiers)

huì	will (future action)
míngtiān	tomorrow
hoùtiān	the day after tomorrow
xiànzài	now
jīntiān	today
nàshí; dāngshí	then; at that point in time
yǐhoù	afterwards (not about a past action)

GRAMMAR 32.1

The word conveying “will” (“huì”) can be omitted, if a word like “míngtiān” (tomorrow) makes it obvious that the action will take place in the future.

Wǒ huì xuéxí nǐde qǐngtiě. Xièxie.	I will study your invitation. Thanks.
Tāmen [huì] míngtiān lái wǒde jiā. Yǐhoù wǒmen huì qù jùhuì.	They will come tomorrow to my home. Afterward we will go to the meeting.

PRACTICE 32.1

wǒ	jīntiān	bú	huì	lái
wǒ nǐ tā wǒmen nǐmen tāmen zhège rén	[míngtiān] [jīntiān] [xiànzài] [nàshí]	[bú]	[huì]	qù lái xuéxí tā dú tā

ACTIVITY 32.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor. Students work in pairs.}

Exchanging questions and answers using the following elements.

nǐ		huì lái?	wǒ		huì lái.
			wǒ	bú	huì lái.
tā	jīntiān	xuéxí?	tā	jīntiān bù	xuéxí.
			tā	míngtiān	[huì] xuéxí.

STUDY 33

Past actions and times

VOCABULARY 33.1

… le º *	did … , have done …, is completed, has happened, has changed (past action) (See dictionary under “have”)
méi … ¹	did not … ; have not done …; was not …-ing
-guo ²	have [ever]; have [never]
zuótiān	yesterday
yǐjīng	already
hòulái	later, afterwards (refering to a past activity)

GRAMMAR 33.1

º • The word “le” is called a “particle”. It can't be used with the past of just any verb (‘doing word’). Compare in English how we don't say “did can” or “did be”. We need to feel the context.

• Apply “le” in the case of an activity, accomplishment or achievement — a process that can be completed (made ‘perfect’).

• Don't apply “le” in relation to a state or a process that in Chinese must be continuous or habitual, like “be acquainted with” or “know”.

¹ • “Méi” negates “le” but can be used a little more freely than “le”.

² • “-guo” is added to a verb to make clear completion of a past action. Compare “have gone” and “did go”, “went”, or “used to go”.

* A complication is with a verb like “xuéxí”. This is actually a compound word formed from two characters. These are “xué”, meaning “learn, study”, and “xí”. The element “xí” serves to qualify “xué”. So, you can say “Tā xué le”, but not “Tā xuéxí le”.

Shéi qù le ?	Who went ?
Zuótiān wǒ méi qù jiā.	Yesterday I did not go home.
Wǒ qùguo nǐde jùhuì.	I have been to your meetings.
Wǒ méi[yǒu] dú zhège xìnxī.	I have not read this message.

PRACTICE 33.1

Wǒ xuéxí pǔtōnghuà.	I study Mandarin.
Wǒ xué le pǔtōnghuà.	I did study (I studied) Mandarin.
Wǒ méi xué[xí] pǔtōnghuà.	I did not study Mandarin.

PRACTICE 33.2

Nǐ qù le jiā ma?		Did you go home?
Nǐ qùguo wǒmende jùhuì ma?	Have you been to our meetings?
Wǒ méi[yǒu] qùguo nímende jùhuì.	I have not gone to your meetings.
Nǐmen méiyǒu kànjiànguo zhège xìnxī ma?	Did YOU not see this message?
Wǒ méi xīwàng zhè[ge].	I have not hoped for this.

PRACTICE 33.3

Wǒ lái le jiā.	I came home.
Hòulái wǒ qù le dàhuì.	Afterwards I went [to the] meeting.
Tā xué le.	He studied.
Nǐmen rènshi tāmen.	YOU know them. (YOU knew them.)
Wǒ méi lái.	I did not come.
Nǐ méi qù.	You did not go.
Tā méi xué.	He did not study.
Nǐmen bú rènshi wǒmen	YOU do not know us. (… did not …)

PRACTICE 33.4

Convert these sentences to positive, by inserting “le” and removing “méi”.

Wǒmen méi xué Hànzì.	Wǒmen xuéle Hànzì.
Tāmen méi qù wǒmende jùhuì.	Tāmen qùle wǒmende jùhuì.
Nǐ méi lái wǒde jiā ma?	Nǐ láile wǒde jiā ma?
Tā méi shuō pǔtōnghuà.	Tā shuō le pǔtōnghuà.
Nǐde dìxiōng méi gàosu wǒmen nǐmende hǎo xiāoxi.	Nǐde dìxiōng gàosule wǒmen nǐmende hǎo xiāoxi.

PRACTICE 33.5

Convert these sentences to negative by inserting “méi” and removing “le”.

Wǒ xué le pǔtōnghuà.	Wǒ méi xué pǔtōnghuà.
Nàge rén qùle wǒmende jiā.	Nàge rén méi qù wǒmende jiā.
Nǐ lái le wǒde jiā ma?	Nǐ méi lái wǒde jiā ma?
Tā shuō le pǔtōnghuà.	Tā méi shuō pǔtōnghuà.
Wǒ jiěmèi gàosule wǒ hǎo xiāoxi.	Wǒ jiěmèi méi gàosu wǒ hǎo xiāoxi.

STUDY 34

cónglái, cónglái bù, cónglái méi — ever, never

VOCABULARY 34.1

cónglái	ever, always
cónglái bù; cónglái méi	never
yǒngyuǎn bù	never (in the future)
bù zài	no more; not any more; no longer; not again

GRAMMAR 34.1

• “Cónglái” is normally used with “bù” or “méi” to say “never”.

• “Cónglái bù” is used to negate a habitual process. So, Jesus said, “Wǒ cónglái bú rénshi nǐmen.”:“I never knew you.” (Matthew 7:23)

• “Cónglái méi” can be used with verbs where “méi” conveys “not”, and “cónglái” is added to convey “ever”. This makes “never did”.

Wǒ méi qù jiā.	I did not go home.
Wǒ cónglái bú rènshi tāmen	I never knew them; I didn't know them.
Wǒ cónglái bú qù nǐde jùhuì.	I never go to your meetings..
Wǒ cónglái méi[yǒu] qùguo nǐde jùhuì.	I never did go to your meetings..
Wǒ cónglái méi[yǒu] kànguo zhège xìnxī.	I have never read this message. (I never did look at this message.)
Tāmen yǒngyuǎn bú qù jùhuì.	They never go meetings.
Tāmen bù zài qù jùhuì.	They do not go to meetings any more.

PRACTICE 34.1

Wǒ xuéxí pǔtōnghuà.	I study Mandarin.
Wǒ xué le pǔtōnghuà	I did study (I studied) Mandarin.
Wǒ méi xué pǔtōnghuà	I did not study Mandarin.

PRACTICE 34.2

Nǐ qùguo wǒmende jùhuì ma?	Have you [ever] been to our meetings?
Wǒ cónglái méi[yǒu] qùguo nímende jùhuì.	I have never gone to your meetings.
Nǐmen cónglái méiyǒu kànjiànguo zhège xìnxī ma?	Did YOU never see this message?
Wǒ cónglái bù xīwàng zhè[ge].	I never hoped for this.

EXERCISE 34.1 (Answers are given below)

Translate these sentences into English.

Wǒmen cónglái méi xué Hànzì.

Tāmen cónglái méi qù wǒmende jùhuì.

Nǐ cónglái méi lái wǒde jiā ma?

Tā cónglái méi shuō pǔtōnghuà.

Wǒde dìxiōng cónglái méi gàosu wǒ nǐmende hǎo xiāoxi.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 34.1

Wǒmen cónglái méi xué Hànzì.	We never studied Hanzi.
Tāmen cónglái méi qù wǒmende jùhuì.	They never went to our meeting.
Nǐ cónglái méi lái wǒde jiā ma?	Have you never come to our home?
Tā cónglái méi shuō pǔtōnghuà.	He/she never spoke Mandarin.
Wǒde dìxiōng cónglái méi gàosu wǒ nǐmende hǎo xiāoxi.	My brother never told me your good news.

PRACTICE 34.3

Convert these sentences to positive, by using “le” and not “cónglái méi”.

Wǒmen cónglái méi xué Hànzì.	Wǒmen xuéle Hànzì.
Tāmen cónglái méi qù wǒmende jùhuì.	Tāmen qùle wǒmende jùhuì.
Nǐ cónglái méi lái wǒde jiā ma?	Nǐ láile wǒde jiā ma?
Tā cónglái méi shuō pǔtōnghuà.	Tā shuōle pǔtōnghuà.
Wǒde dìxiōng cónglái méi gàosu wǒ nǐmende hǎo xiāoxi.	Wǒde dìxiōng gàosule wǒ nǐmende hǎo xiāoxi.

STUDY 35

Yes and No

VOCABULARY 35.1

bù!	No! (responding to positive words)
shìde! duì!	[Correct] No! (responding to negative words)
shìde!	Yes! [Correct!]
bù!	No! = but yes! (faulting negative words)
bùxǔ …!; jìnzhǐ …!	No …; … is not permitted!

GRAMMAR 35.1

nǐ míngbai ma? …	Do you understand? …
… bù [míngbai], wǒ bù míngbai!	… No, I don't understand!
nǐ bù míngbai, duì ma? …	You don't understand, do you? …
… duì, wǒ bù míngbai!	… [Correct] No, I don't understand!
… shìde, wǒ bú zài míngbai!	… [Correct] No, I don't understand any more!
… bù, wǒ míngbai!	… [Incorrect] Not so, I do understand!

STUDY 36

Connectives — and, but, or

VOCABULARY 36.1 (Connectives)

… hé …	and (links nouns or pronouns)
… érqiě …	and (joins phrases, adjectives, adverbs)
… dànshì …; … kěshì …	but
bù … ér …	not … but …; and not …; but not …
… nàshí …; … dāngshí …	[and] then
… huò[zhě] … huò[zhě] …	(either) … or …
… háishì …	… or (alternatively) …
… bùrán …	… or (otherwise; if not) …

GRAMMAR 36.1

Wǒ hé nǐ shì hǎo péngyou.	I and you are good friends.
Wǒ hǎo dànshì nàge rén bù hǎo.	I'm fine, but that man is not well.
Tā huì lái nàshí wǒmen huì xuéxí.	He will come [and] then we'll study.
Wǒ huò jīntiān huò míngtiān lái.	I'll come either today or tomorrow.
Tā jíntian háishì míngtiān huì lái ma?	Will he come today or tomorrow?
Wǒmen qù tāde fángzi bùrán tā bù xuéxí!	We go to his house or else he does not study!

PRACTICE 36.1

Tā lái érqiě tā xuéxí Shèngjīng.	He comes and he studies the Bible.
Tā lái le dànshì wǒ méi zhīdao.	He came, but I did not know.
Tā huì lái wǒde jiā nàshí wǒmen huì qù jùhuì.	She will come to my home, then we'll go to the meeting.
Huòzhě wǒ huòzhě nǐ huì qù dàhuì.	Either I or you will go to the assembly.
Wǒ xuéxí, bùrán wǒ bú zhīdao dáfù.	I study, or I don’t know the answers.

STUDY 37

More Connectives — therefore, because, whether

VOCABULARY 37.1 (More Connectives)

yīncǐ …; suǒyǐ …	therefore …; so, …
yuányīn	[this is the] reason
yīnwèi …	as …; since …; because [of] …
[omit ]	… that …
shìfǒu	whether
[méi] yǒu …	have [not] …; there is [not] …; there are [not] …

GRAMMAR 37.1

Wǒ bù hǎo yīncǐ wo bú huì lái.	I'm not well therefore I'll not come.
Yīnwèi tā dú Shèngjīng le suǒyǐ tā rènshi Shàngdì.	As he studied the Bible, [so] he knew (knows) God.
Wǒ bù zhīdao shìfǒu tā huì lái.	I don't know whether he will come.
Tā bù zhīdao nǐ huì lái tāde jiā háishì wǒmen huì qù nǐde fángzi.	He doesn't know [whether] you will come to his home or [whether] we'll go to your house.
Yuányīn wǒ huì qù nǐde jùhuì.	For this reason I will go to your meeting.
Jīntiān yǒu dàhuì …	Today there is an assembly …
… dànshì méi yǒu qǐngtiě.	… but there are no invitations.

PRACTICE 37.2

Wǒ xué Shèngjīng le, … … yīncǐ wǒ zhīdao dáfù.	I studied the Bible, … … therefore I know the answer.
Tā méi gěi wǒ tāde qǐngtiě yuányīn wǒ jīntiān bú huì gěi nǐ nà[ge].	He didn't give me his invitation. For this reason I won't give you that today.
Yīnwèi nǐ lái le, suǒyǐ wǒmen jīntiān huì xuéxí nǐde Shèngjīng.	Since you have come, [therefore] we'll study your Bible today.
Wǒ zhīdao nǐ bù hěn hǎo.	I know [that] you are not very well.

PRACTICE 37.3

Nǐ zhīdao ma Shèngjīng shìfǒu shuō tā?	Do you know if the Bible says that?
Yǒu yíge fángzi, dànshì méi yǒu jiā!	There is a house, but there is no home!
Nǐ jīntian huì xuéxí wǒde xìnxī háishì Shàngdìde xìnxī ma?	Today will you study my message or God’s message?

STUDY 38

wèishénme? yīnwèi — reasoning why? because

VOCABULARY 38.1 (Reasoning Why)

wèishénme	why; for what
wèishénme?	why? for what?
wèi	for
wèi(le)	for the purpose of/that; so (that)
yīnwèi	because

GRAMMAR 38.1

Nǐ wèishénme qù jùhuì?	Why do you go to meetings?
Wǒ xīwàng gàosu nǐ wèishénme wǒ lái nǐmende jùhuì.	I'd like to tell you why I come to your meeting(s).
Tā méi lái yīnwèi tā méiyǒu qǐngtiě.	He didn't come because he hasn't (an) invitation.
Tā xīwàng shuō pǔtōnghuà. Yīncǐ tā qùle nǐde jiā.	He wants to speak Mandarin. Therefore, he went to your home.
Zhège qǐngtiě shì wèi nǐ.	This invitation is for you.

PRACTICE 38.1

Nǐmen wèishénme lái le?	Why did you come?
Wǒde dìxiōng huì gěi nǐ yíge qǐngtiě. Wèishénme? Wèile nǐ néng lái wǒmende jùhuì.	My brother will give you an invitation. Why? So you can come to our meeting.
Wǒ méi lái yīnwèi méiyǒu qǐngtiě.	I didn't come, as there was no invitation.
Wèishénme méiyǒu jùhuì?	Why is there no meeting?

STUDY 39

yàoshi, jiǎrú, rúguǒ — Conditional Sentences — if…, then…

VOCABULARY 39.1 (Conditional Sentences)

yàoshi … , (jiù) …	If (in the case that) …, (then) … [see ‘whether’]
jiǎrú [or yàoshì] …, …	If (supposing that) …, …
rúguǒ …, (nàmuǒ) …	If (on the condition) that …, (then) …

GRAMMAR 39.1 (Yàoshì)

See further examples in Study 47.

Yàoshì nǐ bù hěn hǎo, wǒ (jiù)† bú huì qù nǐde jiā.	If you are not very well, (then) I will not go to your home.
Yàoshì míngtiān nàxiē xìnxī [huì] lái, wǒmen (jiù) huì xuéxí tāmen.	If tomorrow those messages [‘will’] come, (then) we will study them.

† Note word order with jiù after the noun wǒ.

GRAMMAR 39.2 (Jiǎrú)

Jiǎrú Shèngjīng shuō nàge xiāoxi, nǐ [huì] zhīdao tā ma?	If (supposing) your book is not there, will you know it?
Jiǎrú tāmen bù míngbai nǐde qǐngtiě, tāmen huì lái ma?	If they do not understand your invitation, will they come?

GRAMMAR 39.3 (Rúguǒ)

Rúguǒ nǐ xīwàng xúexí, [nàmuǒ] wǒ huì lái nǐde fángzi.	If you wish to study, [then] I will come to your house.
Rúguǒ tāmen lái, [nàmuǒ] wǒmen xuéxí Shèngjīng.	If they come, [then] we study the Bible.

STUDY 40

[zài] zhèr / zhèlǐ; nàr / nàlǐ — [located] here, there

VOCABULARY 40.1 (Here, There)

[zài] zhèr; [zài] zhèlǐ	[located; be located] here
[zài] nàr; [zài] nàlǐ	[located; be located] there

GRAMMAR 40.1

Omit “zài” from these phrases if they occur at the beginning of a sentence.

Zhèr méiyǒu qǐngtǐe.	Here there is no message.
Méiyǒu qǐngtǐe zài zhèr.	Here is no message is located here.
Tā bù hǎo yīncǐ tā bú huì lái zhèr.	He’s not well, so he'll not come here.
Nǐde shū zài zhèlǐ.	Your book is [in] here.
Nàr yǒu ài Shàngdì de rén.	There there are people who love God.
Wǒde fángzi zài nàr.	My house is located there.
Wǒ huì kànjiàn nǐde shū zài nàlǐ.	I can see your book is [in] here.

PRACTICE 40.1

Yàoshì nǐ bù hěn hǎo , wǒ (jiù)† bú huì qù nàr.	If you are not very well, (then) I will not go there.
Yàoshì míngtiān nàxiē shū [huì] lái, wǒmen (jiù) huì xuéxí tāmen.	If tomorrow those books [‘will’] come, we will study them.
Jiǎrú wǒde dìxiōng zài nàr, nǐ huìbúhuì zhīdao tā shì shéi?	If (supposing) my brother is there, will you know [ or not know] who he is?
Jiǎrú tā zài nàr, tā huì lái ma?	If he is there, will he come?
Rúguǒ nǐ xīwàng xúexí, [nàmuǒ] wǒ huì lái nàr.	If you wish to study, [then] I will come there.
Rúguǒ tāmen lái zhèlǐ, [nàmuǒ] wǒmen xuéxí Shèngjīng.	If they come here, [then] we study this book.

STUDY 41

[zài] zhěr? / zhělǐ; nǎr? / nǎlǐ — [located] where?

VOCABULARY 41.1

[zài] zhěr? / zhělǐ	[located] where?
[zài] nǎr? / nǎlǐ	[located] where?

GRAMMAR 41.1

Nǐde jià zài zhěr?	Where is your home?
Tāde shū zài nàr.	His book is [located] there.
Nǐ qù nǎr?	Where are you going?
Nǐ qù nǎr xuéxí?	Where do you go to study?
Wǒmen xuéxí zài jùhuì.	We study at meetings.
* Zhèr yǒu xīwàng.	Here there is hope.
Qǐng lái zhèr.	Please come here.

* NOTE: “zài” was omitted at the beginning of the sentence.

PRACTICE 41.1

zài	[to be] located at
[zài] zhèr / zhèlǐ	[located] here
[zài] zhěr? / zhělǐ	[located] where?
[zài] nàr / nàlǐ	[located] there
[zài] nǎr? / nǎlǐ	[located] where?

PRACTICE 41.2

Wǒde jiā zài zhèr.	My home is [located] here.
Wǒmen kěyǐ qù zhěr?	Where can we go?
Wǒmen kěyǐ qù nǎr?	Where can we go?
Nǐmende xuèxí zài zhěr?	Where is YOUR study?

PRACTICE 41.3

Tā huì wèishénme zài nàr.	Why will he be there?
Tā huìbúhuì zài nàr?	Will he be there or won't he?
* Nàr huì yǒu dìxiōng jiěmèi.	There there will be brothers and sisters.
Wǒmende jiā zài nàr.	Our home is [located] there.
Nǐmen kěyǐ qù zhèr ma?	Can YOU go there?
Tāmen kěyǐ qù nǎr xuéxí?	Where can they go to study?

* NOTE: “zài” was omitted at the beginning of the sentence.

PRACTICE 41.4

Nǐmende shū zài zhěr?	Where are YOUR books?
Tāmen huì zài zhèr.	They will be here.
Shàngdì zài nǎr?	Where is God?
Tā bú zhīdao wǒde jiā zài nǎr?	Does he not know where my home is?
Qǐng qù nàr.	Please go there.
Qǐngtiě shuō qù nàr xuéxí.	The invitation says go there to study.
* Nàr wǒde jiā.	There is my home.

* NOTE: “zài” was omitted at the beginning of the sentence.

ROUTINE 41.1

Wǒ	[bù]	xǐhuan	qù	nàr	xuéxi	nǐmende shū
Tāmen Nǐde péngyou Zhèxie dìxiōng Nàxie rén Dan Dìxiōng Jan Jiěmèi Wǒ	[bù]	xīwàng xǐhuan néng zhīdao	qù lái	zhèr nàr	xuéxí dú	Shèngjīng nǐmende shū zhège xiāoxi

PRACTICE 41.5

Nǐde jiā zài nǎr?	Where is your home?
Wǒde dìxiōng qù le nǎr?	Did my brother go there?
Nǐde jiěméi huì lái zhèr ma?	Will your sister come here?
Tāmende shū zài zhěr?	Where are YOUR books?
Wǒde Shèngjīng wèishénme bú zài zhèr?	Why is my Bible not here?
Tāmen zài nǎr xuéxí pǔtōnghuà?	Where do they study Mandarin?
Bú zài zhèr!	It isn't here! / They aren't here!

STUDY 42

… de — that which …; huà — words; zhòngyào — important

VOCABULARY 42.1

… de	that which …; that of … description
huà	words; that which is said
zhòngyào	important

GRAMMAR 42.1

Shàngdì de huà zhòngyào de.	God’s Word [is] important.
Nǐ míngbai Shàngdì shūo de huà!	You see clearly what God said!
Nǐmen yǒu de shū hěn hǎo.	The book you have is very good.
Wǒ pǔtōnghuà shuō de bù hǎo.	I don't speak Mandarin well. [The way in which] I speak Mandarin [is] not good.
Nǐ pǔtōnghuà shuō de hěn hǎo!	You speak Mandarin very well! [The way] you speak Mandarin [is] very good!
Shèngjīng shì Yēhéhuá de huà.	The Holy Scriptures (Bible) are Jehovah's word.

ROUTINE 42.1

Nǐmen	[bù]	míngbai	wǒde	xìnxī	[ma?]
Nǐ Tāmen Tāde jiěmèi Nǐde péngyou Nǐmen	[bù]	dǒng míngbai	wǒmende Shàngdì shuō de wǒ gàosu nǐmen de	hǎo xiāoxi huà	[ma?]

INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 42.1

Work rapidly through incremental construction of these phrases.

nǐ shuō	you say; you speak
nǐ shuō de	as you say; of you speaking
nǐ shuō pǔtōnghuà de	the way of you speaking Mandarin
Tā shuō de huà	the word {that He said}

tā gěi de	as he gives; of him giving
tā gěi wǒmen de	as he gives us; that he gives us
Shàngdì gěi wǒmen de	as God gives us; that God gives us
Shàngdì gěi wǒmen de xìnxī	the information that God gives us

nǐ xīwàng	you wish, would like, hope
nǐ xīwàng de	as you wish; that you'd like
nǐ xīwàng yǒu de	that you'd wish to have
nǐ xǐwàng yǒu de xiāoxi	news that you'd wish to have
nǐ xǐwàng wǒ shuō de	that you'd wish me to say
nǐ xǐwàng wǒ shuō de xiāoxi	news that you'd wish me to say

nǐmen néng	YOU can
nǐmen néng de	that YOU can
nǐmen néng míngbai	YOU can understand; can see clearly
nǐmen néng míngbai de huà	words that YOU can understand

PRACTICE 42.1

Wǒ bù dǒng nǐde huà.	I don't understand what you say.
Tā xiǎng míngbai Shàngdì de huà	He wants to understand God's word.
Wǒ míngbai Yēhéhuá shuō de huà.	I understand the word Jehovah says.
Nǐ dǒng tā shuō de huà ma?	You ‘see’ what he says, do you?
Tāmen míngbai zhège xìnxī.	They understand this information.

PRACTICE 42.2

Nà shì Shèngjīng. Nǐ míngbai ma?	That is the Bible. Do you understand?
Nǐ dǒng zhège xìnxī ma?	Do you understand this information?
Dǒngbùdǒng?	Understand [or not]?
Wǒ xiǎng míngbai tā de huà.	I want to see clearly what He said.
Nǐ dǒng wǒde huà ma?	You understand my words, do you?

STUDY 43

zuò — [to] do, make; sit; ride; xūyào — [to] need [to]

VOCABULARY 43.1

zuò	[to] make; treat as; [to] do, act as
zuò	[to] sit, ride
xūyào	[to] need [to]
gōngzuò	[to] work; work; works; activity
shìdang	proper, suitable

GRAMMAR 43.1

Tāmen zuò shénme?	What are they doing?
Nǐmen zài jùhuì zuò shénme?	What do YOU do at the meeting?
Wǒ huì gàosu nǐ wǒ zuò shénme.	I'll tell you what I do.
Wǒ xūyào qù nǎr?	Where do I need to go?
Qǐng zài zuò.	Please sit again.
Nǐ zuò shénme gōngzuò?	What work do you do?
Tā bú shuò shìdang de huà.	He is not saying proper words.

PRACTICE 43.1

Nǐmen huì zuò shénme?	What will YOU do?
Nǐde péngyou xūyào qù wǒde jiā.	Your friend needs to go to my home.
Wǒmen zài jiā zuò xuéxí.	We do the study at home.
Tāmen bú zuò zhè[ge] zài nàr.	They don't do this there.
Wǒ xīwàng zuò Shàngdì shuō de huà.	I wish to do what God says.
Nǐmen xūyào zuò shénme?	What do YOU need to do?
Nǐ méi xué Shèngjīng ma?	Haven't you studied the Bible?

STUDY 44

yàng — manner; fāngfǎ — way; fāngshì — method; lù — means, road

VOCABULARY 44.1

yàng	manner
zěnyàng ?	how; in what manner ?
zhèyàng	in this manner; in this way; like this
zhěyàng	in what manner?
nàyàng	in that manner; in that way; like that
nǎyàng	in what manner?
fāngfǎ	way, manner
fāngshì	method, style
lù	road, way, means, route

GRAMMAR 44.1

Nǐ huì zěnyàng zuò tā?	How will you do it?
Wǒmen xūyào zěnyàng zuò?	How do we need to act?
Tāmen néng nàyàng zuò tā.	They can do it that way.
Nǐ néng zhèyàng lái wǒde jiā.	You can come to my home like this.
Wǒ [huì] néng zěnyàng zhīdao tā shuó de huà? *	How will I be able to know what he says? (How can I… or How will I…)
Wǒ zhīdao nǐ [†] fángzi de lù.	I know the road of your house.

* Choose “huì” or “néng” but not two auxilliary verbs together.

† You would normally state only the last “de” in an implied series.

PRACTICE 44.1

Nǐde jiěméi xūyào nàyang qù.	Your sister needs to go like that.
Wǒmen zài jùhuì zhèyàng xuéxí.	We study like this at the meetings.
Shèngjīng wèishénme shuō wǒmen bùkě nǎyàng zuò?	Why does the Bible say we mustn't do like that?
Tā xīwàng wǒ bú zuò nàyàng.	He wishes us not to do like that.

ROUTINE 44.1

Wǒmen	[bù]	xǐhuan	zhèyàng	zuò
Tā Nǐmen Wǒmen Wǒ Nǐ Tāmen	[bù]	néng huì [xū]yào xǐhuan xiǎng	zěnyàng zhèyàng nàyàng hěn hǎo de	dú zuò xuéxí
	bù	kě		shuō

PRACTICE 44.2

Wǒ [huì] néng zěnyàng zhīdao tā shuó de huà? *	How will I be able to know what he says? (How can I… or How will I…)
Nǐde dìxiōng xūyào zhèyang lái.	Your brother needs to come this way.
Shèngjīng gàosu wǒmen bùkě nàyàng zuò.	The Bible tells us we mustn't do like that.
Nǐ zài nàr zěnyàng zuò?	How do you act there?
Wǒmen méi zuó zhèyàng.	We didn't do like this.
Nàyàng zuò de rén bù hǎo.	People who do like that are not good.
Qǐng wèi wǒ zuò zhèyàng de shū.	Please make this kind of book for me.

STUDY 45

Measure Words (MW) : “běn”, and “fèn”. See also Study 28+

VOCABULARY 45.1 (More ‘Measure Words’)

běn	(MW) for editions; bound volumes
yìběn … (= yī + běn)	a … ; an … ; (e.g. a volume of …)
zhèběn …	this [bound volume of] …
nàběn …	that [bound volume of] …
fèn	(MW) for leaflets, newspapers
yífèn … (= yī + fèn)	a … ; an … ; (e.g. a leaflet of …)
zhèfèn …	this [leaflet of] …
nàfèn …	that [leaflet of] …
liǎng…	a pair of; (two)

GRAMMAR 45.1

The Measure Words (MW) to which you have been introduced so far are:

…ge	(used generally)	yíge péngyou = a friend
…běn	(thick books)	yìběn shū = a book
…fèn	(leaflets, news- papers)	yífèn zázhì = a leaflet, thin magazine, or thin document
…xiē	(plurals)	yìxiē rén = some people

yí (before …ã, …) yì… (before …à, …á, …â)	a, an; (one)	yíge péngyou = a friend yífèn zázhì = a leaflet yìběn shū = a book
liǎng…	a pair of; (two)	liǎngge dìxiōng = a couple of brothers liǎngběn shū = a couple of books liǎngfèn zázhì = a pair of leaflets, thin magazines, or thin documents

GRAMMAR 45.2

NOTE : “Yǒu” is inserted at the start of a sentence before “yìxiē”.

yìběn shū	a book
zhèfèn zázhì	this magazine
zhèxiē zázhì	these magazines
liǎngfèn zázhì	a couple of magazines
Qǐng dú zhèběn shū, hǎo ma?	Please read this book, O.K.?
Qǐng ná nàběn shū.	Please take that book.
Yǒu yìxiē rén bù xīwàng nàyàng zuò.	Some people don't wish to do so.
Zhèxiē jiěmèi shuō de hǎo.	These sisters speak well.
Nàxiē péngyou méi lái zhèr.	Those friends did not come here.

PRACTICE 45.1

Wǒ	gěi le	nǐ	wǒde jiā.	I gave you my home.
Nǐ	gěi	wǒ	tāmende shū.	You give me their book.
Wǒmen	huì gěi	tāmen	yìběn shū.	We will give them a book.

PRACTICE 45.2

Qǐng, nǐ ná wǒde shū.	Please, you take my book.
Wǒ gěi le nǐ wǒde shū.	I gave you my book.
Nǐ méi gěi wǒ nǐde shū.	You did not give me your book.
Wǒ bú huì ná nàběn shū.	I will not take that book.
Nǐde jiā hěn hǎo de.	Your home is very good.

PRACTICE 45.3

Nǐ yǒu zhèběn shū ma?	Have you this book?
Nǐ yǒu zhèyàng yìběn shū ma?	Have you a book like this?
Zhè shì yìběn Shèngjīng.	This is a Bible.
Wǒ dú le yìběn shū.	I read a book. (Past tense)
Wǒmen méi ná nàxiē shū.	We didn't take those books.

PRACTICE 45.4

Zhèxiē shū hěn hǎo de.	These books are very good.
Nǐ yǒu hěn hǎo de shū.	You have a very nice book.
Yǒu yìxiē shū bù hǎo de. †	Some books are not good.
Nǐ wèishénme xuéxí zhèběn shū?	Why do you study this book?
Zhèxiē dìxiōng méi qù nǐde jiā.	These brothers haven't gone to your home.
Nǐmen huì néng zài nàr xuéxí yìběn hěn hǎo de shú.	YOU will be able to study there a very good book.
Wǒ bú huì néng zài zhèr xuéxí nàběn pǔtōnghuà de shū. *	I won't be able to study here that Mandarin book.

† NOTE : “Yǒu” is inserted at the start of a sentence before “yìxiē”.

* NOTE: Choose “huì” or “néng” but not two auxilliary verbs together.

STUDY 46

guānyú —about; bāngzhù — help; yòng— use

VOCABULARY 46.1

guānyú	about
bāngzhù; bāng	[to] help
yòng	[to] use
[zài] yòng	[by] using; with; [by] making use of

GRAMMAR 46.1

Tā gàosu wǒmen guānyú Shàngdì.	It tells us about God.
Yēhéhuá xiǎng bāngzhù wǒmen.	Jehovah wants to help us.
Wǒ huì bāngzhù nǐ míngbai tā.	I'll help you to understand it.
Nǐ wèishénme yòng zhèběn shū?	Why do you use this book?
Yòng Shèngjīng nǐ néng míngbai.	Using the Bible you can understand.
Nǐ néng míngbai zài Shèngjīng yòng.	You can understand using the Bible.

PRACTICE 46.1

Wǒmen xiǎng bāngzhù nǐ míngbai Shéngjīng.	We want to help you understand the Bible.
Zhège xìnxī shì shénme.	What is this information?
Zhèběn shū gàosu wǒmen guānyú Shàngdì de huà.	This book tells us about God's word.
Shàngdì xiǎng bāngzhù nǐmen míngbai Tā shuō de huà.	God wants to help us understand the word he has spoken.
Wǒmen bāngzhù nǐ zài Shèngjīng yòng.	We help you with the use of the Bible.
Qǐng lái wǒmen pǔtōnghuà yòng de jùhuì.	Please come to our meeting that uses Mandarin.
Shèngjīng gàosu wǒmen Yēhéhuá xiǎng wǒmen huì zěnyàng zuò.	The Bible tells us how Jehovah wants us to act.

STUDY 47

yàoshi …, … jiù …— If …, then … …: further examples

VOCABULARY 47.1

yàoshi …,	… jiù …	If …,	then … …
… ,	… jiù …	[If] …,	then … …
yào[shi] …,		If …,	[then] … …

GRAMMAR 47.1

See earlier examples of Conditional Sentences in Study 39.

Yàoshì nǐ bù hěn hǎo, wǒ jiù † bú huì qù nàr.	If you are not very well, (then) I will not go there.
Nǐ xiwàng qù nàr, wǒmen jiù † huì nàyàng zuò.	You want to go there, so we will do that way.
Yàoshì nàxiē shū [huì] lái, wǒmen (jiù) huì xuéxí tāmen.	If those books [‘will’] come, we (then) will study them.
Rén jiù zhīdao wǒ shì Yēhéhuá.	Then the people will know I am Jehovah.

† NOTE: word order with “jiù” after the noun wǒ.

PRACTICE 47.1

Yàoshi nǐ xiǎng qù wǒmende jùhuì, wǒ jiù huì lái bāngzhù nǐ qù nàr.	If you want to go to our meeting, then I will come to help you go there.
Yàoshi tāmen bù hǎo, wǒmen jiù huì qù tāmende jiā.	If they are not well, then we will go to their home.
[Yàoshi] nǐ xiǎng yǒu zhèběn shū, wǒ jiù néng gěi nǐ zhè.	[If] you want to have this book, then I can give this to you.
Yào nǐ xuéxí Shàngdì de huà nǐ huì néng míngbai Tā.	If you study God's word, you will be able to understand Him.
Yàoshi nǐ zuò Yēhéhuá Shàngdì shuō de huà, nǐ jiù kěyǐ yǒu yǒngshēng.	If you do what Jehovah God says, then you can have everlasting life.
Yào nàyàng zuò, nǐ bú qù nàr.	Doing like that, you don't go there.

STUDY 48

suǒ —what, that which; suǒyǒu —whatever there is; dōu—all

VOCABULARY 48.1

suǒ	what, that which, whatever
suǒyǒu	whatever there is/are; all whatever you have; possession
dōu	all

GRAMMAR 48.1

{Nǐ suǒ shuō de} hěn hǎo.	{What you say} is very good.
{Tā suǒ xiǎng de}, Tā huì zuò.	{Whatever he wants to}, He will do.
Qǐng dú {Shèngjīng suǒ shuō de}.	Please read {what the Bible says}.
{Nǐ suǒ dú de} zěnyàng bāngzhù nǐ?	How does {what you read} help you?
{Suǒyǒu bù hǎo de huà} dōu bù néng bāngzhù wǒmen.	{Whatever bad saying there is}, they all are unable to help us.
{Tā suǒyou de huà} dōu shì wèi wǒmen hǎo de.	Whatever word of His there is, all of them are good for us.

PRACTICE 48.1

{Zhège rén sǔo shuō de} gàosu wǒmen zěnyàng qù tāde jiā.	{What this person said} tells us how to go to his home.
Shèngjīng shuō wǒmen xūyào zuò {Shàngdì suǒ xiǎng de}.	The Holy Scriptures say we need to do {whatever God wants}.
Wǒmen xīwàng zuò {Shèngjīng suǒ shuō de}.	We wish we could do {what the Bible says}.
Qǐng yòng {nǐ suǒ yǒu de Shèngjīng}.	Please use {whatever Bible you have}.

STUDY 49

Review of Interrogatives— who? what? when? where? why?

VOCABULARY 49.1 (Interrogatives, Questions)

shénme …?	what …?
shéi …?	who …?
wèishénme …?	why …? (what … for?)
shénme shíhou … ?	when …? (what time …?)
nǎlǐ …? nǎr …?	where …?

GRAMMAR 49.1

Zhège jùhuì shì shénme?	What is this meeting?
Nà(ge dōngxi) shì shénme?	What's that (thing)?
Nà(ge rén) shì shéi?	Who's that (person)?
Shéi qù nàr?	Who goes there?
Tāmen wèishénme bù lái?	Why aren't they coming?
Nǐ shénme shíhou xuéxí?	When do you study?
Nǐde fángzi zài nǎlǐ?	Where is your house?

PRACTICE 49.1

Tāmen zhèr xuéxí shénme?	What do you study there?
Nǐ zhīdao shénme?	What do you know?
Nǐmen shì shéi?	Who are YOU?
Shéi zuótiān lái le?	Who came yesterday?
Nǐ wèishénme bù zhīdao nàge huà?	Why don't you understand that word?

PRACTICE 49.2

Tā wèishénme ná wǒde shū le?	Why did he take my book?
Tāmen shénme shíhou huì qù jùhuì?	When will they go to the meeting?
Wǒmende shū zài nǎlǐ?	Where is our book?
Dàhuì de fángzi zài nǎr?	Where is the house of meeting?
Nǐ wèishénme bú huì lái zhèr?	Why will you not come here?

STUDY 50

More interrogatives— how? how much? whose? which?

VOCABULARY 50.1 (More Interrogatives, Questions)

zěnyàng?	how …? (in what manner …?
zěnme …?	how …? (in what manner …?
duō [shēn] …?	how [far, much] …? (what extent)
duōshǎo …?	how much … ? how many …?
shéi de? shuí de?	whose?
nǎ [yí]ge? *	which? (singular)
nǎxiē?	which? (plural)

* Change the measure word ‘ge’, if necessary.

GRAMMAR 50.1

Nǐde péngyou jīntiān duō hǎo?	How well is your friend today?
Nǐmen yǒu duōshǎo rén?	How many of you are there?
Zhège fángzi shì shéi de?	This house is whose?
Nǐmen xuéxí nǎběn shū?	Which book do YOU study?
Nǐmen xuéxí nǎxiē shū?	Which books do YOU study?

PRACTICE 50.1

Nǐ zěnme huì lái zhèr?	How will you come here?
Tāmen xuéxí duō shēn le?	How [far] did you study?
Duōshǎo fángzi shì nǐmende?	How many houses are YOURS?
Nǐ yǒu duōshǎo péngyou?	You have how many friends?
Shéi de shū zài zhèr?	Whose book is here?
Nàge rén shì shéi de péngyou?	That person is whose friend?
Tā qù le shéi de fángzi?	He went to whose house?
Wǒmen huì xuéxí nǎběn shū?	We will study which book?

PRACTICE 50.2

Tāmen zěnme qù nàr le?	How did they go there?
Nǎge rén gěi nǐ zhèběn shū le?	Which person gave you this book?
[zài] Zhèlǐ duōshǎo shū?	Here are how many books?
Tā shì shéi de màma?	She is whose mother?
Shéi de bàba gěi nǐ nà le?	Whose father gave you that?

STUDY 51

Try [to]

VOCABULARY 51.1

lìtú	[to] try, endeavour
shìtú	[to] attempt, try

GRAMMAR 51.1

Tāmen lìtú le qù nàr.	They tried to go there.
Wǒ lìtú zuò Shàngdì suǒ shuō de.	I am endeavouring to do what God says.
Wǒmen shìtú bāngzhù nǐ.	We are trying to help you.
Nǐ méi shìtú zuò nà.	You didn't attempt to do that.
Qǐng shìtú dú zhèfèn zázhì, hǎo ma?	Please try to read this magazine, O.K.?

STUDY 52

Let; cause to; suffer problem conditions

VOCABULARY 52.1

ràng	[to] let; make have to
lìng	[to] lead to feel …
shǐ	[to] cause; make; enable; employ
shòu	[to] experience, undergo
shòukǔ	[to] suffer [hardship]
nántí	difficulties, problems
kǔ	hardship
qíngkuàng	conditions; situation

GRAMMAR 52.1

Ràng wǒmen dú zhèběn shū.	Let's read this book.
Ràng wǒmen dú {Tā suǒ shuō de}.	Let's read {what He says}.
Tā ràng wǒmen dú tāde shū.	He lets us read his book.
Nǐ lìng wǒ gāoxìng.	You make me feel happy.
Wǒ yǐjīng shǐ tāmen rènshi nǐ de míng.	I already made them know [well] your name.
Nǐ néng shǐ Shàngdì gāoxìng.	You can make God happy.
Zhège xiāoxi lìng wǒ gāoxìng.	This news makes me feel happy.

PRACTICE 52.1

Wǒmen shòu sǔo bù hǎo de.	We suffer what is bad.
Wǒmen wèishénme shòu nántí?	Why do we suffer problems?
Shàngdì bú ràng wǒmen shòu zhèxiē qíngkuàng ma?	Does God not let us undergo these conditions?
Shàngdì wèishénme ràng wǒmen shòu zhèxiē nántí.	Why does God let us undergo these problems?
Tā bù shǐ wǒmen zuò zhèyàng de.	He doesn’t make us act like this.

PRACTICE 52.2

Ràng wǒ lái bāngzhù nǐ.	Let me come and help you.
Shàngdì shǐ wǒmen zhīdao {tā suǒ xiǎng de}.	God makes us know {what the wants}.
Tā bù xiǎng wǒmen shòukǔ.	He does not want us to suffer hardship.
Shàngdì ràng wǒmen míngbai wèishénme yǒu zhèxiē qíngkuàng.	God lets us know why there are these conditions.
Tā shǐ wǒmen de jiā hěn hǎo de le.	He made our home very good.
Shéi shǐ zhège jīā bù hǎo de?	Who makes this home bad?
Shàngdì wèishénme ràng wǒmen shòukǔ?	Why does God let us undergo these problems?
Yīncǐ wǒmen zhīdao wǒmende gōngzuò shì bù shìdang de.	So we know our works are not proper.
Tā bù shǐ wǒmen zuò zhèyàng de.	He doesn’t make us act like this.
Shàngdì xiǎng wǒmen shòu {hépíng de qíngkuàng}.	God wants us to experience {conditions of peace}.
Zhège xiāoxi shì {lìng wǒ gāoxìng de}.	This news is {one that makes me feel happy}.

STUDY 53

Direction: to, from

VOCABULARY 53.1 (Direction)

hé …; tóng …; gēn …	to … (speaking ‘with’ a hearer)
dào …	to … (a place); up to …; as far as …
cóng …	from … (from such place, e.g. China)
cóng … chū	from …; out from …; out of …

GRAMMAR 53.1

nǐ		gēn	wǒ		shuōhuà le.	You spoke to (with) me.
wǒ	shuō	gēn	nǐ màma		le.	I spoke with your mother.
tā	huì gěi		nǐ	wǒde shū.		She will give [to] you my book.
tā	huì gěi		nǐmen	nàběn shū.		He will give YOU that book
tāmen	qù	dào	Lúndūn			They went to London.
nǐ		cóng	Zhōng-guó		lái ma?	You came (come) from China, mm?
wǒmen	lái	cóng	Běijīng		le	We came from Beijing.
tā		cóng	tā de fángzi chū		lái le.	He came [out] from his house.
wǒ		cóng	zhèběn shū		xuéxí tā.	I learned it from this.

PRACTICE 53.1

Qǐng cóng zhèr dào nàr dú.	Please read from here to there.
Nǐ cóng nǎr lái le?	From where did you come?
Wǒ gēn tāde fù qīn shuōhuà le.	I spoke with his father.

STUDY 54

Direction: through, by way of, in the name of, behalf

VOCABULARY 54.1 (Route)

chuāngguò …	through: from one side to the other
tōngguò …	through: by way of, via …
fèng … de míng	through …; in the name of …
lùguò	pass by way of

GRAMMAR 54.1

wǒ		tōngguò	zhèběn shū	xué[xí]	le.	I learned by way of this book.
wǒ	shuō	fèng	wǒ bàba de míng.			I speak in the name of my father.
tā		lùguò	nàge	fángzi	le.	It came through that house.

STUDY 55

Purpose, for, due to

VOCABULARY 55.2 (Purpose)

gěi …; wèi …	for [giving to] … [a beneficiary]
wèi …; wèile …	for the purpose of …; in order that
hǎojiào
yóuyú …	due to …
ér …	on the grounds of …; because of … (linking the cause of an action with the action itself); and so …
tì …	for …; on behalf of …
dài …	for …; on behalf of …

GRAMMAR 55.2

Nàběn shū shì gěi zhège rén.	That book is for this person.
Zhè wèi[le] míngtiān de jùhuì shì.	This is for the purpose of tomorrow’s meeting.
Hǎojiào tāmen zhīdao nǐ de míng.	In order that they know your name.
Wǒmen láile yóuyú nǐde nántí.	We came due to your problem.
Wǒ lái tì wǒ bàba.	I come on behalf of my father
Tā láile ér kànjiàn wǒmen.	He came and so got to see us.
Tā yīnwèi màma bù hǎo ér méi lái	He did not come because his mother is not well.

STUDY 56

Position: [located] in, at, on

VOCABULARY 56.1 (Position)

(zài) … lǐ	(is) in …
(zài) … lǐmian	(is) inside …
(zài) … shang [mian]	(is) on … , upon …
(zài) … [mian]	(is) at …
… mian	in the location (described by ‘zái …’)

GRAMMAR 56.1

Note that ‘zài’ is normally omitted at the start of a sentence. *

Tā	zài	shū	lǐ		It [is] (positioned) in the book.
*	[zài]	fángzi	lǐmian	…	Inside the house …
Tā	zài	shū	shang	[mian]	It [is] (located) on the book.
Wǒ	zài	tāde fángzi		[mian]	I [am] (positioned) at his house.

PRACTICE 56.1

Use words you have learned and make more sentences with these grammar detail.

STUDY 57

Position: up, down, inside, outside, ahead, behind, beside, near

VOCABULARY 57.1

(zài) … shang; zài shàngmian	(is) up, over ; located upon, on top of
(zài) … xià [mian]	(is) down; under …; below …
(zài) … lǐ[mian]	(is) in[side] …
(zài) … wài[bian], (zài) wàimian	(is) out[side] …
(zài) … qián[mian]	(is) [located] ahead; in front of …
(zài) … hòu[mian]; (zài) … hòu[bian]	(is) [located] behind …
(zài) … páng[biān]	(is) by [the side of] …; beside …
(zài) … [fù]yìn	(is) near[by]

GRAMMAR 57.1

Nǐde shū	zài	nà	shang	[mian]	Your book [is] up there
Fángzi	zài	nàge lù	shàng	mian	The house [is] up on that road
Tāde shū	zài	zhèr	xià	[mian]	Her house [is] under here
Tāde huà	zài	nǐde shū	lǐmian		His word [is] in your book
Wǒmen	zài	fángzi	wàibian	huì lái	We will come [and be] outside your house
Tā	zài	nàge fángzi	lǐ	le	He [was] in that house
Wǒ	zài	nǐde fángzi	hoùmian		I [am] behind your house
Tā	zài	nǐmen	pángbiān	qù le	He went * beside YOU
Tāmen		nàr	lǐ		They [are] in there

* [continuing in the position beside; alongside]

EXERCISE 57.1 (Answers given below)

Translate these sentences from Mandarin Chinese into English.

Wǒ zài nǐde màma pángbiān zuò xià le èr dú tāde shū.

Nǐde shū zài wǒde zázhì hòumian.

Wǒmen de jùhuì zài nàge fángzi lǐmian.

Shéi zái nǐde fàngzi qiánmian zuò xià le?

Qǐng zài wǒ fùyìn zuò, hǎo ma?

Yēsū Jīdū zài tāde Fù qīn xià.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 57.1

Wǒ zài nǐde màma pángbiān zuò xià le èr dú tāde shū.	I sat down beside your mother and read her book.
Nǐde shū zài wǒde zázhì hòumian.	Your book is behind my magazine.
Wǒmen de jùhuì zài nàge fángzi lǐmian.	Our meeting is inside that house.
Shéi zái nǐde fàngzi qiánmian zuò xià le?	Who is sitting in front of your house?
Qǐng zài wǒ fùyìn zuò, hǎo ma?	Please sit near me, O.K.?
Yēsū Jīdū zài tāde Fù qīn xià.	Jesus Christ is below his Father.

EXERCISE 57.2 (Answers given below)

Translate these sentences from English into Mandarin Chinese

There is a person on top of your house.

We will be in front of their home.

Your father is beside your mother.

Your house is near our meeting!

Please look under your book, O.K.?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 57.2

There is a person on top of your house.	Yǒu yíge rén zài nǐde fàngzi shàngmian.
We will be in front of their home.	Wǒmen huì zài tāmende jiā wàibian.
Your father is beside your mother.	Nǐde fù qīn zài nǐde mǔqīn pángbiān.
Your house is near our meeting!	Nǐde fàngzi zài wǒmende jùhuì fùyìn.
Please look under your book, O.K.?	Qǐng zài nǐde shū xiàmian kàn, hǎo ma?

ACTIVITY 57.1

Students converse in groups of two or three, exchanging informative statements.

STUDY 58

Circumstances: before, with, during, after

VOCABULARY 58.1 (Circumstance)

(zài) yòng …	with (by means of, by the use of) …
hé … (yìqǐ); gēn … yìqǐ; tóng …	with (in the company of) …
méiyǒu …; [méiyǒu]	without …; [do not have; didn't]
(zài) … yǐqián	before …
(zài) … qījiān	during …
(zài) … yǐhòu	after …
cóng … yǐlái; cóng … qǐ; … yǐhòu	since …; from … on

PRACTICE 58.1

Wǒ xuéxí nà zài yòng zhèběn shū.	I study it by means of this book.
Wǒ zài jùhuì yǐqian lái le	I came before the meeting.
Wǒmen xuéxí zhèlǐ dào nǐ lái le	We studied here until you came.
Tā xuéxí zài fángzi lǐmian le	He studies inside the house.
Tā lái le méiyǒu tāde shū	He came without his book.
Wǒmen bù néng xuéxí yīnwèi wǒmen méiyǒu nàběn shū	We cannot study because we are without (don't have) that book.
Wǒmen zài jùhuì yǐhòu qù fángzi	We go to the house after the meeting.

PRACTICE 58.2

Wǒ cóng nàge jùhuì yǐlái zhīdao	I [have] know[n] since that meeting.
Tā hé wǒ lái zhèlǐ le	He came here with me. (He and I …)
Tāmen zài jùhuì qījiān méi lái	They didn't come during the meeting
Wǒ zhīdao tā cóng wǒ kàn zhège xiāoxi yǐlái	I [have] know[n] it since I saw this message
Tāmen shuōhuá guānyú dàhuì ma?	Did they speak about the convention?
Wǒ huì qù nàr gēn nǐ yìqǐ	I'll go there along with you.

STUDY 59

Auxilliary verbs - desire [to]: like, enjoy, wish, hope, want

VOCABULARY 59.1 (Auxilliary Verbs — Desire)

xiǎng …	[to] want to …; would like to …
xǐhuan …; xǐ'ài …	[to] like [to] …, have an interest in …; [to] enjoy …
xīwàng …	[to] wish to …, have a desire to … [to] hope to …; would like to …
kěwàng …	[to] wish to …

PRACTICE 59.1

Wǒ xǐhuan xuéxí pǔtōnghuà.	I like (am interested) to study Mandarin
Wǒ xīwàng qù dàhuì	I'd like (hope) to go to the meeting.
Tā xiǎng xuéxí zhèběn shū.	He wants to study this book.
Tā kěwàng shì nǐde péngyou.	He wishes to be your friend.
Tāmen xiǎng míngtiān lái.	They want to come tomorrow.
Nǐ xǐhuan yǒu zhèběn shū ma?	Are you interested to have this book?

PRACTICE 59.2

Wǒ kěwàng qù wǒde fángzi.	I wish to go to my house.
Nàge rén xīwàng shì nàr.	That person hopes to be there.
Wǒmen xiǎng qù nàr.	We want to go there.
Tāmen kěwàng lái zhèr.	They wish to come here.
Nǐ xiǎng dú zhège xiāoxi ma?	Would you like to read this message?
Wǒ kěwàng shuō pǔtōnghuà.	I wish to speak Mandarin.

STUDY 60

Auxilliary verbs – complusion: need to, must, should, ought to

VOCABULARY 60.1 (Auxilliary Verbs — Compulsion)

xūyào …	[to] need to …, have to …; it is necessary that …
yídìng	definitely, surely, indeed, really
bìxū …; yídìng děi …; bùdébù	[to] have an obligation to …; must
yídìng yào …	[to] to have a necessity to …; must
xiǎng yào …	[to] want to order … (meals, products)
yīnggāi …	should …; ought to …

PRACTICE 60.1

wǒ xūyào xuéxí pǔtōnghuà	I need to study Mandarin
wǒ bìxū qù dàhuì	I must go to the convention.
tā yídìng yào xuéxí zhèběn shū	He must study this book.
tā yīnggāi shì nǐde péngyou	He ought to be your friend.
nǐmen xūyào míngtiān lái	YOU need to come tomorrow.
tā yídìng děi shuōhuà zhè	He's obligated to say this.
nǐ yīnggāi gěi tā tāde shū	You ought to give him his book.
nǐ bìxū lái jīntiān	You have to come today.
tā bùdébù qù nàr	He has no option but to go there.
xūyào nǐde fángzi huì zài nàr	It is necessary that your house [will] be there.
wǒmen yídìng yào qù jùhuì	We must go to the meeting.
wǒ xiǎng yào nàge dōngxi	I would like to order that thing.

STUDY 61

Auxilliary Verbs – ability: may, can, try to, let, allow

VOCABULARY 61.1 (Auxilliary Verbs — Ability)

kěnéng …; yěxǔ …	may …, [to] have a chance or opportunity to …
kěyǐ …	may …, [to] have permission to …
néng …	can …
néng …; dào …	[to] have a possibility or ability to …
huì …; néng …	can …, [to] know how to …
jìnlì …; lìtú …	[to] try (endeavour) to …
shì …; shìtú …	[to] try (attempt) to …
shìyòng …	[to] try out in use…
ràng …	[to] let; [to] allow …
gěi …	[to] let … be done

PRACTICE 61.1

wǒ kěyǐ xuéxí pǔtōnghuà	I'm permitted to study Mandarin.
wǒ kěnéng qù dàhuì	I have a chance to go to the meeting.
tā néng xuéxí zhèběn shū	He can to study this book.
tā jìnlì shì tāmende péngyou	He tries to be their friend.
tāmen dào míngtiān lái	They could to come tomorrow.
nǐ ràng tā ná wǒde shū ma?	You let him take my book?

PRACTICE 61.2

wǒmen shì qù dàhuì le	We tried to go to the meeting.
tā shìyòng xuéxí cóng wǒde shū	He is trying to study using our book.
wǒmen ràng tā qù nàr	We let him to go there.
tāmende péngyou dào lái ma?	Their friend could come, is it so?
nǐ huì shuō pǔtōnghuà ma?	Can you speak Mandarin?
wǒ lìtú shuō shìdang de pǔtōnghuá	I try to speak Mandarin properly.
gěi wǒ kàn nà!	Let me see that!

STUDY 62

Use of Verbs: help, live, return, visit, stay, meet, do

VOCABULARY 62.1 (Combining of Verbs)

zhēn; [zhēnxiāng; zhēnshí]; [zhēnlǐ]	true; [the truth]; [a truth, truths]
bāng; bāngzhù	[to] help, assist
zhù	[to] live, reside
huí	[to] return, go back
fǎngwèn	[to] visit, call on
liù xiá; liùxia; dāi	[to] stay, remain
jiànmiàn	[to] meet
zuò	[to] do, make (something)

PRACTICE 62.1

Zhèběn shū shuō zhēn de dōngxi.	This book says true things.
Nǐ huì bāng wǒ ma?	Can you help me?
Tāmen zhù zhèr.	They live here.
Tā huí fángzi le.	He returned to the house.
Wǒmen qù nàge rén fǎngwèn le.	We went to visit that person.
Tāmen dāi nàr.	They stay there.
Wǒmen jiànmiàn zhèr.	We meet here.
Nǐ huì zuò zhè ma?	Can you do this?

PRACTICE 62.2 (Combining of Verbs)

Wǒ xǐhuan zuò nà.	I like to do that.
Wǒ xīwàng zhù zài zhèr.	I'd like to live here.
Tā xiǎng huí fángzi.	He wants to return to his house.
Wǒ kěwàng qù fǎngwèn tā.	I wish to go and visit him.
Yàoshi tāmen jīntiān néng lái hǎo le.	I wish they could come today. = If they could come today it would be good.
Tāmen xūyào míngtiān lái.	They'll have to come tomorrow.
Wǒmen xūyào qù bāng tā.	We must go and help him.
Nǐ néng tóng wǒ jiánmián ma?	Can you meet with me?

STUDY 63

Use of Verbs: see, hear, read, write

VOCABULARY 63.1 (Combining of Verbs)

jiàn; (kànjian)	[to] see; ([to] see a sight)
tīng	[to] listen to
tīngjian	[to] hear
kàn	[to] read, look at and comprehend; [to] look at
dú …; niàn …	[to] read … aloud
xiě [xìn]	[to] write [a letter]

PRACTICE 63.1 (Combining of Verbs)

Nǐ kànjian wǒde fángzi ma?	Can you see my house?
Wǒ kàn bú jiàn yíge fángzi.	I cannot see a house.
Míngtiān jiàn!	See you tomorrow!
Wǒ fùqīn bù xiǎng tīng nǐde huà.	My father does not want to listen to your word.
Tāmen tīngjian yǒu rén zài nǐde fángzi lǐmian.	They heard [there is] a person inside your house.
Wǒ tīng bù jiàn nǐ suǒ shuō de.	I can’t hear what you’re saying.
Wǒ xiǎng dú nàběn shū.	I want to read that book.
Qǐng niàn zhège xìnxí.	Please read this message [aloud].
Qǐng gěi wǒ xiě xìn, hǎo ma?	Please write [to] me a letter, O.K.?

PRACTICE 63.2 (Combining of Verbs)

wǒ xǐhuan dú shū	I like to read books.
tā xiǎng tīng zhègè hǎo xiāoxi.	She wants to hear this good news.
tāmen xūyào míngtiān niàn wǒmende xiāoxi	They'll have to read out our message tomorrow.
wǒmen xūyào qù kàn nàge fángzi	We must go and look at that house.
nǐ néng kànjian shénme?	What can you see?
wǒ lìtú xiě Hànzì.	I try to write Hanzi.

STUDY 64

Use of Verbs: love, understand, have, obtain, receive

VOCABULARY 64.1 (Use of Verbs)

ài	[to] love (someone)
àihào	[to] love (something)
míngbai; lǐjiě; dǒng	[to] understand
yǒu	[to] have, possess
dédào; shōudào	[to] obtain, receive, get

PRACTICE 64.1 (Use of Verbs)

Nǐ ài tā ma?	Do you love her?
Tā àihào dú tāde shū	He loves to read his book.
Nǐ míngbai pǔtōnghuà ma?	Can you understand Mandarin?
Nǐ yǒu yíge fángzi ma?	Do you have a house?
Míngtiān yǒu yíge dàhuì.	Tomorrow there is an assembly.
Wǒ àihào nàběn shū.	I love that book.
Tā àihào niàn tāde shū.	He loves to read his book [aloud].
Nǐ huì dédào Shàndì de xìngfú	You can obtain God’s blessings.

STUDY 65

de and its various uses; ”; Relatives and Correlatives

GRAMMAR 65.1 (List of Uses of “de”; Relatives and Correlatives)

… de	1	‘of …’
	2	of possessor ‘…’
	3	of quality described as ‘…’
	4	the thing of the quality described as ‘…’
	5	of manner described as ‘…’
	6	of action described as ‘…’
	7	Possibility of an action
	8	of relative/correlative description ‘…’

GRAMMAR 65.2 (Use of “de” : ‘Of’)

fángzi de lù	way of the house
dàhuì de fángzi	house of the meeting; meeting house

GRAMMAR 65.3 (Use of “de” : Possession)

wǒde shū	my book
wǒde	mine
wǒde shū shì zhèr	My book is here.
nà shì wǒde	That is mine.
wǒ * màma	my mother
nǐ * bàba de shū	your father's book; the book of your father

* NOTE: Omit “de” for closely related persons

GRAMMAR 65.4 (Use of “de” : Quality — Adjectives Describing Nouns)

Use “de” if the quality described is	written in more than one character
hěn hǎo de péngyou	very good friend(s)
bù hǎo de rén	not a good person; bad person(s)
Omit “de” if the quality is described	using only one written character
hǎo péngyou	good friend(s)

GRAMMAR 65.5 (Use of “de” : Person or Thing of the Quality Described)

hǎo de shì wǒde

The good one is mine

GRAMMAR 65.6 (Use of “de” : Manner — Adjectives to Form Adverbs)

shìdang	proper, suitable
shìdang de	properly, suitably
tā shìdang de shuō	He speaks properly

GRAMMAR 65.7 (Use of “de” : Action — Forming an Adverbial Phrase)

nǐ shuō de hěn hǎo	How you speak is very good. You speak very well.
tā shuō de bù hǎo.	How he speaks is not good. He speaks badly.
wǒ shì zuótiān lái de	I came yesterday ! (Emphasis)

GRAMMAR 65.8 (Use of “de” : Possible Result of an Action)

zuò de dào	can manage to; is capable of doing
wǒmen shuō de xuéxí	We [would] learn to speak
wǒmen shuō bù xuéxí *	We would not learn to speak

* For a negative possibility, ‘bù’ replaces ‘de’.

GRAMMAR 65.9 (Use of “de”: Relative and Correlative Pronouns)

…… de	‘person or thing of this description’
	The use of “de” transforms the words “… …” into a noun or a ‘noun phrase’.
zhè shì (shuōhuà hǎo de ) péngyou	This is a friend (who speaks well).
	This is a friend ([of this description:] “he speaks well”).
	The above example has expressed the relative pronoun “who”. Also, “de” is used to express the relative forms of what, who, where, why, when, how, whose, and which.
(hǎo fángzi de ) rén	person (of / with a nice house)

GRAMMAR 65.10

zhè shì (tā * gěi wǒ de)	This is (what he gave me). This is (the thing that he gave me).	This is ([the thing of this description:] “he gave it”).
nàge rén shì (hǎo de) péngyou	That person is a friend (who is good).	That person is a friend ([of this description:] “good”.)
nàxiē (bù xuéxí de) rén	Those are persons (who don't study).	Those are persons ([of this description:] “they don't study”).
* “suǒ” can be inserted for	‘whatever’— wǒ suǒ shuō de	whatever I said

GRAMMAR 65.10 (Continued)

zhè shì (wǒ bù xuéxí nàběn shū de) yuányīn	This is the reason (why I don't study that book).	This is the reason ([of this description:] “I don't study that book”).
míntiān shì (wǒmen qù dàhuì nàshí de) *	Tomorrow is (when we go to the meeting).	Tomorrow is ([the time of this description:] “we go to the meeting then).
zhè shì (tāmen xuéxí de) fángzi	This the house (where we study).	This is the house ([of this description:] “we study”).
zhè shì (wǒmen qù wǒmende dàhuì de) lù	This is how we go to our meeting.	This is the way ([of this description:] “we go to our meeting”).
nà shì (wǒ xuéxí tāde shū de) rén	That is the person whose book I study.	That is the person ([of this description:] “I study his book”).
zhè shì (nǐ gěi de) shū	This is the book which you gave.	This is the book ([of this description:] “you gave”).
wǒ qù (zaì nǐde fángzi lǐ de) dàhuì	I'm going to the meeting which is in your house.	I'm going to the meeting ([of this description:] “in your house”).
* “nàshí” can be omitted

STUDY 66

Measure Words (MW)

VOCABULARY 66.1

yìjiàn	idea, opinion
huà	painting or drawing
wénzhāng	article written; editorial; essay
zhuōzi	table

VOCABULARY 66.2 (Measure Words)

yì… (before …à …á …â) yí (before …ã …)	a, an; (one)	yìběn shū = a book yíge péngyou = a friend
liǎng…	a pair of;(two)	liǎngběn shū = a couple of books
…ge	(used generally)	yíge péngyou = a friend
…běn	(thick books)	yìběn shū = a book
…fèn	(leaflets, news- papers)	liǎngfèn zázhì = a pair of leaflets, thin magazines, or documents
…cì	(-ce; times)	yícì = once; liǎngcì = twice
…zhǒng	(kinds of)	liǎng zhǒng rén = two kinds of people
…biàn	(full cycles)	nàběn shū wǒ kànle liǎngbiàn = I read that book twice [completely].
…diǎn	(ideas)	liǎngdiǎn yìjiàn = two opinions
…duàn	(sections, parts)	zhèduàn lù = this section of road
…fú	(pictures)	yìfú huà = a painting or a drawing
…lèi	(types of)	zhèlèi dōngxi = this type of thing
…piān	(write-up)	nàpiān wénzhāng = that article
…tiáo	(item of news)	zhètiáo xiāoxi (/ xìnxī) = this message
…zhāng	(flat, squarish)	yízhāng zhuōzi = a table
…zuò	(buildings)	yízuò fángzi = a house

PRACTICE 66.1

tā láile zhèr liǎngcì	She came here twice.
ná zhèfén zázhì	Take this magazine.
niàn nà hǎo de	Read that [aloud] well.
yízhǒng rén shì hǎo bù hǎo	Two kinds of person are good and bad.

PRACTICE 66.1

zhè shì yíge hǎo rén	This is a nice person.
nǐ zhīdao yíge yuányīn ma?	Do you know a reason?
wǒ méi kàn nàběn shū	I did not read that [volume of the] book.
gěi wǒ màma zhèběn zázhì	Give my mother that (thick) magazine
wǒmen gěile liǎng fèn zázhì	We gave a pair of (thin) magazines.
tā qù nàr liǎngcì	He went there on a couple of occasions.
wǒ rènshi yízhǒng péngyou	I know one kind of friend.

PRACTICE 66.2

tā dāi zài dàhuì qījiān liǎngbiàn le	She stayed during [all] the assembly twice.
wǒmen yǒu yídiǎn yìjiàn guānyú zhēnxiāng	We have one idea about the truth.
zài nàduàn jùhuì wǒmen huì xuéxí zhèfèn zázhì	In that section of the meeting we will study this magazine.
nàlèi fàngzi huì shì hěn hǎo wéi wǒde jùhuì	That house will be very good for our meeting.
qǐng kàn jīntiān nàfèn zázhì de zhèpiān wén zhāng	Please read today this article in that magazine.
wǒ kànjian tā le zài nàzhāng zhuōzi shang	I saw it on that table
wǒ xīwàng zuō yīzuò hǎo fángzi	I would like to make a nice house.

STUDY 67

bǐ — Comparative; zuì — Superlative; gender

VOCABULARY 67.1

bǐ	than (in comparison with)
zuì	most, the most (indicating the superlative)
nán-	male (relating to humans)
nǚ- ; nǚxìng de	female (relating to humans)
nánháir	boy
nǚháir	girl

GRAMMAR 67.1

nà shì hǎo de shū	That is a good book.
zhèběn shū shì hǎo (de)	This book is good.
zhèběn shū shì hěn hǎo de	This book is very good.
nàběn shū shì bù hǎo de	That book is not good.
zhèběn shū bǐ nàběn shū hǎo	This book is better than that book. (= this book compared to that book is good)
zhè bǐ nà hǎo	This is better than that.
wǒmende bǐ tāmende hǎo	Ours is better than theirs.

GRAMMAR 67.2

zhèběn shū shì zuì hǎo de	This book is best.
zhèběn shū shì zuì hǎo de	This book is the best.
zhè shì zuì hǎo de shū	This is the best book.

GRAMMAR 67.3

zhège nánrén shì tāde nánpéngyou	This man is her boyfriend.
wǒ shì nàge nǚháirde bàba	I am that girl's father
zhège nǚrén rénshi nàge nánháir	This woman knows that boy.
nàge nánrén bǐ nàxiē rén hǎo	That man is better than those people.

STUDY 68

Numbers

VOCABULARY 68.1 (Numbers)

0	líng	12	shí'èr
1	yī	20	èrshì
2	èr	21	èrshì'yī
3	sān	100	bǎi
4	sì	102	yībǎilíngèr
5	wù	112	yībǎishí'èr
6	liù	1000	yìqiān
7	qī	10,000	wàn
8	bā	1,000,000	yībǎiwàn
9	jiǔ
10	shí

STUDY 69

Days, months, and dates

VOCABULARY 68.1 (Days, Months, and Dates)

rì	day
xīngqīyī	Monday (Day 1)
xīngqī'èr	Tuesday (Day 2…)
xīngqīsān	Wednesday
xīngqīsì	Thursday
xīngqīwǔ	Friday
xīngqīliù	Saturday
xīngqīrì	Sunday

shàngwǔ	before noon
xiàwǔ	afternoon
zǎoxiē shíhou	early in the day
wǎnxiē shíhou	late in the day

yuè	month
yīyuè	January (Month 1)
èryuè	February (Month 2…)
sānyuè	March
sìyuè	April
wǔyuè	May
liùyuè	June
qīyuè	July
bāyuè	August
jiǔyuè	September
shíyuè	October
shíyīyuè	November
shí'èryuè	December

nián	year
qùnián	the year gone; last year
jīnnián	this year
míngnián	coming year; next year

shìjì	century
Gōngyuánqián	Before our Common Era (BCE)
Gōngyuán	Common Era (CE)

jǐ?	how many; what number?
hào	day (in a date – when spoken about)
rì	day (in a date – when written about)
jīntiān jǐ hào?	What is the date today?
shàngge	last, previous
xiàge	next, following

PRACTICE 69.1

Jīntiān jǐ hào?	What is the date today?
Jīntiān èrlíngshísān nián liùyuè èrshíliù rì xīngqīsān (2013 nián 6 yuè 26 rì xīngqīsān).	Today is Wednesday, June 26th, 2013.
Xīngqīrì yǒu wǒmende jùhuì.	On Sunday there is our meeting.
Cóng xīngqīwǔ dào xīngqīrì yǒu yíge dàhuì.	From Friday to Sunday there will be a convention.
Míngnián qīyuè wǒ bú huì zài nàr.	Next year in July I will not be there.
Tā xiě zaì Gōngyuánqián wǔ shìjì le.	He wrote in the fifth century B.C.E. (Before Our Common Era).
Shāngge yuè tā lái le zhèr.	Last month he came here.
Tā xiǎng zhège xīngqī qù nǐde jiā.	He wants to go to your home this week.
Tā huì xiàge xīngqīrì qù zìjǐ de fángzi.	He will go next Sunday to his own house.

STUDY 70

FREQUENTLY USED WORDS —Mandarin Chinese to English

VOCABULARY 70.1 (Mandarin Chinese to English)

Mandarin Chinese	English
ài	love
bǎoguì	value
biāomíng	show – [to ~]
Bù!	Not correct! (Yes! to -ve; No! to +ve)
bùwánměi	imperfect
chéngwéi	become – [to ~]
chóngbài	worship – [to ~]
chūshēng	birth
cuòwù	error, mistake
cuòwù de zōngjiào	false religion
dǎogào	pray – [to ~]
dì	earth
dìshang	on earth
dōngxi	thing
duì!	Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)
duōshǎo	how many; how much
è[rén]	wicked [person]
fāshēng	event, happening
fúcóng	obey – [to ~]
fùhuó	resurrection
gōngzuò	work – [to ~]
guówáng	king
jiātíng	family
jièchú	end – [to ~]
jiéshù	end; be ended; bring to an end – [to ~]
jiéguǒ	result
jiéjìng	clean; cleanliness – [to ~]
jìzǎi	report; record
kǔ	difficulty; pain; suffering
kuǎile	happiness, joy; happy, joyful
kǔnán	bitter hardships
lèyuán	paradise
lìzi	example
nántí	difficulties; problems
qiānbéi	humble
qíngkuàng	conditions, situation
qínjìn	approach, draw near to – [to ~]
rénlèi	humankind
rènwéi	think – [to ~]
rìzi	day
róngyì	easy
shēnghuó	way of life; be living
shēngmìng	life
shénme shíhou	what time, when
Shì!	Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)
Shìde!	Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)
shíhou	time
shìjiě	world
shújià	ransom
sǐ[wáng]	death
tīng	listen to – [to ~]
tīngcóng	listen; obey – [to ~]
tīngjian	hear – [to ~]
tǒngzhì	rule – [to ~]
tǒngzhìzhě	ruler
wángguó	kingdom
wánměi	perfect
xīn	new
xìn	believe – [to ~]
xìnxīn	faith
xìnyǎng	belief; religion
yīnggāi	should, ought
yīngxǔ	promise
yíngdé	please – [to ~]
yǐjīng	already
yì[rén]	righteous [person]
yìsi	meaning
yuányīn	reason
yuè	month
yuènà	approval
zànměi	praise – [to ~]
zhèngmīng	proof
zhèngquè de zōngjiào	true religion
zhìhuì	wisdom
zhōng xìn de	faithful
zhòngyào	important
zōngjiào	religion

STUDY 71

FREQUENTLY USED WORDS — English to Mandarin Chinese

VOCABULARY 71.1 (English to Mandarin Chinese)

English	Mandarin Chinese
approach, draw near to – [to ~]	qínjìn
approval	yuènà
become – [to ~]	chéngwéi
belief; religion	xìnyǎng
believe – [to ~]	xìn
birth	chūshēng
bitter hardships	kǔnán
clean; cleanliness – [to ~]	jiéjìng
conditions, situation	qíngkuàng
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)	duì!
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)	Shì!
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)	Shìde!
day	rìzi
death	sǐ[wáng]
difficulties; problems	nántí
difficulty; pain; suffering	kǔ
earth	dì
easy	róngyì
end – [to ~]	jièchú
end; be ended; bring to an end – [to ~]	jiéshù
error, mistake	cuòwù
event, happening	fāshēng
example	lìzi
faith	xìnxīn
faithful	zhōng xìn de
false religion	cuòwù de zōngjiào
family	jiātíng
happiness, joy; happy, joyful	kuǎile
hear – [to ~]	tīngjian
how many; how much	duōshǎo
humankind	rénlèi
humble	qiānbéi
imperfect	bùwánměi
important	zhòngyào
king	guówáng
kingdom	wángguó
life	shēngmìng
listen to – [to ~]	tīng
listen; obey – [to ~]	tīngcóng
love	ài
meaning	yìsi
month	yuè
new	xīn
Not correct! (Yes! to -ve; No! to +ve)	Bù!
obey – [to ~]	fúcóng
on earth	dìshang
paradise	lèyuán
perfect	wánměi
please – [to ~]	yíngdé
praise – [to ~]	zànměi
pray – [to ~]	dǎogào
promise	yīngxǔ
proof	zhèngmīng
ransom	shújià
reason	yuányīn
religion	zōngjiào
report; record	jìzǎi
result	jiéguǒ
resurrection	fùhuó
righteous [person]	yì[rén]
rule – [to ~]	tǒngzhì
ruler	tǒngzhìzhě
should, ought	yīnggāi
show – [to ~]	biāomíng
thing	dōngxi
think – [to ~]	rènwéi
time	shíhou
true religion	zhèngquè de zōngjiào
value	bǎoguì
way of life; be living	shēnghuó
what time, when	shénme shíhou
wicked [person]	è[rén]
wisdom	zhìhuì
work – [to ~]	gōngzuò
world	shìjiě
worship – [to ~]	chóngbài

STUDY 72

Review of Words Learned

VOCABULARY 72.1 (Review of Words Learned)

This is a review of all the vocabularies covered in Part 1: Studies 1-29.

[See Study 1 for guidance on Mandarin pronuciation and Pinyin script.

Check especially tones and tonal marks in Pronunciation 1.4.]

English	Mandarin Chinese
a, an	yíge, etc. MW (Part 2 shows more ‘measure words’.) Use yì before …à, …á, or …â, otherwise use yí
[to] be able; can	néng; huì
about	guānyú
address	dìzhǐ
[email] address	[yīmèir] dìzhǐ
again	zài
all	dōu (see whatever)
[to] be allowed	kěyǐ
[to] be not allowed; must not	bùkě
already	yǐjīng
always, ever	cónglái (usually with bù or méi)
answer, comment	huídá
answer, reply, response	dáfù
[to] approach	qínjìn
approval	yuènà
[to] ask [a question]	wén [wèntí]
assembly, convention	dàhuì
[to] attempt, try	shǐtú
[to] be (am, is, are)	shì
[to] be able; can	néng; huì
[to] be acquainted with	rènshi
[to] be not allowed; must not	bùkě
[to] be present	zài
because	yīnwèi
[to] become	chéngwéi
[to] begin, start	kāishǐ
belief; religion	xìnyǎng
[to] believe	xìn
Bible, Holy Scriptures	Shèngjīng
birth	chūshēng
bitter hardships	kǔnàn
blessèd happiness	xìngfú
[a] book	[yìběn] shū
brother	dìxiōng; xiōngdì
Brother X	X Dìxiōng
[to] be called; call	jiào
[to] be called by the name X	jiào X míngzi
can; [to] be able	néng, huì
[to] cause; make; enable; use	shǐ
chapter	zhāng
[to] clean; cleanliness	jiéjìng
[to] come	lái
[to] comment; remark	pínglùn
conditions; situation	qíngkuàng
convention, assembly	dàhuì
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)	Duì! Shì! Shìde!
day	rìzi
death	sǐ[wáng]
did …	…le (le is just after the verb)
did …	…guo (guo shows action was completed)
didn't …; wasn't …-ing	méi …
[to] die	sǐ
difficulty; bitter hardship	kǔ; kǔnàn
difficulty; problems	kùnnán; nántí
[to] make, treat as; do, serve as	zuò
[to] draw near to	qínjìn
each	měi
earth	dì
on earth	[zài] dìshang
easy	róngyì
email [address]	yīmèir [dìzhǐ]
[to] enable; cause; make; use	shǐ
[to] end, bring to a finish	jièchú
[to] end, come to a finish	zhāodào
[to] endeavour, try	lìtú
[in, using] English	[yòng] Yíngwén
error, mistake	cuòwù
event, happening	fāshēng
everlasting life	yǒngshēng
example	lìzi
excellent	fēi cháng hǎo
exist	zài
[to] experience, suffer	shòu
faith	xìnxīn
faithful	zhōng xìn de
false religion	cuòwù de zōngjiào
family	jiātíng
[to] feel …	gǎndào …
[to] make feel	lìng
[to] find out, learn, inquire	liǎojiě
fine, well, good	hǎo
the first …	dì yì …
[to] go on foot	zǒulù
for	wèi; wèile
for the purpose that; so that	wèi; wèile
for what; why	wèishénme
friend	péngyou
from, starting at	cóng
[to] give	gěi
[to] go	qù
God	Shàngdì
god	shén
good, well, fine	hǎo
Hanzi	Hànzì
happening, event	fāshēng
happiness; happy	kuǎile; gāoxìng
blessèd happiness	xìngfú
bitter hardships	kǔnán
[to] have; there is/are	yǒu
[to] have not; there is/are not	méiyǒu
have done …; …is completed	… … le (le is at the end of the sentence)
he, she, it	tā
Hello!	Nǐ hǎo!
[to] help; assistance	bāngzhù; bāng
hence	yīncǐ
her …	tāde …
here	[zài] zhèr; zhèlǐ
his	tāde
home (where you live)	jiā
how, in what way/manner	zěnyàng; zěnmeyàng
How are you?	Nǐ hǎo ma?
how many	duōshǎo
how much	duōshǎo
however	kěshì
humanity	rénlèi
humble	qiānbéi, wènhé, qiānhé
I	wǒ
if …, then …	yàoshi …, … jiù …
if …, [then] …	yàoshi …, … [jiù] …
[if] …, then …	[yàoshi] …, … jiù …
if …, then …	rúguǒ …, nàmuǒ … …
immediately	mǎshàng
imperfect	bùwánměi
important	zhòngyào; zhòngshì
impossible	bù kěnéng
Incorrect! (No! to +ve; Yes! to -ve)	Bù!
indeed, surely	hěn
[to] be interested in …	duì … gǎn xìngqù; yǒu xìngqù
invisible	kàn bú jiàn de
invitation	[…fèn] qǐngtiě
is it so?	ma?
it, he, she	tā
its	tāde
Jehovah	Yēhéhuá
joy; joyful	kuǎile
king	guówáng
kingdom	wángguó
[to] know (information)	zhīdao
[to] know (a person)	rènshi
[a bit] later	[guò] yīhuǐr
[to] learn, find out	liǎojiě
[to] let; make have to	ràng
life	shēngmìng
life, way of living	shēnghuó
life everlasting	yǒngshēng
[to] give … a lift by car	ràng … dāchē
would like, wish hope	xīwàng
like what?	zěnyàng? zěnmeyàng
like this	zhèyàng
like that	nàyàng
[to] listen; obey	tīngcóng
[to] look, watch, read (silently)	kàn
love	ài
…-ly	… de
[to] make, treat as; do, serve as	zuò
[to] make; cause; enable; use	shǐ
[to] make feel	lìng
Mandarin	pǔtōnghuà
mankind	rénlèi
manner, how	yàng
meaning	yìsi
meeting	jùhuì
message	xiāoxi; xìnxī
mistake	cuòwù
mm, is it so?	ma?
Monday	Xīngqīyī
month	yuè
morning	zǎoshàng
must; [to] have to	bìxū
[to] be not allowed; must not	bùkě
my	wǒde
name	míngzi; míng
never did …	cónglái méi …
never have	cónglái bù …
new	xīn
news	xiāoxi
good news	hǎo xiāoxi
the next …	xià yíge …
nice to see you	hěn gāoxìng jiàndào nǐ
[telephone] number	[diànhuà] hàomǎ
No! ( to +ve); Incorrect!	Bù!
No! (to -ve); Correct!	Duì! Shì! Shìde!
not	bù (Note: bú shì)
[to] obey	fúcóng
[to] obey, listen	tīngcóng
of …	…de
OK!	Hǎode!
one	yī
ought, should	yīnggāi
our	wǒmende
pain	kǔ
paradise	lèyuán
paragraph	duàn
peace	hépíng
perfect	wánměi
person, people	rén
Pinyin	Pīnyīn
Please!	qǐng!
[to] please	yíngdé
it is possible that	kěnéng
quite possibly	hěn kěnéng de
[to] praise	zànměi
[to] pray	dǎogào
the previous …	shang yíge …
problems; difficulty	kùnnán; nántí
proof	zhèngmīng
promise	yīngxǔ
prophecy	yùyán
question	wèntí
ransom	shújià
read	kàn; dú
read … aloud	dú …; niàn …
reason	yuányīn
the reason why; therefore; so	suǒyǐ
record, report	jìzǎi
regarding, on the part of, about	duì
religion, belief	xìnyǎng
religion	zōngjiào
[to] remark, comment	pínglùn
report; record	jìzǎi
reply, response	dáfù
result	jiéguǒ
resurrection	fùhuó
[to] ride; ride	zuò
righteous [person]	yì[rén]
[to] rule	tǒngzhì
ruler	tǒngzhìzhě
…s	…men (persons)
…s	…xiē (changes this to these; a to some, etc)
…'s, …s'	…de
sad	nánguò
scripture, verse	jiè
Holy Scriptures	Shèngjīng
[to] see, catch sight of	kànjiàn
[to] get to see, meet	jiàndào
[to] make, treat as; do, serve as	zuò
several, some	yìxiē (Yǒu yìxiē … at start of sentence)
she, he, it	tā
should, ought	yīnggāi
[to] show	biāomíng
[to] sing [a song]	chàng [gē]
sister	jiěmèi, zǐmèi
Sister X	X Jiěmèi
[to] sit, ride	zuò
[to] sit down	zuò xià
situation; conditions	qíngkuàng
so, therefore	yīncǐ; suǒyǐ
someone	mǒurén
song	gē
[to] speak, say	shuō
[to] stand up	zhàn qǐlái
[to] start, begin	kāishǐ
study; [to] study	xuéxí
[to] suffer, experience	shòu
suffering	kǔ
[to] take	ná
talk, sermon	tǎolùn
telephone [number]	diànhuà [hàomǎ]
[to] tell	gàosu
Thanks!	Xièxie!
Thank you! (polite form)	Xièxie nín!
Thank you for reading.	Xièxie nín dú.
that (pronoun)	nà
that …	nàge …
their	tāmende
if …, then …	yàoshi …, jiù … (See if )
there	[zài] nàr; nàlǐ
there is/are; [to] have	yǒu
there is/are not; [to] have not	méiyǒu
therefore; so	yīncǐ; suǒyǐ
these; these …	zhèxiē; zhèxiē …
they	tāmen
thing	dōngxi
[to] think	rènwéi
this (pronoun)	zhè; zhèi
this …	zhège …
those; those …	nàxiē; nàxiē …
through (in) the name of Jesus	féng Yēsū de míng;
through the name of Jesus	tōngguò Yēsū de míng
time	shíhou
to, as far as	dào
tomorrow	míngtiān
topic	huàtí
[to] make, treat as; do, serve as	zuò
true religion	zhèngquè de zōngjiào
[to] try, attempt	shìtú
[to] try, endeavour	lìtú
[to] undergo, experience, suffer	shòu
[to] understand	dǒng
[to] understand; see clearly	míngbai
[to] use; cause; make; enable	shǐ
[to] use; usage	yòng
using	zài yòng
value	bǎoguì
verse, scripture	jiè
very	hěn
visible	kànjiàn de
volume of bound edition of …	[yì] běn … (e.g. shū, book)
[to] want to	xiǎng
way, manner	yàng
this way	zhèyàng
that way	nàyàng
what way?	zěnyàng? zěnmeyàng
we	wǒmen
Welcome!	huānyíng!
well, fine, good	hǎo
what	shénme
whatever; that which	suǒ
whatever there is; all you have	suǒyǒu (often used with dōu - all)
what time	shénme shíhou
when	shénme shíhou
where?	[zài] nǎr; nǎlǐ; zhěr; zhělǐ
who	shéi
why	wèishénme
wicked [person]	è[rén]
will (future action)	huì
wisdom	zhìhuì
words; that which is said	huà
[to] work	gōngzuò
world	shìjiě
[to] worship	chóngbài
Yes! ( to +ve); Correct!	Duì! Shì! Shìde!
Yes! (to -ve); Incorrect!	Bù!
you[r]	nǐ[de]
YOU[R]	nǐmen[de]

APPENDIX A

Sentence Structure

GRAMMAR A1.1

A sentence is not just a string of words. It is a chain of groups of words. Your fluency depends on respect for these discrete groups and the detail they contribute to the overall message of the whole sentence.

Mastering the Use of Sentence Structure

• Keep it simple! Let's all not lose sight of the wood for the trees.

• To work quickly in one or more languages at a time you need to “picture” in your mind the key ideas being communicated.

• When composing the expression of your own idea, “paint” the main features of your thought picture. You can then add more and more detail, but only do this if you progressed enough with the language and if you need to do so. Don’t add irrelevant or unimportant detail.

• When registering what someone else has expressed, simplify the picture. See its main features. Identify other details, if you can and need to. Don’t focus on or repeat irrelevant detail that others have said.

We need to develop the skill of building up the structure of a sentence. This applies essentially to the learning of any language.

See how a sentence is a chain of a few simple parts. Each of these may be expanded with more detail.

As you begin to compose sentences, keep them very simple. Only add detail as and when you need to and are able to.

Many students don’t see the wood for the trees. This is particularly noticeable at meetings where a publication is used as the basis for a question-and-answer discussion. Some students find it difficult to advance beyond underlining and quoting lines from the publication instead of speaking in their own words and from the heart the key points. Are such comments up-building to the speaker or to the hearers?

For example, consider the short sentence, “They give him this invitation.” This simple sentence is already an expansion of a simpler sentence.

1) They give.

2) They give this.

3) They give him this. (= They give this to him.)

This can be expanded much further with far more detail.

1)	They		give.
2)	They		give		this.
3)	They		give		this invitation.
4)	They		give	him	this invitation.
5)	"	(eagerly)	"	the man	an invitation.
6)	The brothers	(with great urgency)	offer	the man in the street	their important invitation.
7)	The bold proclaimers	(at every opportunity)	would like to give	the person they meet in the street	their invitation for an important meeting.

GRAMMAR A1.2

Illustrations of Simple Structure

A SCULPTURE

If we can first construct a basic skeleton (such as “they give”), we can then build up the body of the sentence on it.

A GOODS TRAIN

Using the table above, imagine a simple sentence as being like a goods train that has an engine, a fuel tender, and maybe also a variety of trucks attached. Each vessel has its own contents separate from the others. Similarly a sentence must have an doer of something (“subject”) and an action that is done (“verb”). It may also have other blocks of information such as an object being acted upon (“the indirect object” in the “accusative case”) or an object receiving the action (“direct object” in the “dative case”). Other information in the simple sentence serves to provide more detail about the above parts.

A CHAIN

A chain is a series of elements each with its own integral structure.

GRAMMAR A1.3

Can you identify the main parts of a simple sentence?

Doer	“Subject”	Who or what is doing the action?	e.g. “They”
Action done	“Verb”	What is the action?	e.g. “give”
Object acted upon	“Indirect Object”	Is there someone or something being acted upon?	e.g. “this invitation”
Object receiving action	“Direct Object”	Is there someone or something receiving the action?	e.g. “him”

PRACTICE A1.1

Please find some simple sentences and identify the doer and the action done. Strip out all the other information from it.

PRACTICE A1.2

Using the same simple sentences as in the previous practice also identify the indirect and direct objects, if these exist.

PRACTICE A1.3

Take the same simple sentences again and see if it is possible to simplify them, so that you would find it a lot easier to translate their main points.

The following sentences are examples that you could simplify.

1) If I could find the time and energy, I would like to go to college in the evenings after work (perhaps) and learn to speak Chinese fluently like a native who's been speaking it all his life.

2) My friend's brother's wife, or is it mother-in law, was walking down the High Street one evening last week when a child ran across the road, just avoided getting knocked down by a car and then nearly knocked her down in the process.

3) My friend and I have been talking to your neighbours this morning about, “Do you think we shall ever be able to enjoy a peaceful earth?”

4) Have you ever wondered why we are here?

GRAMMAR A1.4

More Complex Sentence Structures

There are more complex sentence structures than the simple sentences considered above. However, the following approach will help you to break them down, simplify them, and express the main points of each discrete section. This is not only important for composing your own sentences, but also to facilitate fluent, understandable reading of others' texts.

A sentence is made more complex when it uses more than one active verb (“doing word”) group. A sentence will always have a “main clause” formed like the simple sentences described earlier. Other claused (each with their own action word) are attached to the main clause.

For example, see the underlined active verbs and the logic of the stacked brackets in the following sentences.

1) [I hope that {you will come (when it stops raining.)}]

2) [He said that {(you would come) and (* see me)}]

* NOTE “you would” is omitted, as it is understood or inferred.

3) {(He comes) and (we study the publication.)} †

† NOTE This sentence appears to have two main clauses.

4) {You will know, (if you're wrong!)}

5) {(If you are wrong), then you will know!}

In examples 1) and 2) the word “that” is often omitted in many languages. This is so in English and Mandarin.

Form 3) is a useful form for beginners to copy. It is far easier to form lots of short, simple sentences or “main clauses”, even if your language might sound just a little unnatural. Your style can be improved after you have established a sound foundation.

The conditional statements in examples 4) and 5) are important tools in the reasoning process. However, we can again simplify these. Essentially, we can strip out the “if” and “then” words, express the thought in each clause using the methods discussed already, and then put back the “if” and “then” words.

PRACTICE A1.4

Select sections of text and mark them with brackets around groups of words that should be registered together for ease of reading, understanding, summarizing in your own words (paraphrasing), or translating. This will also help you isolate the key thoughts from such texts, if they are the basis of a question-and-answer discussion.

APPENDIX B

CONDUCTING A MEETING IN MANDARIN CHINESE

Welcome	Huānyíng!
subject	huàtí
this subject	zhège huàtí
about this subject.	guānyǔ zhège huàtí.
study about this subject.	xuéxí guānyǔ zhège huàtí.
We	Wǒmen
We will	Wǒmen huì
We will study	Wǒmen huì xuéxí
We will study about this	Wǒmen huì xuéxí guānyǔ zhège
We will study about this subject.	Wǒmen huì xuéxí guānyǔ zhège huàtí.
verse	jiè
Bible	Shèngjīng
’s (of)	de
Bible’s verse (the scripture)	Shèngjīng de jiè
this verse (scripture)	zhège jiè
Please	Qǐng
Please read	Qǐng dú
Please read this [item]	Qǐng dú zhège
Please read this scripture	Qǐng dú zhège jiè
Please read the scripture, O.K.?	Qǐng dú zhège jiè, hǎo ma?
Brother	Dìxiōng
Sister	Jiěmèi
Brothers and Sisters	Dìxiōng Jiěmèi

Thanks	Xièxie
Thank you	Xièxie nín
Thank you, brother	Xièxie nín, Dìxiōng.
Thank you, sister	Xièxie nín, Jiěmèi.
would like to; wish one could	xīwàng
would like to; want to	xiǎng
We	Wǒmen
We would like to [wish we could]	Wǒmen xīwàng
We would like to learn (or study).	Wǒmen xīwàng xuéxí.
the answer	huídá
these questions	zhèxiē wèntí
(of) to these questions	zhèxiē wèntí de
the answers to these questions	zhèxiē wèntí de huídá
We would like to learn the answers to these answers.	Wǒmen xīwàng xuéxí zhèxiē wèntí de huídá.
those answers.	nàxie huídá.
We would like to learn those answers.	Wǒmen xīwàng xuéxí nàxie huídá.
to start	kāishǐ
to finish, end	jiéshù
lesson	kè
chapter	zhāng
verse	jiè
paragraph	duàn
the first (number one) verse	dì yí jiè
(from) the first verse	(cóng) dì yí jiè
the second (number two) verse	dì èr jiè
(as far as) the second verse	(dào) dì èr jiè

a verse	yíge jiè
the previous verse	shang yíge jiè
the next verse	xià yíge jiè
the first paragraph (Paragraph 1)	dì yí duàn
the previous paragraph	shang yíge duàn
this paragraph	zhège duàn
the next paragraph	xià yíge duàn
this paragraph’s question	zhège duàn de wèntí
Who'd like to read …?	Shéi xiǎng dú …?
Please read this paragraph.	Qǐng dú zhège duàn.
Please read the question.	Qǐng dú wèntí.
Thank you for reading!	Xièxie nín dú.
Please give YOUR answers/comments.	Qǐng gěi nǐmende huídá/pínglùn.
Thank you for your answer.	Xièxie nǐde huídá.
A good answer!	Hǎo de huídá!
Very good! Excellent!	Fēi cháng hǎo!
Correct!	Duì!
Do you understand?	Nǐ míngbai ma?
to feel	gǎndào
to feel happy	gǎndào gǎoxìng
{to make} (someone) sad	{lìng} (mǒurén) nánguò
about this [matter]	guānyú zhè[ge]
Jehovah feels happy.	Yēhéhuá gǎndào gǎoxìng.
How do you feel about this?	Nǐ guānyú zhè zěnyàng gǎndào?
Now we must do what is the right thing.	Wǒmen xiàng zuò hǎo de dōngxi.

stand	zhàn
[Please] stand (up)	[Qǐng] zhàn (qilai)
everybody	dàjiā
[Please] sit (down)	[Qǐng] zuò(xia)
[Let us] sing a song (in praise to Jehovah).	[Ràng wǒmen] chàng gē (zànměi Yēhéhuá).
Let us pray (to Jehovah)	Ràng wǒmen dǎogāo (Yēhéhuá)
[through] the name (of Jesus)	[féng] (Yēsū de) míng.

APPENDIX C

HEBREW-ARAMAIC SCRIPTURES

Chuàngshìjì	Genesis	Chuándàoshū	Ecclesiastes
Chū’āijíjì	Exodus	Yǎgē	Song of Solomon
Lìwèijì	Leviticus	Yǐsàiyàshū	Isaiah
Mínshùjì	Numbers	Yēlìmǐshū	Jeremiah
Shēnmìngjì	Deuteronomy	Yēlìmǐ’āigē	Lamentations
Yuēshūyàjì	Joshua	Yǐxījiéshū	Ezekiel
Shìshījì	Judges	Dànyǐlǐshū	Daniel
Lùdéjì	Ruth	Héxī’āshū	Hosea
Sāmǔ’ěrjì Shàng	First Samuel	Yuē’ěrshū	Joel
Sāmǔ’ěrjì Xià	Second Samuel	Āmósīshū	Amos
Lièwángjì Shàng	First Kings	Ébādǐyàshū	Obadiah
Lièwángjì Xià	Second Kings	Yuēnáshū	Jonah
Lìdàizhì Shàng	1st Chronicles	Míjiāshū	Micah
Lìdaìzhì Xià	2nd Chronicles	Nāhóngshū	Nahum
Yǐsīlājì	Ezra	Hābāgǔshū	Habakkuk
Níxīmǐjì	Nehemiah	Xīfānyǎshū	Zephaniah
Yǐsītiējì	Esther	Hāgāishū	Haggai
Yuēbójì	Job	Sājiālìyàshū	Zechariah
Shīpiān	Psalms	Mǎlājīshū	Malachi
Zhēnyán	Proverbs

APPENDIX D

CHRISTIAN GREEK SCRIPTURES

Mǎtài Fúyīn	Matthew	Tímótài Qiánshū	First Timothy
Mǎkě Fúyīn	Mark	Tímótài Hòushū	Second Timothy
Lùjiā Fúyīn	Luke	Tíduōshū	Titus
Yuēhàn Fúyīn	John	Féilìménshū	Philemon
Shǐtú Xíngzhuàn	Acts	Xībóláishū	Hebrews
Luǒmǎshū	Romans	Yǎgèshū	James
Gēlínduō Qiánshū	First Corinthians	Bǐdé Qiánshū	First Peter
Gēlínduō Hòushū	Second Corinthians	Bǐdé Hòushū	Second Peter
Jiālātàishū	Galatians	Yuēhàn Yīshū	First John
Yǐfúsuǒshū	Ephesians	Yuēhàn Èrshū	Second John
Féilìbǐshū	Philippians	Yuēhàn Sānshū	Third John
Gēluóxīshū	Colossians	Yóudàshū	Jude
Tiēsāluóníjiā Qiánshū	First Thessalonians	Qǐshìlù	Revelation
Tiēsāluóníjiā Hòushū	Second Thessalonians

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF VERSIONS OF THIS FILE

The 2013 update combined the first course,
2003-2005    “Pinyin Mandarin Preliminary Course” in Jaspell’s ASCII font JPINNN01.ttf
2006-2008    “Pinyin Mandarin Introductory Course” in Jaspell’s ASCII font JPINNN01.ttf
2013              “Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Online Using Pinyin” (http://www.jaspell.uk/pinyin_introductory/pinyin_introductory01_online2.htm) was updated 26 June, 2013 in Jaspell’s ASCII font JPINNN01.ttf
2017              “Chinese Mandarin Introductory Language Course Using Pinyin”—in which the 2013 file was converted from Jaspell’s ASCII font JPINNN01.ttf to UNICODE characters on 7 September, 2017 and improvements were made to the layout for online use—the current document

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Date of Last Edit: 10 September, 2017