Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Online

Chinese Mandarin Introductory Course Using Pinyin

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This document has been updated during June, 2013.

It now combines the first course,

“Pinyin Mandarin Preliminary Course” of 2003-2005

with a later course,

“Pinyin Mandarin Introductory Course” of 2006-2008

This version was updated 26 June, 2013.

See also the associated document,

“Chinese Mandarin Pronunciation Using Pinyin”,

an htm file with text linked to audio files.

Dictionaries are also available online at www.jaspell.co.uk

LIST OF CONTENTS

STUDIES
1	Pronunciation of individual and grouped characters
1.1	Individual sounds and their writing in Pinyin
1.2	Pronunciation of special vowel groups and syllables
1.3	Pronunciation of i depending on its context
1.4	Vowel tones and their tone marks in Pinyin
2	Greetings and appreciation, request and thanks; read
3	Presenting a message
4	Personal pronouns I, you, he, she, it; basic sentence construction
4.1	Sentence construction – subject and predicate
4.2	Sentence construction – conveying a verb for “being”
4.3	Sentence Construction – with a verb other than for “being”
5	Plural formation of personal pronouns
6	Who? - questioning
7	What? — questioning; calling by name
8	sh� – the verbal word for “being, be, am, is, are”; y�ge – “a, an”
9	ma – “is it so?” forms questions from statements; h�o ma? — O.K.?
10	h�n – very, indeed
11	b� – not, forming negative phrases
12	Auxilliary verbs: xi�ng — want to; x�w�ng — wish, hope to
13	g�i — give; n� — take
14	Speaking; Indirect and Direct Object pronouns
15	z�i – again
16	n�ng, hu�, d�o – can, to be able to
17	Close relatives and friends
18	Addition of xi� to form plurals of demonstrative pronouns
19	know; understand; sentence elements with action and object
20	thing, look, see
21	Review of words learned in Studies 1-20
22	de — of; …’s; …s’ possessive case
23	Sentence structure with Direct or Indirect Objects
24	b� — a device for relocating an Indirect Object to achieve emphasis
25	b�i — by, indicating the doer in a Passive Sentence
26	God; Jehovah; k�y� — permission; b�k� — prohibition
27	Measure words — more detail; (y� + g�) = y�ge — “a, an”
28	de is added after more than one Hanzi character, as in h�n h�o de r�n
29	y�u, m�iy�u — having; the Bible’s promised blessings
30	q�, l�i, xu�, xu�x� — go, come, study
31	Places, buildings, meetings
32	hu� — future actions and times
33	Past actions and times
34	c�ngl�i, c�ngl�i b�, c�ngl�i m�i — ever, never
35	Yes and No
36	Connectives — and, but, or
37	More Connectives — therefore, because, whether
38	w�ish�nme? y�nw�i — reasoning why? because
39	y�oshi, ji�r�, r�gu� — Conditional Sentences — if…, then…
40	[z�i] zh�r / zh�l�; n�r / n�l� — [located] here, there
41	[z�i] zh�r? / zh�l�; n�r? / n�l� — [located] where?
42	… de — that which …; hu� — words; zh�ngy�o — important
43	zu� — [to] do, make; sit; ride; x�y�o — [to] need [to]
44	y�ng - manner; f�ngf� - way; f�ngsh� - method; l� - means, road
45	Measure Words (MW) : “b�n”, and “f�n”. See also Study 28+
46	gu�ny� —about; b�ngzh� — help; y�ng— use
47	y�oshi …, … ji� …— If …, then … …: further examples
48	su� —what, that which; su�y�u —whatever there is; d�u—all
49	Review of Interrogatives— who? what? when? where? why?
50	More interrogatives— how? how much? whose? which?
51	Try [to]
52	Let; cause to; suffer problem conditions
53	Direction: to, from
54	Direction: through, by way of, in the name of, behalf
55	Purpose, for, due to
56	Position: [located] in, at, on
57	Position: up, down, inside, outside, ahead, behind, beside, near
58	Circumstances: before, with, during, after
59	Auxilliary verbs - desire [to]: like, enjoy, wish, hope, want
60	Auxilliary verbs – complusion: need to, must, should, ought to
61	Auxilliary Verbs – ability: may, can, try to, let, allow
62	Use of Verbs: help, live, return, visit, stay, meet, do
63	Use of Verbs: see, hear, read, write
64	Use of Verbs: love, understand, have, obtain, receive
65	de and its various uses; Relatives and Correlatives
66	Measure Words (MW)
67	b� — Comparative; zu� — Superlative; gender
68	Numbers
69	Days, Months, and Dates
70	FREQUENTLY USED WORDS — Chinese Mandarin to English
71	FREQUENTLY USED WORDS — English to Chinese Mandarin
72	Review of Words Learned

APPENDICES
A	SENTENCE STRUCTURE
B	CONDUCTING A MEETING IN CHINESE MANDARIN
C	HEBREW-ARAMAIC SCRIPTURES
D	CHRISTIAN GREEK SCRIPTURES

ASSOCIATED PUBLICATIONS (at www.jaspell.co.uk)
	PRONUNCIATION (WITH AUDIO FILES)
	EXERCISES
	INCREMENTAL PHRASE METHOD
	DICTIONARY – CHINESE MANDARIN TO ENGLISH
	DICTIONARY – ENGLISH TO CHINESE MANDARIN

STUDY 1

Pronunciation of individual and groups of characters

PRONUNCIATION 1.1 (Individual Sounds and Their Writing in Pinyin)

Pinyin script provides an approximate method for representing the pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese using Roman characters with accents. Some letters are pronounced as in English, but others have very different sounds (as highlighted in the following chart). Pronunciation also varies in different regions of China, but the following guidance is generally acceptable.

INDIVIDUAL SOUNDS
Letters	Pronounciation	Position
a	a as in “father”, “atone”
b	b as in “bag”
c	ts as in “bats”
ch	tsh as in “hatshop”
d	d as in “dog”
e	e as in “her”	generally
e	e as in “yes”, “yeah”	after “y”
f	f as in “fun”
g	g hard as in “get”	(not soft as in“gel”)
h	ch gutturally as in “loch”
i	i as in “sir”, “circle”, “chirp”	after c, ch, r, s, sh, z, zh
i	ee as in “been”; i as in “bistro”	after b, d, j, l, m, n, p, q, t, x, y
j	j as in “jam”
k	k as in “kitchen”
l	l as in “love”
m	m as in “mug”
n	n as in “nibble”
o	o as in “or”
p	p as in “pun”
q	chh as in “matchhead”
r	r rolled as in “curl”
s	s as in “sat”
sh	sh as in “rashly”
t	t as in “top”
u	u as in “boot”	(See group below)
w	w as in “water”
wu	oo as in “pool”	not “wu”
x	s as in “see”; hs as in “aah, see!”
y	y as in “yam”
yi	ee as in “been”	yi is “i”, not “yi”
z	ds as in “suds”
zh	dge as in “hedgeless”

See also the table below about groups of vowels and syllables.

PRACTICE 1.1 (Pronunciation of Characters in Simple Syllables)

With the help of the table given above please read these syllables:

Read: ba, ca, cha, da, e, ye, er, fa, ga, ha, yi, bi, ci, ju, ka, la, ma, na, bo, pa, qu, re, sa, sha, ta, wu, bu, wa, xi, ya, yi, za, zha

Repeat

PRONUNCIATION 1.2 (Pronunciation of Special Vowel Groups)

See the following table titled: “Some Special Vowel Groups and Syllables”.

Some groups are marked with an asterisk, “*”. The following comments apply to these.

If the vowel group starting in “i” occurs on its own, it needs to be written beginning with “y” instead of “i”. So, “ian” would be written as “yan”.

Similarly, a group on its own starting in “u” is written using a “w” instead of the “u”. So, “uan” is written as “wan”.

Some sound groups are easier recognizable for an English speaker: aisle; ban; bang; naos (sounding like now); eight; tiara; ring.

SOME SPECIAL VOWEL GROUPS AND SYLLABLES
Group		Sounds like…
en		urn or undo
eng		bung
i (in ci, chi, ri, si, shi, zi, zhi)		shirt (without r), zircon, adze
i (in bi, di, fi, ji, li, mi, ni, qi, ti, xi, yi)		been, deed, jeep, tee, see, eel
ia / ya	*	yarn, try a bit
ian / yan	*	yen, try any
iang / yang	*	young
iao / yao	*	yowl
ie / ye	*	the air; ee-ye
iong / yong	*	Jung (German)
iu / you	*	yoyo
o		fore, door
ong (after d, t, n, l, z, c, s, zh, ch, r, g, k, h)		jung (German); long
ou		dough
u / wu	*	shoe, gnu, do
u (in l�, n� ) / yu	*	chew your food
u (in ju, qu, xu) / yu	*	chew your food
ua / wa	*	wax
uai / wai	*	wide
uan / wan	*	won
uan (after j, q, x) / yuan	*	�-yen; new end; inuendo
uang / wang	*	wangle
ue (in l�e, n�e) / yue	*	�-ye, new energy
ue (in jue, que, xue) / yue	*	�-ye, new energy
(uei) / ui / wei	*	weigh
un (after d, t, n, l, z, c, s, zh, ch, sh, r, g, k, h) / wen		won, dun
(ueng) / weng	*	swung
un (in jun, qun, xun) / yun	*	unique; German �
uo / wo		wall

PRACTICE 1.2 (Pronunciation of Special Vowel Groups and Syllables)

With the help of the table (of special vowel groups and syllables) given above please read these syllables:

Read:

en, ben, beng, ci, bi, ya, jia, lia, yian, dian, dianr, yang, liang, yao, biao, jiao, ye, bie, jie, xie, yong, jiong, xiong, you, miu, jiu, o

Repeat

Read:

bo, dong, rong, zhong, wu, bu, yu, n�, l�, ju, qu, wa, zhua, hua, wai, guai, wan, duan, juan, quan, xuan, wang, huang, chuang, yue

Repeat

Read:

l�e, n�e, jue, xue, wei, dui, zui, wen, dun, hun, yun, jun, xun, wo, duo, shuo, huo, huor .

Repeat

PRONUNCIATION 1.3 (Pronunciation of “i” Depending on Its Context)

The vowel “i” may occur after some, but not all consonants. If the sound of the letter “i” occurs on its own, the sound is represented by “yi”.

The letter “i” can be pronounced in two different ways, depending on which sort of consonant it occurs with. It is easier to remember which is right, if you register where in your mouth the first group is pronounced.

Note: c, ch, r, s, sh, z, and zh are a family of sounds. They are all pronounced in the roof of the mouth towards the front of the palate with the help of different amounts of pressure from the tongue. With “r” the tongue barely touches the palate, whereas with “zh” the tongue is folded back there somewhat painfully.

WAYS TO PRONOUNCE “I”

ci	*	what sir did	bi	been
chi	*	what churns around	di	deed
ri	*	never irksome	ji	jeep
si	*	sir	li	leek
shi	*	shirt	mi	meek
zi	*	zircon	ni	need
zhi	*	adjourn	pi	peek
			qi	cheek
			ti	tee
			xi	“aah, see!”
			yi	“eel”
Repeat			Repeat

* If this “i” occurs with characters in the group in left hand column, but it occurs without a tonal mark — especially at the tail end of a word — it tends to be restrained. (Compare the end of English words like “sire”, “shire”, “adze”, “badge”, etc., in which the final vowel “e” is almost lost.) For example, this applies to “shi”, but not to sh, sh, sh, or sh.

PRACTICE 1.3 (Varying Pronunciation of “i”)

With the help of the table given above please read these syllables:

Read: bi, ci, chi, di, ji, li, mi, ni, pi, qi, ri, si, shi, ti, xi, yi, zi, zhi.

Repeat

PRONUNCIATION 1.4 (Vowel Tones and Their Tone Marks in Pinyin)

Mandarin is pronounced with tones. These are indicated in Pinyin script by tone marks.

Mandarin Tone	Pinyin Tone mark	Description of Tone	Example
First tone	�	highest and level pitch	m� (mother)
Second tone	�	starts high and rises	m�fan (trouble)
Third tone	�	falls first and then rises	m� (horse)
Fourth tone	�	starts high and then falls	m� (scold)
(Toneless)	(No mark)	unstressed or neutral	ma (eh, surely!)
			Repeat

NOTE 1

When a third tone (…�) precedes another third tone, pronounce it as a second tone (…�). Hence “h�n h�o” is pronounced ‘h�n h�o’. Similarly, “n� h�o” is pronounced more like “n� h�o”.

NOTE 2

Some words like “b�” change before a fourth tone syllable � or before a toneless syllable. “b�” changes in writing to “b�”.

PRACTICE 1.4 (Pronunciation of Vowel Tones)

Read the following verses (from Galatians 5:22-23).

L�ng y� f�ngmi�n,	sh�ngl�ng de gu�sh�	y�u	�ix�n,	x�l�,	h�p�ng,
On the other hand,	the fruitage of the spirit	is / have	love,	joy,	peace,

ji�nr�n,	r�nc�,	li�ngsh�n,	x�nx�n,	w�nh�,	z�zh�.
long-suffering,	kindness,	goodness,	faith,	mildness,	self-control.

L�ng y� f�ngmi�n, sh�ngl�ng de gu�sh� y�u �ix�n, x�l�, h�p�ng, ji�nr�n, r�nc�, li�ngsh�n, x�nx�n, w�nh�, z�zh�.

PRACTICE 1.5 (Pronunciation of Vowel Tones)

Read:

Q�ng d� zh�ge h�o xi�oxi.	Please read this good news.
W� x�w�ng g�i n� zh�ge t�bi� q�ngti�.	I'd like (hope) to give you this special invitation.
X�w�ng h�n ku�i ji�nd�o n�!	See you soon! (Wish very quickly get to see you.)
Zh� n� z�o r� k�ngf�!	‘Get well soon!’

DIALOGUE 1.1 (Pronunciation of Vowel Tones)

Read this dialogue as two persons, A and B:

A	Z�osh�ng h�o	Good morning
B	Z�osh�ng h�o.	Good morning
A	H�n g�ox�ng ji�nd�o n�	Nice to see you.
B	W� y� h�n g�ox�ng ji�nd�o n�.	Nice to see you too.
A	W� ji�o X. N� ji�o sh�nme m�ngzi?	I'm called X. What name are you called?
B	W� ji�o X.	I'm called X.
A	W�men x�w�ng xi�ngy�u h�p�ng de sh�ngm�ng, k�sh� y�u du� k�nnan.	We'd like to enjoy a life of peace, but we have much difficulty.
B	Du�!	Correct!
A	W� x�w�ng g�i n� zh�f�n q�ngti�.	I'd like to give you this invitation.
B	W�ish�nme?	For what?
A	M�i X�ngq�y� y�u p�t�nghu� y�ng de t�ol�n.	Each Monday there's a discussion using Mandarin.
B	T�ol�n de hu�t� sh� sh�nme?	What is the topic?
A	W�men xu�x� Sh�ngd� de y�y�n. T� shu� le T� hu� z�ny�ng b�ngzh� y�r�n.	We study God's prophecy. He said how He will help righteous ones.
B	Z�i n�r?	Where?
A	W� n�ng l�i r�ng n� d�ch�.	I can come and give you a lift by car.
B	Xi�xie. K�sh� w� n�ng z�ul�.	Thanks. However, I can go on foot.

DIALOGUE 1.2 (Pronunciation of Vowel Tones)

Read this dialogue as two persons, A and B:

A	N� xi�ng d� zh�ge h�o xi�oxi ma?	Would you like to read this good news?
B	H�ode	OK
A	N� du� zh�ge hu�t� g�n x�ngq� ma?	Are you interested in this topic?
B	W� y�u x�ngq� li�oji�. K�sh� gu� y�hu�r.	I'm interested in understanding. But later.
A	Zh� sh� w�de di�nhu� h�om�. Zh� sh� w�de y�m�ir d�zh�.	This is my telephone number. This is my email address.
B	Xi�xie.	Thanks.
A	N� n�ng g�os� w� n�de di�nhu� h�om� h� d�zh� ma?	Could you tell me your telephone number and address?
B	H�ode. G�i n�.	OK. Here you are.
A	M�ngti�n Y�ngw�n y�ng de t�ol�n hu� sh�: “Sh�ngd� du� n� h�n zh�ngsh� ma?”	Tomorrow the topic in English will be: “Does God count you as important?”

STUDY 2

Greetings and appreciation; read

VOCABULARY 2.1 (Greetings, Request and Thanks)

Hu�ny�ng! *	Welcome!
N� h�o!	Hello! Hi! Howdy! How do you do!
p�t�nghu�	Mandarin

Q�ng	Please!
d�	[to] read
Xi�xie!	Thanks!
Xi�xie n�n!	Thank you! (polite form)

* See guidance on Mandarin pronunciation and Pinyin script.

Check especially “h” in Pronunciation 1.1.

Check especially “q”, and “x” in Pronunciation 1.1.

Check tones and tonal marks in Pronunciation 1.4.

Remember, when a third tone (…�) precedes another third tone, pronounce it as a second tone (…�). So, “n� h�o” is pronounced more like “n� h�o”.

PRACTICE 2.1 (Greetings and Appreciation)

N� h�o!	Hi!
q�ng	please
Q�ng d�	Please read.
Xi�xie	Thanks!
p�t�nghu�	Mandarin
Hu�ny�ng	Welcome!

STUDY 3

Presenting a message; style awareness

VOCABULARY 3.1 (Messages)

zh�; zh�i	this (some person or thing here)
zh�ge …	this (particular) …
n� …	that (some person or thing there)
n�ge …	that (particular) …
h�o	well, good fine
xi�oxi	news
x�nx�	information, message
q�ngti�	invitation

(Remember, “h” in “h�o” is pronounced raspingly, like “ch” in Scottish “loch”)

(Pronounce “zh” in “zh�” like ‘dge’ in ‘hedgeless’. Curl back the tongue.)

GRAMMAR 3.1 (Style Awareness)

You may be able to discern subtle differences in how a word feels according to context. Observe in the following example that “zh�” would feel too vague and general, so it’s good to add “-ge” to make the object in the sentence more specific.

The examples provided at the start of this course try to make meaningful sentences, but with only a few words learned at this stage, it is almost unavoidable that some of them lack some of the finer style you can achieve with a wider choice of words.

Q�ng d� zh�[ge].

Please read this [item].

INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 3.1 (Messages)

Learn the following method or constructing a sentence incrementally.

N� h�o!	Hi!
Q�ng d�	Please read.
xi�oxi	news
h�o xi�oxi	good news
zh�ge xi�oxi	this news
zh�ge h�o xi�oxi	this good news
d� zh�ge h�o xi�oxi	Read this good news
Q�ng d� zh�ge h�o xi�oxi!	Please read this good news!

INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 3.2 (Messages)

N� h�o!	Hi!
Q�ng d�	Please read.
q�ngti�	invitation
h�o q�ngti�	good invitation
zh�ge q�ngti�	this invitation
zh�ge h�o q�ngti�	this nice invitation
d� zh�ge h�o q�ngti�	read this nice invitation
Q�ng d� zh�ge h�o q�ngti�!	Please read this nice invitation!
Xi�xie!	Thanks!
Xi�xie n�n!	Thank you! (polite form)

REVIEW 3.1

Greetings! / ‘Hello!’ / ‘How are you?’	‘n� h�o’! [- h is pronounced like ch in loch]

Please!	q�ng! [- q is lpronounced ike ch in chicken]
Read!	d�!
Please read …!	q�ng d� …!

information	x�nx�
this [a word used in place of a person or thing]	zh� [- zh is pronounced like dge in fudge]
this particular …	zh�ge … - g is like g in get
this information	zh�ge x�nx�
Please read this invitation.	Q�ng d� zh�ge x�nx�.

Please read this invitation.	Q�ng d� zh�ge q�ngti�.

Thanks!	xi�xie!
Thank you! (polite form)	xi�xie n�n!

STUDY 4

Personal pronouns and basic sentence construction

VOCABULARY 4.1 (Personal Pronouns)

w�	I
n�	you
t�	he, she, it

ACTIVITY 4.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Clap, repeat prompt: “Juanita”. Get all to stand, pointing to oneself, to the adjacent person, or to another person further away.}

Imagine “Juanita” dancing to lively music played on stringed instruments. Do the following activity.

w� point to self (= 1st. person)

n� point to partner (= 2nd. person)

t� point to another (= 3rd. person)

Repeat singing and clapping. Repeat gesturing without singing. Repeat singing and clapping.

Repeat singing and gesturing.}

GRAMMAR 4.1 (Sentence Construction – Subject and Predicate)

Observe in the following examples how a sentence is made up of a Subject and its Predicate. The Subject is, in effect, the doer of an action. The action is conveyed by a doing word, a verb. This action may or may not affect an object. For further examples of sentence construction see Study 19.

GRAMMAR 4.2 (Sentence Construction – Conveying a Verb for “Being”)

In this first example, the action word, or verb, conveys the thought of “being”. In some languages, as with Chinese Mandarin, the verb word indicating “being” can be omitted. Each of these sentences is simple, only having one clause, and this is a Main Clause. In each of these simple Main Clauses there are a ‘subject’ (doer) and an adjective describing the doer.

SUBJECT	PREDICATE		SUBJECT	PREDICATE
DOER	ACTION		DOER	ACTION
W�	[ ]	h�o.	I	[am]	fine.
N�	[ ]	h�o.	You	[are]	fine.
T�	[ ]	h�o.	He, she or it	[is]	fine.

GRAMMAR 4. 3 (Sentence Construction – With a Verb Not for “Being”)

In these second examples, the action word, or verb, conveys the thought of “reading”. In one set the verb does not have an object. The other does.

SUBJECT	PREDICATE		SUBJECT	PREDICATE
DOER	ACTION	OBJECT	DOER	ACTION	OBJECT
W�	d�.		I	read.
N�	d�.		You	read.
T�	d�.		He, she or it	reads.

W�	d�	t�.	I	read	it.
N�	d�	t�.	You	read	it.
T�	d�	t�.	He, she or it	reads	it.

ROUTINE 4.1

Form a variety of sentences using one choice from each of the three elements.

1	2	3

Q�ng		t�
W� N� T�	d�	zh�ge xi�oxi

EXERCISE 4.1 (See Answers below.)

Translate into English:-

1. He reads.

2. Please read.

3. Please read it.

4. Please read this news.

5. I read it.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 4.1

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	He reads.	Ta d�.
2.	Please read.	Q�ng d�.
3.	Please read it.	Q�ng d� t�.
4.	Please read this news.	Q�ng d� zh�ge xi�oxi.
5.	I read it.	W� d� t�.

EXERCISE 4.2 (See Answers below.)

Translate into Mandarin:-

1. N� d�.

2. Q�ng d� t�.

3. T� d� zh�ge xi�oxi

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 4.2

(Practise these until you know them well.)

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	N� d�.	You read
2.	Q�ng d� t�.	Please read it.
3.	T� d� zh�ge xi�oxi.	He reads this news.

STUDY 5

Plural formation of personal pronouns

VOCABULARY 5.1 (Plural Construction)

…men	…s (plural ending for persons )

GRAMMAR 5.1

The plural of words for personal pronouns and nouns for animate groupings is made by appending “men”. This is similar to the appending of “s” in English.

W�	W�men	I	We
N�	N�men	You	YOU
T�	T�men	He, she, it	They

EXAMPLES 5.1

W� h�o.	I [am] fine.
N� d�.	You read.
W�men h�o.	We [are] fine.
N�men d�.	YOU read.

ROUTINE 5.1

Form a variety of sentences using one choice from each of the three elements.

W�

N�

T�

W�men

N�men

T�men

d�

t�

zh�ge xi�oxi

h�o

PRACTICE 5.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of three}

Exchange statements using:-

w�, n�, t�, w�men, n�men, t�men, h�o, d�, zh�ge xi�oxi.

STUDY 6

Who? - questioning

VOCABULARY 6.1

sh�i?

who?

GRAMMAR 6.1

Sh�i [ ] h�o? *	Who [is] well?
Sh�i d� t�?	Who reads it?
Sh�i d� zh�ge q�ngti�?	Who reads this invitation?

* Note that the verb word indicating “being” has been omitted again.

ROUTINE 6.1

Create questions (w�nt�) and answers (hu�d�) from the two elements.

Sh�i

d�?

h�o?

Who

reads?

is well?

W�

N�

T�

W�men

N�men

T�men

d�

h�o

You

He, she, it

YOU

They

read

am/is/are well

ACTIVITY 6.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of three.}

Exchange statements using:-

w�, n�, t�, w�men, n�men, t�men, sh�i, h�o, xi�oxi, q�ngti�, d�.

STUDY 7

What? — questioning; calling by name

VOCABULARY 7.1

sh�nme?	what?
ji�o	[to] call by a name; [to] be called by a name
m�ngzi; m�ng	name

GRAMMAR 7.1

W� ji�o Alan.	I'm called Alan.
N� ji�o sh�nme mingzi?	What name are you called?
N� ji�o Bill.	You are called Bill.
T� ji�o Colin.	He is called Colin.
T�men ji�o sh�nme m�ngzi?	What is their name?

GRAMMAR 7.2

N� d� sh�nme?	What are you reading?
T� d� sh�nme xi�oxi?	He is reading what news?
Sh�nme h�o xi�oxi?	What good news?
Sh�nme xi�oxi [ ] h�o? *	What news [is] good?

* Note that the verb word indicating “being” has been omitted again.

ACTIVITY 7.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of two or three.}

Act out roles of two persons. Exchange names. Exchange questions and statements using:-

w�, n�, t�, w�men, n�men, t�men, sh�nme, etc.]

T�

W�men

N�men

N�

W�

T�men

d�

sh�nme?

h�o xi�oxi!

STUDY 8

sh� – the verbal word for “being, be, am, is, are”; y�ge – “a, an”

VOCABULARY 8.1

sh�	[to] be; am, are, is, be
y�ge *	a, an (indefinite article )

* “y�ge” is, in effect, a combination of “y�” (meaning “one”) and “g�”. This “g�” is a measure word and the most common one, because you can get away with using it generally. Later you will learn other measure words that are specific to particular nouns. (See Study 27.)

GRAMMAR 8.1

N�men sh� sh�i?	Who are YOU?
T� sh� sh�nme?	What is it?
Zh� sh� y�ge q�ngti�.	This is an invitation.

ACTIVITY 8.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of two or three.}

Act out roles of two persons. Exchange questions and statements using one choice from each of the three sentence elements.

T�

W�men

N�men

N�

W�

T�men

sh�

sh�i?

Ann

Bill

Colin …

* Here you could also say: “Y�h�hu� Ji�nzh�ngr�n” : “Jehovah's Witness(es)”, for example.

DIALOGUE 8.1

Read this dialogue as two persons, A and B:

A	N� sh� sh�nme?	What is that?
B	N� sh� y�ge q�ngti�!	That’s an invitation!
A	Zh� sh� sh�nme q�ngti�?	What invitation is this?
B	Zh�ge x�nx� sh� h�o xi�oxi!	This message is good news?
B	Q�ng d� n�ge q�ngti�.	Please read that invitation.
A	Xi�xie.	Thanks.
B	Xi�xie n�n!	Thank you. (polite form)

EXERCISE 8.1

Translate into English:-

1.	N� sh� sh�nme?
2.	N�men sh� sh�i?
3.	N� sh� sh�nme x�nx�?
4.	N�ge xi�oxi sh� sh�nme?
5.	Zh� sh� y�ge x�nx�.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 8.1

(Practise these until you know them well.)

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	N� sh� sh�nme?	What is that?
2.	N�men sh� sh�i?	Who are YOU?
3.	N� sh� sh�nme x�nx�?	What message is that?
4.	N�ge xi�oxi sh� sh�nme?	What is that news?
5.	Zh� sh� y�ge x�nx�.	This is a message.

EXERCISE 8.2

Translate into Mandarin:-

1.	This invitation is good news.
2.	That is an invitation?
3.	Please read that invitation.
4.	What message?
5.	That message.
6.	What message is it?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 8.2

(Practise these until you know them well.)

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	This invitation is good news.	Zh�ge q�ngti� sh� h�o xi�oxi.
2.	That is an invitation?	N� sh� y�ge q�ngti�?
3.	Please read that invitation.	Q�ng d� n�ge q�ngti�.
4.	What message?	Sh�nme x�nx�?
5.	That message.	N�ge x�nx�.
6.	What message is it?	T� sh� sh�nme x�nx�?

STUDY 9

ma – “is it so?” to form a question from a statement; h�o ma? — O.K.?

VOCABULARY 9.1

ma?	mm, eh, surely, is it so?
… h�o ma?	…, O.K.? (…, is it good with you?)

NOTE: “… ma?” is added to a sentence to convert it from a statement to a question.

EXAMPLES 9.1

W� h�o ma?	How am I? I'm O.K., eh? Am I well?
N� h�o ma? *	You're O.K., mm? How are you? *
N� d� t� ma?	Do you read this?
Zh�ge xi�oxi h�o ma?	Is this news good?

Q�ng d� zh�ge q�ngti�, h�o ma?	Would you read this invitation? (Please read this invitation, O.K.?

* Note that this is asking how “you” are and differs from “N� h�o”.

PRACTICE 9.1

Convert these questions into plain statements.

W� h�o ma?	How am I? I'm O.K., eh?
N� h�o ma?	You're O.K., mm? How are you?
T� h�o ma?	Is it O.K.? It's fine, mm? He's well?
W�men h�o ma?	How are we? We're O.K., surely?
N�men h�o ma?	How are you? YOU're fine, eh?
T�men h�o ma?	How are they? They're O.K., mm?

PRACTICE 9.2

Convert these statements into questions by using “ma?”

W� h�o.	I'm O.K.
N� h�o.	You're O.K.
T� h�o.	It's fine. / He's well
W�men h�o.	We're O.K.
N�men h�o.	YOU're fine.
T�men h�o.	They're O.K.

PRACTICE 9.3

Convert these statements from singular person to plural person.

W� h�o.	I'm O.K.
N� h�o.	You're O.K.
T� h�o.	It's fine. / He's well

PRACTICE 9.4

Convert these questions from plural person to singular person.

W�men h�o ma?	How are we? We're O.K., surely?
N�men h�o ma?	How are you? YOU're fine, eh?
T�men h�o ma?	How are they? They're O.K., mm?

PRACTICE 9.5

Converse using questions (w�nt�) and answers (hu�d�).

	QUESTIONS		ANSWERS
1.	W� h�o ma?	1.	N� h�o!
2.	N� h�o ma?	2.	W� h�o!
3.	T� h�o ma?	3.	T� h�o!
4.	W�men h�o ma?	4.	N�men h�o!
5.	N�men h�o ma?	5.	W�men h�o!
6.	T�men h�o ma?	6.	T�men h�o!

REVIEW 9.1

well, good	h�o
I	w�
I [am] well	W� [ ] h�o
you	n�
You [are] well.	N� [ ] h�o
he, she, it	t�
He [is] well.	T� [ ] h�o
we	w�men
We [are] well.	W�men [ ] h�o
YOU	n�men
YOU [are] well.	N�men [ ] h�o
they	t�men
They [are] well.	T�men [ ] h�o
…, is it so?	… ma?
I [am] well, is it so?	w� [ ] h�o ma?
You [are] well, are you?	N� [ ] h�o ma?

STUDY 10

h�n – very, indeed

VOCABULARY 10.1

h�n	very, ‘is very’, ‘is indeed’

GRAMMAR 10.1

W� h�n h�o! *	I sure [am] fine! I['m] very well.
W� b� h�o.	I [am] not well.
W� b� h�n h�o. *	I [am] not very well.

* Remember, when a third tone (…�) precedes another third tone, pronounce it as a second tone (…�). Hence “h�n h�o” is pronounced like ‘h�n h�o’.

ROUTINE 10.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of two or three.}

Exchange names. Converse using questions (w�nt�) and answers (hu�d�)

	W� h�o ma?		N� h�n h�o!
	N� h�o ma?		W� h�o.
	T� h�o ma?		T� h�n h�o!
	N�men h�o ma?		W�men h�n h�o!
	T�men h�o ma?		T�men b� h�o!

STUDY 11

b� – not, forming negative phrases

VOCABULARY 11.1

b� (b� before a fourth tone syllable � or before a toneless syllable)

not, not want to, No

GRAMMAR 11.1

W� h�n h�o!	I sure [am] fine! I [am] very well.
W� b� h�o.	I [am] not well.
W� b� h�n h�o.	I [am] not very well.

Remember, when a third tone (…�) precedes another third tone, pronounce it as a second tone (…�). Hence “h�n h�o” is pronounced like ‘h�n h�o’.

ROUTINE 11.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of two or three.}

Converse using questions (w�nt�) and answers (hu�d�).

1.	W� h�o ma?	1.	N� h�n h�o!
2.	N� h�o ma?	2.	W� b� h�o.
3.	T� h�o ma?	3.	T� h�n h�o!
4.	W�men h�o ma?	4.	N�men b� h�o!
5.	N�men h�o ma?	5.	W�men h�n h�o!
6.	T�men h�o ma?	6.	T�men b� h�o!
7.	T�men h�o ma?	7.	T�men b� h�n h�o!

EXERCISE 11.1 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into English:-

1.	W�men h�o ma?
2.	N�men b� h�o!
3.	T� h�o ma?
4.	T�men b� h�n h�o!
5.	W�men h�n h�o!
6.	T�men b� h�o.
7.	T�men h�o ma?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 11.1

Practise these, if you need to.

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	W�men h�o ma?	Are we O.K.?
2.	N�men b� h�o!	YOU are not well!
3.	T� h�o ma?	Is he well?
4.	T�men b� h�n h�o!	They are not very well!
5.	W�men h�n h�o!	We are very well!
6.	T�men b� h�o.	They are not O.K.
7.	T�men h�o ma?	Are they alright?

EXERCISE 11.2 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into Mandarin Chinese:-

1.	You are very fine!
2.	I’m not O.K.
3.	It’s great!
4.	How are you?
5.	How are YOU?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 11.2

These translations are quite flexible, loosely mixing the words “O.K., “fine”, “great”, “well”, etc. Practise these, if you need to.

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	You are very fine!	N� h�n h�o!
2.	I’m not O.K.	W� b� h�o.
3.	It’s great!	T� h�n h�o!
4.	How are you?	N� h�o ma?
5.	How are YOU?	N�men h�o ma?

STUDY 12

Auxilliary verbs: xi�ng — want to; x�w�ng — wish, hope to

VOCABULARY 12.1

xi�ng	[to] want to, intend, think [about]; would like to
x�w�ng	[to] wish, hope, would like [to]

GRAMMAR 12.1

W� xi�ng d� zh�ge q�ngti�.	I'd like to (want to) read this invitation.
W�men x�w�ng d� n�ge x�nx�.	We would like (wish we could) read that information.

PRACTICE 12.1

N� xi�ng d� zh�ge x�nx� ma?	Would you like to read this information?
B� xi�ng.	No. (=No, I don’t want to.)
N� h�o! Q�ng d� n�ge x�nx�, h�o ma?	Hi! Would you [like] to read this information(, O.K.)?
W� xi�ng d� n�ge x�nx�.	I'd like to read this information.

W�men h�n x�w�ng d� h�o xi�oxi.	We'd really would like to read good news.

EXERCISE 12.1 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into English:-

1.	W� x�w�ng d� n�ge x�nx�.
2.	T� x�w�ng d� zh�ge h�o xi�oxi.
3.	N� xi�ng d� zh�ge q�ngti� ma?
4.	Xi�ng b� xi�ng?
5.	B� xi�ng.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 12.1

Practise these, if you need to.

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	W� x�w�ng d� n�ge x�nx�.	I'd like to read that information.
2.	T� x�w�ng d� zh�ge h�o xi�oxi.	He'd like to read this good news.
3.	N� xi�ng d� zh�ge q�ngti� ma?	Would you like to read this invitation?
4.	Xi�ng b� xi�ng?	Would [you] like to or not [like to]?
5.	B� xi�ng.	No. (=No, I wouldn't [like to].)

EXERCISE 12.2 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into Mandarin Chinese:-

1.	We would like to read good news.
2.	They don’t want to read that message.
3.	Would you like to read it or not?
4.	I would very much like to.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 12.2

Practise these, if you need to.

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	We would like to read good news.	W�men x�w�ng d� h�o xi�oxi.
2.	They don’t want to read that message.	T�men b� xi�ng d� n�ge x�nx�.
3.	Would you like to read it or not?	N� xi�ng b� xi�ng d� t�?
4.	I would very much like to.	[W�] H�n xi�ng.

STUDY 13

g�i — give; n� — take

VOCABULARY 13.1

g�i	[to] give
n�	[to] take

GRAMMAR 13.2

W�men g�i n�men t�.	We give YOU it.
W� g�i n� h�o xi�oxi.	I give you good news.
T�men n� zh�ge h�o q�ngti�.	They take this nice invitation.

PRACTICE 13.2

W� xi�ng g�i n� t�.	I'd like to give you it (that).
T� xi�ng g�i w�men zh�ge x�nx�.	He'd like to give us this information.
N� xi�ng n� t� ma?	Would you like to take it?
B� xi�ng.	No. (=No, I wouldn't [like to].)

EXERCISE 13.1 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into English:-

	EXERCISE		ANSWER
1.	N� xi�ng n� zh�ge q�ngti� ma?	1.
2.	Q�ng g�i w� n�ge x�nx�.	2.
3.	N� t�.	3.
4.	T� g�i w� h�o xi�oxi.	4.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 13.1

Practise these, if you need to.

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	N� xi�ng n� zh�ge q�ngti� ma?	Would you like to take this invitation?
2.	Q�ng g�i w� n�ge x�nx�.	Please give me that information.
3.	N� t�.	Take it.
4.	T� g�i w� h�o xi�oxi.	It [or he, she] gives me good news.

EXERCISE 13.2 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into Mandarin Chinese:-

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	I give him this news.
2.	Give me it.
3.	I would like to give you this information.
4.	Please take this invitation.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 13.2

Practise these, if you need to.

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	I give him this news.	W� g�i t� zh�ge xi�oxi.
2.	Give me it.	G�i w� t�.
3.	I would like to give you this information.	W� xi�ng g�i n� zh�ge x�nx�.
4.	Please take this invitation.	Q�ng n� zh�ge q�ngti�.

STUDY 14

Speaking; Indirect and Direct Object pronouns

VOCABULARY 14.1

shu�	[to] speak, say
shu�hu�	[to] discuss, talk
g�osu	[to] tell
p�t�nghu�	Mandarin
P�ny�n	a Romanized form of writing Mandarin [as used in this course]
H�nz�	the writing of Chinese in pictographic characters [not used in this course]

GRAMMAR 14.1 (Indirect and Direct Object Pronouns)

The Indirect and Direct Object pronouns are the same as the Nominative Case in Chinese Mandarin. This means that “me” is, in effect, translated as “I” in a sentence like “You tell me”: “N� g�osu w�”.

T� shu� p�t�nghu�.	He (or she) speaks Mandarin.
N� shu� p�t�nghu� ma?	Do you speak Mandarin?
W� b� shu� p�t�nghu�.	I do not speak Mandarin.
W�men g�osu n�men h�o xi�oxi.	We tell YOU good news.
Q�ng g�osu w�, n� sh� sh�i?	Please tell me, who are you?
W� xi�ng shu�hu�.	I would like (want) to talk.

ROUTINE 14.1

Create questions (w�nt�) and answers (hu�d�) using some of these words.

sh�i					?
	[b�]	x�w�ng	d� g�osu	t�
w� n� w�men n�men		xi�ng	n� g�i t�men	zh�ge h�o xi�oxi	ma?
			shu�hu�

STUDY 15

z�i – again

VOCABULARY 15.1

z�i

again

GRAMMAR 15.1

The word “z�i”, when it means “again”, is placed in front of the action that is to be repeated.

z�i d�	read again
Q�ng z�i d� t�.	Please read it again.
N� xi�ng z�i d� ma?	Would you like to read again.
Q�ng z�i g�osu w� t�.	Please tell me it again.

STUDY 16

n�ng, hu� – can, to be able to

VOCABULARY 16.1

n�ng	[to] be able to; can
hu�	[to] be able to; can
d�o	[to] be able to attain / accomplish; can

NOTE: “hu�” is also used like “will” to express future actions.

GRAMMAR 16.1

T� n�ng shu� p�t�nghu�.	He [or she] can speak Mandarin.
N� hu� shu� p�t�nghu� ma?	Can you speak Mandarin?
N�men hu� b� hu� d� H�nz�? *	Can you [or can you not] read Hanzi?

* Remember, “b�” needs to change to “b�” in front of “hu�”.

PRACTICE 16.1

W� n�ng d� t�.	I can read it.
N� n�ng d� t� ma?	Can you read it?
T� b� n�ng d� zh�ge xi�oxi.	He cannot read this news.
T� b� hu� d� t�.	He cannot read it.

PRACTICE 16.2

T� n�ng d� H�nz�.	He (or she) can read Hanzi.
N� hu� d� H�nz� ma?	Can you read Hanzi?
W� n�ng d� P�ny�n.	I can read Pinyin.
W� n�ng d� p�t�nghu�.	I can read Mandarin.
N� n�ng d� H�nz� ma?	Can you read Hanzi?
W� b� n�ng d� H�nz�.	I cannot read Hanzi.

PRACTICE 16.3

W� b� n�ng d� p�t�nghu�.	I cannot read Mandarin.
N� n�ng d� H�nz� ma?	Can you read Hanzi?
T�men b� xi�ng d� P�ny�n.	They don't want to read Pinyin.
T�men x�w�ng d� H�nz�.	They wish [they could] to read Hanzi.
W�men b� hu� d� H�nz�. *	We cannot read Hanzi.
W�men x�w�ng n�ng d� H�nz�.	We'd like to be able to read Hanzi.

* Remember, “b�” must change to “b�” in front of “hu�”.

ROUTINE 16.1

Create questions (w�nt�) and answers (hu�d�) using some of these words.

sh�i

[b�]

n�ng

hu�

d�

g�osu

t�

zh�ge h�o xi�oxi

w�

n�

w�men

xi�ng

x�w�ng

n�

g�i t�men

ma?

ACTIVITY 16.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of two or three.}

Converse using n�ng, hu�, xi�ng, x�w�ng, d�, shu�, p�t�nghu�, P�ny�n, H�nz�, z�i.]

ROUTINE 16.2

Repeat incrementally at speed the following sets of words.

Q�ng.................shu�.................Q�ng shu� p�t�nghu�

W�

hu�

W� hu�

shu�

W� hu� shu�

p�t�nghu�

W� hu� shu� p�t�nghu�

ma?

W� hu� shu� p�t�nghu� ma?

N�

hu�

N� hu�

shu�

N� hu� shu�

p�t�nghu�

N� hu� shu� p�t�nghu�

ma?

N� hu� shu� p�t�nghu� ma?

T�

hu�

T� hu�

shu�

T� hu� shu�

p�t�nghu�

T� hu� shu� p�t�nghu�

ma?

T� hu� shu� p�t�nghu� ma?

STUDY 17

Close relatives and friends

VOCABULARY 17.1

r�n	person, man
p�ngyou	friend
d�xi�ng	brother
ji�m�i, z�m�i	sister
d�xi�ng ji�m�i	brothers and sisters
d�xi�ngmen	brothers

ji�t�ng	family
f�m�	parents
m�ma; m� q�n	mother
b�ba; f� q�n	father
xi�oh�ir	child
�rzi	son
n�’�r	daughter

GRAMMAR 17.1

When speaking about one’s close relative, there is no need to use a grammatical possessive form (my, etc.). Full construction of Possessive forms is explained later, including the use of “de”.

Zh� sh� sh�i?	Who is this?
T� sh� w� d�xi�ng.	He is my brother.
T�men sh� w� d�xi�ngmen.	They are my brothers.
N� ji�m�i n�ng d� t�.	Your sister can read it.
Zh�ge p�ngyou sh� w� d�xi�ng.	This friend is my brother.
N�ge r�n sh� sh�i?	Who is that person?

PRACTICE 17.1

Q�ng d� zh�[ge].	Please read this [item].
Zh� sh� sh�i?	Who is this?
N� xi�ng g�osu w� t� ma?	Would you like to tell me it?
T� sh� w� d�xi�ng.	He is my brother.
Zh� sh� sh�nme?	What is this?
W� xi�ng shu� t�.	I'd like to say it.
Zh� sh� h�o xi�oxi	This is good news.

PRACTICE 17.2

N� n�ng d� zh�[ge] ma?	Can you read this?
Zh� sh� w� ji�m�i.	This is my sister.
W� xi�ng g�osu n� zh�[ge].	I'd like to tell you this.
Sh�i shu� zh�?	Who says this?
N� d�xi�ng hu� d� zh�ge q�ngti�.	Your brother can read this invitation.
Zh�ge p�ngyou sh� w� d�xi�ng.	This friend is my brother.

EXERCISE 17.1 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into English:-

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	T� sh� w� d�xi�ng.
2.	N� ji�m�i n�ng d� t�.
3.	N� xi�ng shu� t� ma?
4.	N�ge p�ngyou sh� w� d�xi�ng.
5.	T�men xi�ng g�osu n� zh�[ge].
6.	W� sh� n� d�xi�ng.
7.	T� ji�m�i shu� zh�.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 17.1

Practise these, if you need to.

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	T� sh� w� d�xi�ng.	He is my brother.
2.	N� ji�m�i n�ng d� t�.	Your sister can read it.
3.	N� xi�ng shu� t� ma?	Would you like to read it?
4.	N�ge p�ngyou sh� w� d�xi�ng.	That friend is my brother.
5.	T�men xi�ng g�osu n� zh�[ge].	They'd like to tell you this.
6.	W� sh� n� d�xi�ng.	I am your brother.
7.	T� ji�m�i shu� zh�.	His sister says this.

EXERCISE 17.2 (See Answers below.)

Translate the following examples into Mandarin Chinese:-

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	That sister tells me this good news.
2.	Who is this person?
3.	That person can tell them.
4.	Our brothers and sisters would like to give YOU this information.
5.	Who is your brother?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 17.2

Practise these, if you need to.

	EXERCISE	ANSWER
1.	That sister tells me this good news.	N�ge ji�m�i g�osu w� zh�ge h�o xi�oxi.
2.	Who is this person?	Zh�ge r�n sh� sh�i?
3.	That person can tell them.	N�ge r�n hu� g�osu t�men.
4.	Our brothers and sisters would like to give YOU this information.	W�men d�xi�ng ji�m�i xi�ng g�i n�men zh�ge x�nx�.
5.	Who is your brother?	N� d�xi�ng sh� sh�i?

STUDY 18

Addition of xi� to form plurals of demonstrative pronouns

VOCABULARY 18.1

...xi� *	...se (plural determiner); some
y�xi�	some
zh�xi�	these; these ones
n�xi�	those; those ones

* Note, remember to pronounce ‘x’ rather like ‘hss’ or the ‘s’ in ‘see’, but

Pronounce ‘sh’ like the English ‘sh’ in ‘rashly’.

GRAMMAR 18.1

zh�xi� r�n	sh�	h�o p�ngyou.	These persons are good friends.
zh�xi�	sh�	h�o p�ngyou.	These are good friends.
n�xi�	sh�	h�o r�n.	Those are good persons.
n�xi� p�ngyou	sh�	w� d�xi�ng ji�m�i.	Those friends are my brothers and sisters.

ACTIVITY 18.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of two or three to do the following activities.}

Using the structure of Columns 1, 2, and 3 the first person makes up a sentence from the language learned up to now. The next person this from singular to plural or from plural to singular.

STUDY 19

know; understand; sentence elements

zh�dao	[to] know, have knowledge of a fact
r�nshi	[to] know, be acquainted with (a person, the personality behind a name)
d�ng	[to] understand
m�ngbai *	[to] see clearly, understand

* m�ngbai =“clear”+“white”

GRAMMAR 19.1 (Sentence Elements)

For previous discussion of sentence construction, see Grammar 4.1. The following groups of examples demonstrate the breakdown of any sentence strictly into Subject (Doer) and Predicate (composed of Action and Object). Word order is more or less the same in Chinese Mandarin as in English.

SUBJECT	PREDICATE
DOER	ACTION	OBJECT
T�	sh�	w� d�xi�ng.	He is my brother.
N�	zh�dao.		You know.
N�	zh�dao	t�.	You know it.
W�	zh�dao	n� sh� sh�i.	I know who you are.
W�	x�w�ng zh�dao	zh� sh� sh�nme.	I would like to know what this is.
T�men	b� zh�dao	zh�ge h�o xi�oxi sh� sh�nme.	They do not know what this good news is.
N� ji�m�i	zh�dao	w�men sh�o t�.	Your sister knows we say it.
W�	zh�dao	n� xi�ng d� zh�ge x�nx�.	I know you would like to read this information.

W�	r�nshi	n�.	I know you.
N�	b� r�nshi	t�.	You don't know him.
Zh�xi� p�ngyou	b� r�nshi	n� d�xi�ng.	These friends do not know your brother.
N� d�xi�ng ji�m�i	r�nshi	zh�ge p�ngyou ma?	Do your brothers and sisters know this friend?
n�xi� r�n	r�nshi	zh�xi� ji�m�i.	Those people know these sisters.

W�	m�ngbai.		I understand.
T�men	m�ngbai	zh�ge h�o xi�oxi.	They understand this good news.
[N�]	D�ng b� d�ng?		Do [you] understand [or do you not understand]?
T�	m�ngbai	p�t�nghu�	He understands Mandarin.
N�	m�ngbai	p�t�nghu� ma?	Do you understand Mandarin?
T�men	b� m�ngbai	zh�ge q�ngti�.	They do not understand this invitation.

ACTIVITY 19.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Students split into groups of two or three.}

Work on the Chinese Mandarin in Columns 1, 2, and 3 of the above tables.

Taking turns, one person says the Mandarin already given; then the next person turns a statement into a question by adding “ma?” or turns a question into a statement. The next person translates this into English. The next converts the Mandarin from singular to plural or from plural to singular.

ACTIVITY 19.2

Another student says one of the grammar examples in the Mandarin already given in the above tables; then next person says the negative of this by putting “b�/b�” in front of “sh�”, “zh�dao”, “d�ng”, “m�ngbai” or “r�nshi”, or says the affirmative by removing “b�/b�”.

ACTIVITY 19.3

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor: Read to students all together.}

Get a good reader to read sentences in the Grammar 19 tables, and students write them down in Chinese Mandaring using Pinyin.

EXERCISE 19.1 (Answers are given below)

Translate into English:-

1.	T�	zh�dao.
2.	N�men	zh�dao	w� sh� sh�i.
3.	N�men	b� zh�dao	zh�ge h�o xi�oxi sh� sh�nme.
4.	N�	zh�dao	w� xi�ng d� zh�ge x�nx�.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.1

1.	T�	zh�dao.		He/she knows.
2.	N�men	zh�dao	w� sh� sh�i.	YOU know who I am.
3.	N�men	b� zh�dao	zh�ge h�o xi�oxi sh� sh�nme.	YOU do not know what this good news is.
4.	N�	zh�dao	w� xi�ng d� zh�ge x�nx�.	You know I would like to read this information.

EXERCISE 19.2 (Answers are given below)

Translate into Chinese Mandarin:-

1.	I know it.
2.	They would like to know what this is.
3.	Your brother knows we say it.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.2

1.	I know it.	W�	zh�dao	t�.
2.	They would like to know what this is.	T�men	x�w�ng zh�dao	zh� sh� sh�nme.
3.	Your brother knows we say it.	N� d�xi�ng	zh�dao	w�men sh�o t�.

EXERCISE 19.3 (Answers are given below)

Translate into English:-

1.	W�	r�nshi	t�.
2.	N�xi� p�ngyou	b� r�nshi	n� ji�m�i.
3.	Zh�xi� r�n	r�nshi	w�men.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.3

1.	W�	r�nshi	t�.	I know him.
2.	N�xi� p�ngyou	b� r�nshi	n� ji�m�i.	Those friends do not know your sister.
3.	Zh�xi� r�n	r�nshi	w�men.	These people know us.

EXERCISE 19.4 (Answers are given below)

Translate into Chinese Mandarin:-

1.	You don't know me.
2.	Do his brothers and sisters know that person?
3.	They do not know your brother.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.4

1.	You don't know me.	N�	b� r�nshi	w�.
2.	Do his brothers and sisters know that person?	T� d�xi�ng ji�m�i	r�nshi	n�ge r�n ma?
3.	They do not know your brother.	T�men	b� r�nshi	n� d�xi�ng.

EXERCISE 19.5 (Answers are given below)

Translate into English:-

1.	W�	m�ngbai	zh�ge h�o xi�oxi.
2.	T�	b� m�ngbai	p�t�nghu�
3.	W�	b� m�ngbai	n�ge x�nx�.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.5

1.	W�	m�ngbai	zh�ge h�o xi�oxi.	I understand this good news.
2.	T�	b� m�ngbai	p�t�nghu�	He does not understand Mandarin.
3.	W�	b� m�ngbai	n�ge x�nx�.	I do not understand this information.

EXERCISE 19.6 (Answers are given below)

Translate into Chinese Mandarin:-

1.	We understand.
2.	Do [you] understand [or do you not understand]?
3.	Do they understand Mandarin?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 19.6

1.	We understand.	W�men	m�ngbai.
2.	Do [you] understand [or do you not understand]?	[N�]	D�ng b� d�ng?
3.	Do they understand Mandarin?	T�men	m�ngbai	p�t�nghu� ma?

STUDY 20

thing, look, see

VOCABULARY 20.1

d�ngxi	thing; things
ni�n	[to] read (aloud)
k�n	[to] look, watch; read (silently)
k�nji�n	[to] see; observe; get sight of

GRAMMAR 20.1

Q�ng k�n n�ge x�nx�.	Please look at that information.
Q�ng k�n zh�ge d�ngxi.	Please look at this thing.
N�ge d�ngxi sh� sh�nme?	What is that thing?
W� xi�ng k�n t�.	I'd like to look at it.
N� k�nji�n n�ge r�n ma?	Do you [get to] see that person?
T�men xi�ng n� ni�n zh�ge q�ngti�.	They would like you to read this invitation (aloud).

PRACTICE 20.1

N� n�ng k�nji�n n�ge d�ngxi ma?	Can you [get to] see that thing?
Zh�ge d�ngxi sh� h�o xi�oxi.	This thing is good news.
W� xi�ng g�osu n� zh� (ge).	I'd like to tell you this (matter).
Sh�i shu� zh�ge x�nx�?	Who says this information?
N� d�xi�ng n�ng d� zh�ge q�ngti� ma?	Can your brother read this invitation?
Zh�ge p�ngyou sh� w� d�xi�ng.	This friend is my brother.
T� hu� ni�n H�nz�.	He can read out Hanzi.

PRACTICE 20.2

N� n�ng d� zh�(ge) ma?		Can you read this?
Zh� sh� w� ji�m�i.		This is my sister.
W� x�w�ng k�n n�ge q�ngti�.		I'd like to have a look at that invitation.
Zh� sh� sh�i?	Who is this?
T� sh� w� d�xi�ng.	He is my brother.
Q�ng ni�n zh�ge x�nx�.	Please ring out this message.

STUDY 21

Review of words learned in Studies 1-20

VOCABULARY 21.1 (Review of Words Learned)

This is a review of all the vocabularies covered in Studies 1-20.

See Study 1 for guidance on Mandarin pronuciation and Pinyin script.

Check especially tones and tonal marks in Pronunciation 1.4.

English to Chinese Mandarin Pinyin

English	Chinese Mandarin Pinyin	Study
‘Hello!’ / Greetings! / ‘How are you?’	N� h�o!	2
‘How are you?’ / Greetings! / ‘Hello!’	N� h�o!	2
able to attain or accomplish; can	d�o	16
able (be able to; can)	hu�, n�ng	16
able (be able to; can)	n�ng, hu�	16
again	z�i	15
answer	d�f� (See also: hu�d�)	6
answer	hu�d� (See also: d�f�)	6
be (am, is, are)	sh�	8
brother	d�xi�ng	17
brothers	d�xi�ngmen	17
brothers and sisters	d�xi�ng ji�m�i	17
call by a name; [to] be called by a name	ji�o	7
can; be able to attain or accomplish	d�o
can, be able to	hu�, n�ng	16
can, be able to	n�ng, hu�	16
child	�rzi	17
daughter	n�’�r	17
discuss	shu�hu�	14
Do [you] understand?	D�ng b� d�ng?	19
family	ji�t�ng	17
father	f�m�	17
fine	h�o	3
friend	p�ngyou	17
give	g�i	13
good	h�o	3
Greetings! / ‘Hello!’ / ‘How are you?’	N� h�o!	2
Hanzi (the writing of Chinese in pictographic characters, not used in this course)	H�nz�	14
he	t�	4
hope, wish, would like [to]	x�w�ng	12
I	w�	4
indeed	h�n	10
information	x�nx�	3
invitation	q�ngti�	3
is it so?	ma?	9
it	t�	4
Jehovah	Y�h�hu�	8
Jehovah's Witness(es)	Y�h�hu� Ji�nzh�ngr�n	8
know (person)	r�nshi	19
look at	k�n	20
Mandarin	p�t�nghu�	2
message	x�nx�	3
message; news	xi�oxi	3
mm, is it so?	ma?	9
mother	m�ma; m� q�n	17
name	m�ng; m�ngzi	7
name	m�ngzi; m�ng	7
news; message	xi�oxi	3
not	b� (Note: b� before 4th tone, such as sh�)	11
O.K.?	h�o ma?	9
parents	f�m�	17
people, person	r�n	17
person, people	r�n	17
Pinyin (a Romanized form of writing Mandarin, as used in this course)	P�ny�n	14
Please!	q�ng!	2
Please …, O.K.?	Q�ng …, h�o ma?	9
question	w�nt�	6
read	d� (See also: k�n)	2
read (silently)	k�n (See also: d�)	20
read aloud	ni�n (See also d�)	20
s (…s) (Plural ending)	men (…men)	5
say, speak	shu�	14
se (...se, plural determiner); some	xi� (...xi�)	18
see clearly; understand	m�ngbai	19
see; observe; get sight of	k�nji�n	20
several, some	y�xi�	18
sister	ji�m�i, z�m�i	17
sister	z�m�i, ji�m�i	17
some, several	y�xi�	18
son	�rzi	17
speak, say	shu�	14
surely	h�n	10
take	n�	13
talk	shu�hu�	14
tell	g�osu	14
Thank you! (polite form)	Xi�xie n�n!	2
Thanks!	xi�xie!	2
that (pronoun)	n�	3
that …	n�ge …	3
these	zh�xi�	18
these …	zh�xi� …	18
they	t�men	4
thing; things	d�ngxi	20
this (pronoun)	zh�; zh�i	3
this (pronoun)	zh�i; zh�	3
this …	zh�ge …	3
those	n�xi�	18
those …	n�xi� …	18
understand	d�ng	19
understand; see clearly	m�ngbai	19
very	h�n	10
want to, would like to	xi�ng	12
we	w�men	5
Welcome!	hu�ny�ng!	2
well	h�o	3
what	sh�nme	7
what?	sh�nme?	7
who	sh�i	6
who?	sh�i?	6
wish, hope, would like [to]	x�w�ng	12
Witness(es)	Ji�nzh�ngr�n	8
would like to, want to	xi�ng	12
would like [to], wish, hope	x�w�ng	12
would you? O.K.?	h�o ma?
you	n�	4
YOU	n�men	4
you (Thank you! —polite form)	n�n (Xi�xie n�n!)	2

Chinese Mandarin Pinyin to English

Chinese Mandarin Pinyin	English	Study
b�ba; f� q�n	father	17
b� (Note: b� before 4th tone, such as sh�)	not	11
d�f� (See also: hu�d�)	answer	6
d�o	be able to attain / accomplish; can	16
d�xi�ng	brother	17
d�xi�ngmen	brothers	17
d�xi�ng ji�m�i	brothers and sisters	17
d�ngxi	thing; things	20
d�ng	understand	19
D�ng b� d�ng?	Do [you] understand?	19
d� (See also: k�n)	read	2
�rzi	son	17
f� q�n; b�ba	father	17
f�m�	parents	17
g�osu	tell	14
g�i	give	13
H�nz�	Hanzi (the writing of Chinese in pictographic characters, not used in this course)	14
h�o	fine	3
h�o	good	3
h�o	well	3
h�o ma?	O.K.?
h�n	indeed	10
h�n	surely	10
h�n	very	10
hu�ny�ng!	Welcome!	2
hu�, n�ng	able (be able to; can)	16
hu�, n�ng	can, be able to	16
hu�d� (See also: d�f�)	answer	6
ji�t�ng	family
Ji�nzh�ngr�n	Witness(es)	8
ji�o	call by a name; [to] be called by a name	7
ji�m�i, z�m�i	sister	17
k�n	look at	20
k�n (See also: d�)	read (silently)	20
k�nji�n	see; observe; get sight of	20
ma?	is it so?	9
ma?	mm, is it so?	9
m�ma; m� q�n	mother	17
men (…men)	s (…s) (Plural ending)	5
m�ng; m�ngzi	name	7
m�ngbai	see clearly; understand	19
m�ngbai	understand; see clearly	19
m�ngzi; m�ng	name	7
m� q�n; m�ma	mother	17
n�	take	13
n�	that (pronoun)	3
n�ge …	that …	3
n�xi�	those	18
n�xi� …	those …	18
n�ng, hu�	able (be able to; can)	16
n�ng, hu�	can, be able to	16
n�n (Xi�xie n�n!)	you (Thank you! —polite form)	2
n�	you	4
N� h�o!	Greetings! / ‘Hello!’ / ‘How are you?’	2
N� h�o!	‘Hello!’ / Greetings! / ‘How are you?’	2
N� h�o!	‘How are you?’ / Greetings! / ‘Hello!’	2
n�men	YOU	4
ni�n (See also d�)	read aloud	20
n�’�r	daughter	17
p�ngyou	friend	17
P�ny�n	Pinyin (a Romanized form of writing Mandarin, as used in this course)	14
p�t�nghu�	Mandarin	2
q�ng!	Please!	2
q�ngti�	invitation	3
r�n	people, person	17
r�n	person, people	17
r�nshi	know (person)	19
sh�i	who	6
sh�i?	who?	6
sh�nme	what	7
sh�nme?	what?	7
sh�	be (am, is, are)	8
shu�	say, speak	14
shu�	speak, say	14
shu�hu�	discuss, talk	14
t�	he	4
t�	it	4
t�men	they	4
w�nt�	question	6
w�	I	4
w�men	we	5
x�w�ng	hope, wish, would like [to]	12
x�w�ng	wish, hope, would like [to]	12
x�w�ng	would like [to], wish, hope	12
xi�oh�ir	child	17
xi�oxi	message; news	3
xi�oxi	news; message	3
xi�ng	want to; would like to	12
xi� (...xi�)	se (...se, plural determiner); some	18
xi�xie!	Thanks!	2
Xi�xie n�n!	Thank you! (polite form)	2
x�nx�	information	3
x�nx�	message	3
Y�h�hu�	Jehovah	8
Y�h�hu� Ji�nzh�ngr�n	Jehovah's Witness(es)	8
y�xi�	several, some	18
y�xi�	some, several	18
z�i	again	15
zh�; zh�i	this (pronoun)	3
zh�i; zh�	this (pronoun)	3
zh�ge …	this …	3
zh�xi�	these	18
zh�xi� …	these …	18
z�m�i, ji�m�i	sister	17

STUDY 22

de — of; …’s; …s’ possessive case

VOCABULARY 22.1

de	of; …'s; …s'
de	having the description of

w�de	of me; my
n�de	of you; your
t�de	of him, her, it; his, her, its
w�mende	of us; our
n�mende	of YOU; YOUR
t�mende	of them; their
z�j� de	own; of oneself; of self

GRAMMAR 22.1

For further information on the uses of “de”, see Study 28.

w�de p�ngyou	my friend
n�mende p�ngyou	YOUR friend
w�de q�ngti�	my invitation
n�de xi�oxi	your news
t�mende q�ngti�	their invitation
p�ngyou de ji�m�i	his/her sister
w�mende d�xi�ng	our brother
z�j� de m� q�n	[one’s] own mother

PRACTICE 22.1

Anna de ji�m�i	Anna's sister; the sister of Anna
Bob de d�xi�ng	Bob’s brother; the brother of Bob
Colin de m�ngzi sh� sh�nme?	What is Colin’s name?
w�de p�ngyoumen	my friends
N�de m�ngzi sh� sh�nme?	What is your name?
N�de p�ngyou sh� sh�i?	Who is your friend?
k�n q�ngti� de r�n	a person who reads the
m�ngbai w� de p�ngyoumen	friends who understand me
W� hu� d� z�j� de q�ngti�.	I can read my own invitation.

EXERCISE 22.1 (Answers are given below)

Translate into English:-

1.	n� b� zh�dao w�de m�ngzi.
2.	Q�ng n� n�de q�ngt�e.
3.	Zh�ge r�n de x�nx� sh� h�o xi�oxi
4.	N� sh� sh�i de p�ngyou?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 22.1

1.	N� b� zh�dao w�de m�ngzi.	You do not know my name.
2.	Q�ng n� n�de q�ngti�.	Please take your invitation.
3.	Zh�ge r�n de x�nx� sh� h�o xi�oxi	This person's message is good news.
4.	N� sh� sh�i de p�ngyou?	Whose friend are you?

EXERCISE 22.2 (Answers are given below)

Translate into Chinese Mandarin:-

1.	I know your friend.
2.	I know your name.
3	Would you like to read my invitation?
4.	They tell their message.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 22.2

1.	I know your friend.	W� r�nshi n�de p�ngyou.
2.	I know your name.	W� zh�dao n�de m�ngzi.
3	Would you like to read my invitation?	N� xi�ng d� w�de q�ngti� ma?
4.	They tell their message.	T�men g�osu t�mende x�nx�.

STUDY 23

Sentence structure with Direct or Indirect Objects

GRAMMAR 23.1

Observe the break-down of the simple sentences used in the next practice.

Doer	Action	Receiver	Object acted upon.
SUBJECT	VERB	DIRECT OBJECT	INDIRECT OBJECT

Zh�	sh�	n�de q�ngti�. *

Q�ng [n�]	d�		w�mende h�o xi�oxi.
Q�ng [n�]	n�		n�mende q�ngti�.
W�	b� n�ng d�		zh�ge q�ngti�.
Q�ng [n�]	g�i	w�	n�de q�ngti�.
W�	xi�ng g�i	n�	zh�ge x�nx�.

Note the first sentence uses “sh�” as the doing word or verb. The structure of the sentence says that “A” is “B”. This is termed technically as the “copulative form”. Contrast matching “he” in “I am he” with Direct and Indirect Objects in “I give him them”. It is wrong to say, “I give he they”.

PRACTICE 23.1

Translate to and fro.

Zh� sh� n�de q�ngti�.	This is your invitation.

Q�ng d� w�mende h�o xi�oxi.	Please read our good news.
Q�ng n� n�mende q�ngti�.	Please take your invitation.
W� b� n�ng d� zh�ge q�ngti�.	I cannot read this invitation.

Q�ng g�i w� n�de q�ngti�.	Please give me your invitation.
Q�ng g�osu w� n�de m�ngzi.	Please tell me your name.
W� x�w�ng g�i n� zh�ge x�nx�.	I would like to give you this information.

PRACTICE 23.2

Translate to and fro.

N� sh� h�o xi�oxi.	That is good news.
N� b� sh� w�de x�nx�.	That is not my message.
N�de m�ngzi sh� sh�nme?	What is your name?
Zh� sh� w�mende q�ngti�.	This is our invitation.
W�de p�ngyou x�w�ng d� t�.	My friend would like to read it.
T�men b� n�ng d� n�mende h�o xi�oxi.	They cannot be able to read YOUR good news.
Zh� sh� sh�i de h�o xi�oxi?	Whose good news is this? (This is whose good news?)
Q�ng g�i w� n�mende q�ngti�.	Please give me YOUR invitation.
W�de ji�m�i x�w�ng g�i n� t�de q�ngti�.	My sister would like to give you her invitation.

EXERCISE 23.1

Using the method shown in the above grammar table, analyse the simple sentences in the previous practice and break them into doer, action done, receiver of the action (if any), and object acted upon (if any).

Doer	Action	Receiver	Object acted upon.
SUBJECT	VERB	DIRECT OBJECT	INDIRECT OBJECT
		*
		*
		*
		*


		*

* Matching form.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 23.1

Doer	Action	Receiver	Object acted upon.
SUBJECT	VERB	DIRECT OBJECT	INDIRECT OBJECT
N�	sh�	h�o xi�oxi.
N�	b� sh�	w�de x�nx�.
N�de m�ngzi	sh�	sh�nme?
Zh�	sh�	w�mende q�ngti�.
W�de p�ngyou	xi�ng d�		t�.
T�men	b� n�ng d�		n�mende h�o xi�oxi.
Zh�	sh�	sh�i de h�o xi�oxi?
Q�ng	g�i	w�	n�mende q�ngti�.
W�de ji�m�i	x�w�ng g�i	n�	t�de q�ngti�.

STUDY 24

b� — a device for relocating an Indirect Object to achieve emphasis

VOCABULARY 24.1

y�xi�	a bit, a little while, once, just
b�	an indicator device placed in front of an Indirect Object when it has been relocated for emphasis before the verb that acts on it.

GRAMMAR 24.1

Although this section is important in explaining a device that is frequently used by natural Chinese speakers, you can get by without using it yourself until you are more experienced in Mandarin.

Word Order — Basically, for General Use

Word order in Mandarin is basically the same as in English.

Word Order — Why Alter It?

The overall purpose of a change in word order is to emphasize or clarify a part of a sentence, when normal word order does not achieve this.

Word Order — Caution!

Changing the word order may clarify one part but may also obscure another, so some words may need adding to overcome this problem.

Word Order — Examples

In some cases it is not crucial in what order the blocks of words are arranged, but sometimes “regular” word order needs to be followed to avoid confusion. Let's illustrate this point.

In English we can say, “They give him this invitation.” You don't say, “They give this invitation him”. If the word “to” is added, however, we can say, “They give this invitation to him.” Again, we don't usually say, “They give to him this invitation.”

Somewhat similarly, Mandarin has a regular word order, but it allows other word orders, if another word is added to indicate what has been moved from its normal order. Examples of words to add are “b�” (discussed below in this Study) and “b�i” (presented in the next Study).

Mandarin Uses “b�” to Relocate the Object of the Verb in Front of the Verb

The regular order in Mandarin places the object acted upon (“Indirect Object” in the “Accusative Case”) after that action word (“verb”).

T�men g�i t� zh�ge q�ngti�.

They give him this invitation.

These words can be used in a different order, putting the Indirect Object before the verb, but only by inserting the indicator device “b�” in front of the relocated Indirect Object.

T�men b� zh�ge q�ngti� g�i t�.

They give him this invitation.

PRACTICE 24.1

Try converting these sentences to the regular order and removing “b�”.

B� t� g�i w�.	Give me it.

Q�ng b� zh�ge x�nx� d� [y�xi�]. *	Please [just] read this information.

W� xi�ng b� zh�ge q�ngti� g�i n�.	I'd like to give you this invitation.

* NOTE: “d�” feels a bit bald with nothing after it, so “y�xi�” is added.

PRACTICE 24.2

How did you get on with the previous practice? The following are the answers to it. Now try to work the opposite way and re-order these sentences with the help of “b�”, so that the object acted upon by the verb is positioned before that verb.

G�i w� t�de q�ngti�.	Give me it this q�ngti�.

Q�ng d� zh�ge x�nx�. *	Please read this information.

W� xi�ng g�i n� zh�ge q�ngti�. †	I'd like to give you this invitation.

* NOTE: Don't forget to add “y�xi�”, as necessary.

† NOTE: In the compound “xi�ng g�i” the object can be repositioned between “xi�ng” and “g�i” with the insertion of “b�”. This because the Indirect Object relates to the action, “give”, not the auxilliary thought of “liking to do so”.

PRACTICE 24.3

Rearrange the words of these sentences into an easier order and remove “b�”.

W� xi�ng b� zh�ge x�nx� g�i n�.
T� xi�ng b� n�de q�ngti� d� y�xi�.
B� t� g�i w�!
B� t�mende x�nx� q�ng d� y�xi�!
W� b� p�t�nghu� b� hu� shu�.

PRACTICE 24.4

The following sentences are the inverse of the previous practice. Rearrange the word order, so that the indirect object of the verb is in front of its verb: but remember to add “b�”.

	W� xi�ng g�i n� zh�ge x�nx�.
	T� xi�ng d� n�de q�ngti�.
	G�i w� t�!
	Q�ng d� t�mende x�nx�!

STUDY 25

b�i — by, indicating the doer in a Passive Sentence

VOCABULARY 25.1

b�i	by, indicating the doer in a Passive Sentence

Mandarin Uses “b�i” as “by” in a Passive Sentence

T�de d�xi�ng d� w�mende x�nx�.	His brother reads our information.
W�mende x�nx� b�i t�de d�xi�ng d�.	Our information is read by his brother.

Sh�ngd� g�i w�men x�w�ng.	God gives us hope.
X�w�ng b�i Sh�ngd� g�i w�men.	Hope is given us by God.

STUDY 26

God; Jehovah; k�y� — permission; b�k� — prohibition

VOCABULARY 26.1

Sh�ngd�	God
Y�h�hu�	Jehovah

k�y�	[to] be allowed to; can; may; [to] be permitted
b�k�	[to] not be allowed; must not; [to] be prohibited

GRAMMAR 26.1

Sh�ngd� de p�ngyou	God’s friend
Sh�ngd� de m�ngzi sh� Y�h�hu�.	God’s name is Jehovah.
W�men k�y� sh� Sh�ngd� de p�ngyou.	We can be God’s friend.
B�k� d� w�de x�nx�.	You must not read my message.
B�k� shu� t�.	You must not say it.

PRACTICE 26.1

Translate to and fro the following sentences.

A	W� x�w�ng sh� Sh�ngd� de p�ngyou.	I'd like to be God's friend.
B	N� k�y� sh� Sh�ngd� de p�ngyou.	You may be God's friend.
A	T� sh� sh�i?	Who is He?
B	N� zh�dao b� zh�dao T� de m�ngzi?	Do you know (or not know) His name?
A	W� b� zh�dao T� de m�ngzi.	I don't know His name.
B	W�men n�ng r�nshi T� de m�ngzi.	We can know (be acquainted with) His name.
A	Sh�i sh� Sh�ngd�?	Who is God?
B	Sh�ngd� ji�o Y�h�hu� (m�ngzi).	God is called (by the name of) Jehovah.
A	Y�h�hu� sh� Sh�ngd� de m�ngzi ma?	Jehovah is God's name, is it?
B	N� xi�ng d� Sh�pi�n 83:18 ma?	You'd like to read Psalm 83:18, eh?
A	T� shu�, “N� de m�ng sh� Y�h�hu�.”	It says, “Your name is Jehovah.”
B	Sh�pian 91:14 shu� sh�nme?	Psalm 91:14 says what?
A	“T� r�nshi w� de m�ng.”	“He knows my name.”

DIALOGUE 26.1

Act out the sentences in the previous practice as a dialogue.

STUDY 27

Measure words — more detail; (y� + g�) = y�ge — “a, an”

VOCABULARY 15.1 : Measure Words

y�ge ‡	a, an (“a” can be for a thing or a person)
y�	one
-g� †	a ‘measure word’ used generally

‡ Pronounce ‘ge’ hard as in English ‘get’, (never soft as in ‘gel’).

† A ‘measure word’ (“MW”) is used for focusing on a thing, person or action. In English we say things like a sheet of paper; a piece of string; a loaf of bread; a cup or a glass of water; a volume of a particular book; a wave of optimism. That's better than a paper, a water, a bread, an optimism.

You could say, “a bit” or “a piece” for many things but not all. Likewise, the “MW” ‘ge’ is acceptable for general use for most things. See the Index or List of Contents for others.

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor. Instructor comments to students about the use of various ‘measure words’.}

Are there any similarities in English to Measure Words? Perhaps think of manage-r, manage-ress, sheep-flock, cattle-herd. Refer also to Study 45 about “b�n” for ‘a volume of’.

PRACTICE 27.1

y�ge p�ngyou	a friend
N� sh� t�de y�ge p�ngyou ma?	You are a friend of his, eh? Are you a friend of his?
W� sh� t�de y�ge p�ngyou!	I am a friend of his!
T�men b� sh� h�o p�ngyou.	They aren't good friends.

ACTIVITY 27.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor. Randomly point at students and have each respond.}

Make statements or questions using these elements as appropriate.

w�

n�

t�

w�men

n�men

t�men

sh�

b� sh�

x�w�ng sh�

y�ge p�ngyou

p�ngyou

ma?

STUDY 28

de is required after more than one Hanzi character, as in h�n h�o de r�n

GRAMMAR 28.1

If the description (the “adjective”) is written with more than one H�nz� character, then “de” is added after with it.

Hence “h�o” …, but “h�n h�o de” ….

For further examples of the uses of “de”, see Study 42.

h�o r�n	nice person; good man
h�n h�o de r�n	very nice person
Zh� sh� h�o xi�oxi.	This is good news.
N� sh� h�n h�o de xi�oxi.	That is very good news.

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor. Randomly point at students and quiz them on how words are used in translation.}

Comment on how words are used in the following translations into Mandarin or into English.

PRACTICE 28.1

	W�	sh�	n�de	p�ngyou.	I am your friend.
N�ge	r�n	sh�	y�ge	h�o p�ngyou.	That person is a good friend.
T�men de	p�ngyou	b� sh�		h�o r�n.	Their friends are not good people.
Zh�xi�	d�xi�ng	r�nshi	t� de	p�ngyou.	These brothers know his/her friends.
Y�u y�xi�	r�n	r�nshi		n�	Some people know you.
	N�	shu�		h�n h�o de xi�oxi.	You say very good news.

PRACTICE 28.2

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor or Student’s partner. Touch articles in the room (such as a pencil). Individual students upon demand simultaneously point at self and say “w�de …” (such as “w�de pencil”); or look at someone else and say “n�de …”; or just point away at someone else and say “t�de …”.}

{With discretion, a game could be played, eliminating anyone who does the wrong combination of gesture and words!}

STUDY 29

y�u, m�iy�u — having; the Bible’s promised blessings

VOCABULARY 29.1

y�u	[to] have; there is; there are
m�iy�u; m�i y�u	[to] not have; without; there is no
z�zh�	leaflet, thin magazine, document
sh�	book
Sh�ngj�ng	Holy Scriptures; Bible
h�p�ng	peace
g�ox�ng	happiness
x�ngf�	blessing; happiness
�i	love
y�ngsh�ng	everlasting life

GRAMMAR 29.1

NOTE: To say “a book” or “a magazine” correctly, see Study 45.

Y�u y�ge q�ngti� ma?	Is there an invitation?
Y�um�iy�u y�ge q�ngti�?	Is there [or is there not] an invitation.
W� m�i y�u n�de z�zh�.	I don't have your magazine.
W� y�u n�de sh�.	I have your book.
M�iy�u z�zh�.	There is no magazine.
Y�u x�w�ng.	There is hope.
M�iy�u x�w�ng.	There is no hope.

PRACTICE 29.1

N� y�u zh�ge q�ngti� ma?	Do you have this invitation?
N�men y�u Sh�ngd� de h�o xi�oxi.	YOU have God's good news.
T�men m�i y�u n�de sh�.	They don't have your book.
T� shu� t� m�i y�u p�ngyou.	She says she hasn't friends.

PRACTICE 29.2

T�men m�i y�u x�w�ng.	They don't have hope.
W� x�w�ng n� hu� y�u y�ge q�ngti�.	I hope you can have an invitation.
Sh�ngj�ng sh� Sh�ngd� de.	The Holy Scriptures are God's.
Sh�ngj�ng sh� Y�h�hu� de sh�.	The Bible is Jehovah's book.

INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 29.1

Sh�ngj�ng
Sh�ngj�ng shu�

Sh�ngd�
Sh�ngd� �i

h�p�ng
h�p�ng de r�n

Sh�ngj�ng	shu�	Sh�ngd�	�i	h�p�ng de	r�n
The Bible	says	God	loves	(of peace)	people

INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 29.2

Sh�ngj�ng
Sh�ngj�ng shu�

Sh�ngd�
Sh�ngd� xi�ng
Sh�ngd� xi�ng g�i
Sh�ngd� xi�ng g�i w�men
Sh�ngd� xi�ng g�i w�men y�ngsh�ng
Sh�ngd� xi�ng g�i w�men y�ngsh�ng de x�ngf�

Sh�ngj�ng	shu�	Sh�ngd�	xi�ng	g�i	w�men	y�ngsh�ng de	x�ngf�
The Bible	says	God	wants	to give	us	everlasting life's	blessings

ACTIVITY 29.1

Discuss your hope.

EXERCISE 29.1 (Answers are given below)

Translate into English:-

�i Sh�ngd� de r�n[men] �i n�.
M�iy�u x�w�ng de r�n m�i y�u g�ox�ng.
W�men n�ng g�osu Y�h�hu� w�men �i T�.
D� Sh�ngj�ng de r�n hu� m�ngbai Sh�ngd� sh� sh�i.
Q�ng g�i w� n�de z�zh�, h�o ma?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 29.1

�i Sh�ngd� de r�n[men] �i n�.	People who love God love you.
M�iy�u x�w�ng de r�n m�i y�u g�ox�ng.	A person without hope does not have happiness.
W�men n�ng g�osu Y�h�hu� w�men �i T�.	We can tell Jehovah we love Him.
D� Sh�ngj�ng de r�n hu� m�ngbai Sh�ngd� sh� sh�i.	People who read the Bible can understand who God is.
Q�ng g�i w� n�de z�zh�, h�o ma?	Please give me your magazine, O.K.?

EXERCISE 29.2 (Answers are given below)

Translate into Chinese Mandarin:-

Do you want to understand God’s book?
You can get to see God’s blessings.
{People who love God} study His book.
I [am] very happy to tell you the Bible’s blessings.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 29.2 (Answers are given below)

Do you want to understand God’s book?	N� x�w�ng m�ngbai Sh�ngd� de sh� ma?
You can get to see God’s blessings.	N� hu� k�nji�n Sh�ngd� de x�ngf�.
{People who love God} read His book.	{R�nshi Shangd� de r�n} d� T�de sh�.
I [am] very happy to tell you the Bible’s blessings.	W� h�n g�ox�ng g�osu n� Sh�ngj�ng de x�ngf�.

STUDY 30

q�, l�i, xu�, xu�x� — go, come, study

VOCABULARY 30.1

q�	[to] go
l�i	[to] come
xu�; xu�x�	[to] study, learn
x�huan	[to] like, prefer, (doing something)

GRAMMAR 30.1

W� x�w�ng l�i xu�x� n�mende sh�.	I wish I could come to study YOUR book.
Zh�ge r�n x�huan xu�x�.	This person likes to study.

ROUTINE 30.1

Make up sentences using an optional word or phrase from some or all of these columns.

W�

b�

n�ng

l�i

xu�x�

H�nz�

W�

N�

T�

W�men

T�men

Zh�ge r�n

W�de d�xi�ng

[b�]

[n�ng]

[xi�ng]

[x�huan]

q�

l�i

d�

xu�x�

Sh�ngj�ng

Sh�ngd� [shu�] de sh�

p�t�nghu�

H�nz�

STUDY 31

Places, buildings, meetings

VOCABULARY 31.1 (Places)

d�fang	place
ji�	home; the place where you live
f�ngzi	house
j�hu�	meeting
d�hu�	assembly, convention

GRAMMAR 31.1

N�de ji�m�i b� n�ng l�i w�de ji�.	Your sister cannot come to my home.
T� b�k� q� w�mende d�hu�.	He/she is not permitted to go to our assembly.
W� h�n x�w�ng k�nji�n n�de f�ngzi.	I would very much like to get to see your house.
Zh�ge d�fang sh� sh�nme?	What is this place?

ROUTINE 31.1

Zh�ge r�n

b� n�ng

q�

n�de ji�

W�

T�de ji�m�i

N�men

Zh�ge r�n

W�de p�ngyou

W�de d�xi�ng

T�men

n�ng

b� n�ng

k�y�

b�k�

q�

l�i

n�de ji�

t�mende j�hu�

w�mende d�hu�

STUDY 32

hu� — future actions; subsequent times

VOCABULARY 32.1 (Future Actions and Tense Identifiers)

hu�	will (future action)
m�ngti�n	tomorrow
ho�ti�n	the day after tomorrow
xi�nz�i	now
j�nti�n	today
n�sh�; d�ngsh�	then; at that point in time
y�ho�	afterwards (not about a past action)

GRAMMAR 32.1

The word conveying “will” (“hu�”) can be omitted, if a word like “m�ngti�n” (tomorrow) makes it obvious that the action will take place in the future.

W� hu� xu�x� n�de q�ngti�. Xi�xie.

I will study your invitation. Thanks.

T�men [hu�] m�ngti�n l�i w�de ji�.

Y�ho� w�men hu� q� j�hu�.

They will come tomorrow to my home. Afterward we will go to the meeting.

PRACTICE 32.1

w�

j�nti�n

b�

hu�

l�i

w�

n�

t�

w�men

n�men

t�men

zh�ge r�n

[m�ngti�n]

[j�nti�n]

[xi�nz�i]

[n�sh�]

[b�]

[hu�]

q�

l�i

xu�x� t�

d� t�

ACTIVITY 32.1

{Suggested Instructions for Group Instructor. Students work in pairs.}

Exchanging questions and answers using the following elements.

n�		hu� l�i?	w�		hu� l�i.
			w�	b�	hu� l�i.
t�	j�nti�n	xu�x�?	t�	j�nti�n b�	xu�x�.
			t�	m�ngti�n	[hu�] xu�x�.

STUDY 33

Past actions and times

VOCABULARY 33.1

… le � *	did … , have done …, is completed, has happened, has changed (past action) (See dictionary under “have”)
m�i … �	did not … ; have not done …; was not …-ing
-guo �	have [ever]; have [never]
zu�ti�n	yesterday
y�j�ng	already
h�ul�i	later, afterwards (refering to a past activity)

GRAMMAR 33.1

� • The word “le” is called a “particle”. It can't be used with the past of just any verb (‘doing word’). Compare in English how we don't say “did can” or “did be”. We need to feel the context.

• Apply “le” in the case of an activity, accomplishment or achievement — a process that can be completed (made ‘perfect’).

• Don't apply “le” in relation to a state or a process that in Chinese must be continuous or habitual, like “be acquainted with” or “know”.

� • “M�i” negates “le” but can be used a little more freely than “le”.

� • “-guo” is added to a verb to make clear completion of a past action. Compare “have gone” and “did go”, “went”, or “used to go”.

* A complication is with a verb like “xu�x�”. This is actually a compound word formed from two characters. These are “xu�”, meaning “learn, study”, and “x�”. The element “x�” serves to qualify “xu�”. So, you can say “T� xu� le”, but not “T� xu�x� le”.

Sh�i q� le ?	Who went ?
Zu�ti�n w� m�i q� ji�.	Yesterday I did not go home.
W� q�guo n�de j�hu�.	I have been to your meetings.
W� m�i[y�u] d� zh�ge x�nx�.	I have not read this message.

PRACTICE 33.1

W� xu�x� p�t�nghu�.	I study Mandarin.
W� xu� le p�t�nghu�.	I did study (I studied) Mandarin.
W� m�i xu�[x�] p�t�nghu�.	I did not study Mandarin.

PRACTICE 33.2

N� q� le ji� ma?		Did you go home?
N� q�guo w�mende j�hu� ma?	Have you been to our meetings?
W� m�i[y�u] q�guo n�mende j�hu�.	I have not gone to your meetings.
N�men m�iy�u k�nji�nguo zh�ge x�nx� ma?	Did YOU not see this message?
W� m�i x�w�ng zh�[ge].	I have not hoped for this.

PRACTICE 33.3

W� l�i le ji�.	I came home.
H�ul�i w� q� le d�hu�.	Afterwards I went [to the] meeting.
T� xu� le.	He studied.
N�men r�nshi t�men.	YOU know them. (YOU knew them.)
W� m�i l�i.	I did not come.
N� m�i q�.	You did not go.
T� m�i xu�.	He did not study.
N�men b� r�nshi w�men	YOU do not know us. (… did not …)

PRACTICE 33.4

Convert these sentences to positive, by inserting “le” and removing “m�i”.

W�men m�i xu� H�nz�.	W�men xu�le H�nz�.
T�men m�i q� w�mende j�hu�.	T�men q�le w�mende j�hu�.
N� m�i l�i w�de ji� ma?	N� l�ile w�de ji� ma?
T� m�i shu� p�t�nghu�.	T� shu� le p�t�nghu�.
N�de d�xi�ng m�i g�osu w�men n�mende h�o xi�oxi.	N�de d�xi�ng g�osule w�men n�mende h�o xi�oxi.

PRACTICE 33.5

Convert these sentences to negative by inserting “m�i” and removing “le”.

W� xu� le p�t�nghu�.	W� m�i xu� p�t�nghu�.
N�ge r�n q�le w�mende ji�.	N�ge r�n m�i q� w�mende ji�.
N� l�i le w�de ji� ma?	N� m�i l�i w�de ji� ma?
T� shu� le p�t�nghu�.	T� m�i shu� p�t�nghu�.
W� ji�m�i g�osule w� h�o xi�oxi.	W� ji�m�i m�i g�osu w� h�o xi�oxi.

STUDY 34

c�ngl�i, c�ngl�i b�, c�ngl�i m�i — ever, never

VOCABULARY 34.1

c�ngl�i	ever, always
c�ngl�i b�; c�ngl�i m�i	never
y�ngyu�n b�	never (in the future)
b� z�i	no more; not any more; no longer; not again

GRAMMAR 34.1

• “C�ngl�i” is normally used with “b�” or “m�i” to say “never”.

• “C�ngl�i b�” is used to negate a habitual process. So, Jesus said, “W� c�ngl�i b� r�nshi n�men.”:“I never knew you.” (Matthew 7:23)

• “C�ngl�i m�i” can be used with verbs where “m�i” conveys “not”, and “c�ngl�i” is added to convey “ever”. This makes “never did”.

W� m�i q� ji�.	I did not go home.

W� c�ngl�i b� r�nshi t�men	I never knew them; I didn't know them.

W� c�ngl�i b� q� n�de j�hu�.	I never go to your meetings..
W� c�ngl�i m�i[y�u] q�guo n�de j�hu�.	I never did go to your meetings..
W� c�ngl�i m�i[y�u] k�nguo zh�ge x�nx�.	I have never read this message. (I never did look at this message.)

T�men y�ngyu�n b� q� j�hu�.	They never go meetings.
T�men b� z�i q� j�hu�.	They do not go to meetings any more.

PRACTICE 34.1

W� xu�x� p�t�nghu�.	I study Mandarin.
W� xu� le p�t�nghu�	I did study (I studied) Mandarin.
W� m�i xu� p�t�nghu�	I did not study Mandarin.

PRACTICE 34.2

N� q�guo w�mende j�hu� ma?	Have you [ever] been to our meetings?
W� c�ngl�i m�i[y�u] q�guo n�mende j�hu�.	I have never gone to your meetings.
N�men c�ngl�i m�iy�u k�nji�nguo zh�ge x�nx� ma?	Did YOU never see this message?
W� c�ngl�i b� x�w�ng zh�[ge].	I never hoped for this.

EXERCISE 34.1 (Answers are given below)

Translate these sentences into English.

W�men c�ngl�i m�i xu� H�nz�.
T�men c�ngl�i m�i q� w�mende j�hu�.
N� c�ngl�i m�i l�i w�de ji� ma?
T� c�ngl�i m�i shu� p�t�nghu�.
W�de d�xi�ng c�ngl�i m�i g�osu w� n�mende h�o xi�oxi.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 34.1

W�men c�ngl�i m�i xu� H�nz�.	We never studied Hanzi.
T�men c�ngl�i m�i q� w�mende j�hu�.	They never went to our meeting.
N� c�ngl�i m�i l�i w�de ji� ma?	Have you never come to our home?
T� c�ngl�i m�i shu� p�t�nghu�.	He/she never spoke Mandarin.
W�de d�xi�ng c�ngl�i m�i g�osu w� n�mende h�o xi�oxi.	My brother never told me your good news.

PRACTICE 34.3

Convert these sentences to positive, by using “le” and not “c�ngl�i m�i”.

W�men c�ngl�i m�i xu� H�nz�.	W�men xu�le H�nz�.
T�men c�ngl�i m�i q� w�mende j�hu�.	T�men q�le w�mende j�hu�.
N� c�ngl�i m�i l�i w�de ji� ma?	N� l�ile w�de ji� ma?
T� c�ngl�i m�i shu� p�t�nghu�.	T� shu�le p�t�nghu�.
W�de d�xi�ng c�ngl�i m�i g�osu w� n�mende h�o xi�oxi.	W�de d�xi�ng g�osule w� n�mende h�o xi�oxi.

STUDY 35

Yes and No

VOCABULARY 35.1

b�!	No! (responding to positive words)
sh�de! du�!	[Correct] No! (responding to negative words)
sh�de!	Yes! [Correct!]
b�!	No! = but yes! (faulting negative words)
b�x� …!; j�nzh� …!	No …; … is not permitted!

GRAMMAR 35.1

n� m�ngbai ma? …	Do you understand? …
… b� [m�ngbai], w� b� m�ngbai!	… No, I don't understand!
n� b� m�ngbai, du� ma? …	You don't understand, do you? …
… du�, w� b� m�ngbai!	… [Correct] No, I don't understand!
… sh�de, w� b� z�i m�ngbai!	… [Correct] No, I don't understand any more!
… b�, w� m�ngbai!	… [Incorrect] Not so, I do understand!

STUDY 36

Connectives — and, but, or

VOCABULARY 36.1 (Connectives)

… h� …	and (links nouns or pronouns)
… �rqi� …	and (joins phrases, adjectives, adverbs)
… d�nsh� …; … k�sh� …	but
b� … �r …	not … but …; and not …; but not …
… n�sh� …; … d�ngsh� …	[and] then
… hu�[zh�] … hu�[zh�] …	(either) … or …
… h�ish� …	… or (alternatively) …
… b�r�n …	… or (otherwise; if not) …

GRAMMAR 36.1

W� h� n� sh� h�o p�ngyou.	I and you are good friends.
W� h�o d�nsh� n�ge r�n b� h�o.	I'm fine, but that man is not well.
T� hu� l�i n�sh� w�men hu� xu�x�.	He will come [and] then we'll study.
W� hu� j�nti�n hu� m�ngti�n l�i.	I'll come either today or tomorrow.
T� j�ntian h�ish� m�ngti�n hu� l�i ma?	Will he come today or tomorrow?
W�men q� t�de f�ngzi b�r�n t� b� xu�x�!	We go to his house or else he does not study!

PRACTICE 36.1

T� l�i �rqi� t� xu�x� Sh�ngj�ng.	He comes and he studies the Bible.
T� l�i le d�nsh� w� m�i zh�dao.	He came, but I did not know.
T� hu� l�i w�de ji� n�sh� w�men hu� q� j�hu�.	She will come to my home, then we'll go to the meeting.
Hu�zh� w� hu�zh� n� hu� q� d�hu�.	Either I or you will go to the assembly.
W� xu�x�, b�r�n w� b� zh�dao d�f�.	I study, or I don’t know the answers.

STUDY 37

More Connectives — therefore, because, whether

VOCABULARY 37.1 (More Connectives)

y�nc� …; su�y� …	therefore …; so, …
yu�ny�n	[this is the] reason
y�nw�i …	as …; since …; because [of] …
[omit ]	… that …
sh�f�u	whether
[m�i] y�u …	have [not] …; there is [not] …; there are [not] …

GRAMMAR 37.1

W� b� h�o y�nc� wo b� hu� l�i.	I'm not well therefore I'll not come.
Y�nw�i t� d� Sh�ngj�ng le su�y� t� r�nshi Sh�ngd�.	As he studied the Bible, [so] he knew (knows) God.
W� b� zh�dao sh�f�u t� hu� l�i.	I don't know whether he will come.
T� b� zh�dao n� hu� l�i t�de ji� h�ish� w�men hu� q� n�de f�ngzi.	He doesn't know [whether] you will come to his home or [whether] we'll go to your house.
Yu�ny�n w� hu� q� n�de j�hu�.	For this reason I will go to your meeting.
J�nti�n y�u d�hu� …	Today there is an assembly …
… d�nsh� m�i y�u q�ngti�.	… but there are no invitations.

PRACTICE 37.2

W� xu� Sh�ngj�ng le, … … y�nc� w� zh�dao d�f�.	I studied the Bible, … … therefore I know the answer.
T� m�i g�i w� t�de q�ngti� yu�ny�n w� j�nti�n b� hu� g�i n� n�[ge].	He didn't give me his invitation. For this reason I won't give you that today.
Y�nw�i n� l�i le, su�y� w�men j�nti�n hu� xu�x� n�de Sh�ngj�ng.	Since you have come, [therefore] we'll study your Bible today.
W� zh�dao n� b� h�n h�o.	I know [that] you are not very well.

PRACTICE 37.3

N� zh�dao ma Sh�ngj�ng sh�f�u shu� t�?	Do you know if the Bible says that?
Y�u y�ge f�ngzi, d�nsh� m�i y�u ji�!	There is a house, but there is no home!
N� j�ntian hu� xu�x� w�de x�nx� h�ish� Sh�ngd�de x�nx� ma?	Today will you study my message or God’s message?

STUDY 38

w�ish�nme? y�nw�i — reasoning why? because

VOCABULARY 38.1 (Reasoning Why)

w�ish�nme	why; for what
w�ish�nme?	why? for what?
w�i	for
w�i(le)	for the purpose of/that; so (that)
y�nw�i	because

GRAMMAR 38.1

N� w�ish�nme q� j�hu�?	Why do you go to meetings?
W� x�w�ng g�osu n� w�ish�nme w� l�i n�mende j�hu�.	I'd like to tell you why I come to your meeting(s).
T� m�i l�i y�nw�i t� m�iy�u q�ngti�.	He didn't come because he hasn't (an) invitation.
T� x�w�ng shu� p�t�nghu�. Y�nc� t� q�le n�de ji�.	He wants to speak Mandarin. Therefore, he went to your home.
Zh�ge q�ngti� sh� w�i n�.	This invitation is for you.

PRACTICE 38.1

N�men w�ish�nme l�i le?	Why did you come?
W�de d�xi�ng hu� g�i n� y�ge q�ngti�. W�ish�nme? W�ile n� n�ng l�i w�mende j�hu�.	My brother will give you an invitation. Why? So you can come to our meeting.
W� m�i l�i y�nw�i m�iy�u q�ngti�.	I didn't come, as there was no invitation.
W�ish�nme m�iy�u j�hu�?	Why is there no meeting?

STUDY 39

y�oshi, ji�r�, r�gu� — Conditional Sentences — if…, then…

VOCABULARY 39.1 (Conditional Sentences)

y�oshi … , (ji�) …	If (in the case that) …, (then) … [see ‘whether’]
ji�r� [or y�osh�] …, …	If (supposing that) …, …
r�gu� …, (n�mu�) …	If (on the condition) that …, (then) …

GRAMMAR 39.1 (Y�osh�)

See further examples in Study 47.

Y�osh� n� b� h�n h�o, w� (ji�)† b� hu� q� n�de ji�.	If you are not very well, (then) I will not go to your home.
Y�osh� m�ngti�n n�xi� x�nx� [hu�] l�i, w�men (ji�) hu� xu�x� t�men.	If tomorrow those messages [‘will’] come, (then) we will study them.

† Note word order with ji� after the noun w�.

GRAMMAR 39.2 (Ji�r�)

Ji�r� Sh�ngj�ng shu� n�ge xi�oxi, n� [hu�] zh�dao t� ma?	If (supposing) your book is not there, will you know it?
Ji�r� t�men b� m�ngbai n�de q�ngti�, t�men hu� l�i ma?	If they do not understand your invitation, will they come?

GRAMMAR 39.3 (R�gu�)

R�gu� n� x�w�ng x�ex�, [n�mu�] w� hu� l�i n�de f�ngzi.	If you wish to study, [then] I will come to your house.
R�gu� t�men l�i, [n�mu�] w�men xu�x� Sh�ngj�ng.	If they come, [then] we study the Bible.

STUDY 40

[z�i] zh�r / zh�l�; n�r / n�l� — [located] here, there

VOCABULARY 40.1 (Here, There)

[z�i] zh�r; [z�i] zh�l�	[located; be located] here
[z�i] n�r; [z�i] n�l�	[located; be located] there

GRAMMAR 40.1

Omit “z�i” from these phrases if they occur at the beginning of a sentence.

Zh�r m�iy�u q�ngt�e.	Here there is no message.
M�iy�u q�ngt�e z�i zh�r.	Here is no message is located here.
T� b� h�o y�nc� t� b� hu� l�i zh�r.	He’s not well, so he'll not come here.
N�de sh� z�i zh�l�.	Your book is [in] here.
N�r y�u �i Sh�ngd� de r�n.	There there are people who love God.
W�de f�ngzi z�i n�r.	My house is located there.
W� hu� k�nji�n n�de sh� z�i n�l�.	I can see your book is [in] here.

PRACTICE 40.1

Y�osh� n� b� h�n h�o , w� (ji�)† b� hu� q� n�r.	If you are not very well, (then) I will not go there.
Y�osh� m�ngti�n n�xi� sh� [hu�] l�i, w�men (ji�) hu� xu�x� t�men.	If tomorrow those books [‘will’] come, we will study them.
Ji�r� w�de d�xi�ng z�i n�r, n� hu�b�hu� zh�dao t� sh� sh�i?	If (supposing) my brother is there, will you know [ or not know] who he is?
Ji�r� t� z�i n�r, t� hu� l�i ma?	If he is there, will he come?
R�gu� n� x�w�ng x�ex�, [n�mu�] w� hu� l�i n�r.	If you wish to study, [then] I will come there.
R�gu� t�men l�i zh�l�, [n�mu�] w�men xu�x� Sh�ngj�ng.	If they come here, [then] we study this book.

STUDY 41

[z�i] zh�r? / zh�l�; n�r? / n�l� — [located] where?

VOCABULARY 41.1

[z�i] zh�r? / zh�l�	[located] where?
[z�i] n�r? / n�l�	[located] where?

GRAMMAR 41.1

N�de ji� z�i zh�r?	Where is your home?
T�de sh� z�i n�r.	His book is [located] there.
N� q� n�r?	Where are you going?
N� q� n�r xu�x�?	Where do you go to study?
W�men xu�x� z�i j�hu�.	We study at meetings.
* Zh�r y�u x�w�ng.	Here there is hope.
Q�ng l�i zh�r.	Please come here.

* NOTE: “z�i” was omitted at the beginning of the sentence.

PRACTICE 41.1

z�i	[to be] located at
[z�i] zh�r / zh�l�	[located] here
[z�i] zh�r? / zh�l�	[located] where?
[z�i] n�r / n�l�	[located] there
[z�i] n�r? / n�l�	[located] where?

PRACTICE 41.2

W�de ji� z�i zh�r.	My home is [located] here.
W�men k�y� q� zh�r?	Where can we go?
W�men k�y� q� n�r?	Where can we go?
N�mende xu�x� z�i zh�r?	Where is YOUR study?

PRACTICE 41.3

T� hu� w�ish�nme z�i n�r.	Why will he be there?
T� hu�b�hu� z�i n�r?	Will he be there or won't he?
* N�r hu� y�u d�xi�ng ji�m�i.	There there will be brothers and sisters.
W�mende ji� z�i n�r.	Our home is [located] there.
N�men k�y� q� zh�r ma?	Can YOU go there?
T�men k�y� q� n�r xu�x�?	Where can they go to study?

* NOTE: “z�i” was omitted at the beginning of the sentence.

PRACTICE 41.4

N�mende sh� z�i zh�r?	Where are YOUR books?
T�men hu� z�i zh�r.	They will be here.
Sh�ngd� z�i n�r?	Where is God?
T� b� zh�dao w�de ji� z�i n�r?	Does he not know where my home is?
Q�ng q� n�r.	Please go there.
Q�ngti� shu� q� n�r xu�x�.	The invitation says go there to study.
* N�r w�de ji�.	There is my home.

* NOTE: “z�i” was omitted at the beginning of the sentence.

ROUTINE 41.1

W�

[b�]

x�huan

q�

n�r

xu�xi

n�mende sh�

T�men

N�de p�ngyou

Zh�xie d�xi�ng

N�xie r�n

Dan D�xi�ng

Jan Ji�m�i

W�

[b�]

x�w�ng

x�huan

n�ng

zh�dao

q�

l�i

zh�r

n�r

xu�x�

d�

Sh�ngj�ng

n�mende sh�

zh�ge xi�oxi

PRACTICE 41.5

N�de ji� z�i n�r?	Where is your home?
W�de d�xi�ng q� le n�r?	Did my brother go there?
N�de ji�m�i hu� l�i zh�r ma?	Will your sister come here?
T�mende sh� z�i zh�r?	Where are YOUR books?
W�de Sh�ngj�ng w�ish�nme b� z�i zh�r?	Why is my Bible not here?
T�men z�i n�r xu�x� p�t�nghu�?	Where do they study Mandarin?
B� z�i zh�r!	It isn't here! / They aren't here!

STUDY 42

… de — that which …; hu� — words; zh�ngy�o — important

VOCABULARY 42.1

… de	that which …; that of … description
hu�	words; that which is said
zh�ngy�o	important

GRAMMAR 42.1

Sh�ngd� de hu� zh�ngy�o de.	God’s Word [is] important.
N� m�ngbai Sh�ngd� sh�o de hu�!	You see clearly what God said!
N�men y�u de sh� h�n h�o.	The book you have is very good.
W� p�t�nghu� shu� de b� h�o.	I don't speak Mandarin well. [The way in which] I speak Mandarin [is] not good.
N� p�t�nghu� shu� de h�n h�o!	You speak Mandarin very well! [The way] you speak Mandarin [is] very good!
Sh�ngj�ng sh� Y�h�hu� de hu�.	The Holy Scriptures (Bible) are Jehovah's word.

ROUTINE 42.1

N�men

[b�]

m�ngbai

w�de

x�nx�

[ma?]

N�

T�men

T�de ji�m�i

N�de p�ngyou

N�men

[b�]

d�ng

m�ngbai

w�mende

Sh�ngd� shu� de

w� g�osu n�men de

h�o xi�oxi

hu�

[ma?]

INCREMENTAL CONSTRUCTION 42.1

Work rapidly through incremental construction of these phrases.

n� shu�	you say; you speak
n� shu� de	as you say; of you speaking
n� shu� p�t�nghu� de	the way of you speaking Mandarin
T� shu� de hu�	the word {that He said}

t� g�i de	as he gives; of him giving
t� g�i w�men de	as he gives us; that he gives us
Sh�ngd� g�i w�men de	as God gives us; that God gives us
Sh�ngd� g�i w�men de x�nx�	the information that God gives us

n� x�w�ng	you wish, would like, hope
n� x�w�ng de	as you wish; that you'd like
n� x�w�ng y�u de	that you'd wish to have
n� x�w�ng y�u de xi�oxi	news that you'd wish to have
n� x�w�ng w� shu� de	that you'd wish me to say
n� x�w�ng w� shu� de xi�oxi	news that you'd wish me to say

n�men n�ng	YOU can
n�men n�ng de	that YOU can
n�men n�ng m�ngbai	YOU can understand; can see clearly
n�men n�ng m�ngbai de hu�	words that YOU can understand

PRACTICE 42.1

W� b� d�ng n�de hu�.	I don't understand what you say.
T� xi�ng m�ngbai Sh�ngd� de hu�	He wants to understand God's word.
W� m�ngbai Y�h�hu� shu� de hu�.	I understand the word Jehovah says.
N� d�ng t� shu� de hu� ma?	You ‘see’ what he says, do you?
T�men m�ngbai zh�ge x�nx�.	They understand this information.

PRACTICE 42.2

N� sh� Sh�ngj�ng. N� m�ngbai ma?	That is the Bible. Do you understand?
N� d�ng zh�ge x�nx� ma?	Do you understand this information?
D�ngb�d�ng?	Understand [or not]?
W� xi�ng m�ngbai t� de hu�.	I want to see clearly what He said.
N� d�ng w�de hu� ma?	You understand my words, do you?

STUDY 43

zu� — [to] do, make; sit; ride; x�y�o — [to] need [to]

VOCABULARY 43.1

zu�	[to] make; treat as; [to] do, act as
zu�	[to] sit, ride
x�y�o	[to] need [to]
g�ngzu�	[to] work; work; works; activity
sh�dang	proper, suitable

GRAMMAR 43.1

T�men zu� sh�nme?	What are they doing?
N�men z�i j�hu� zu� sh�nme?	What do YOU do at the meeting?
W� hu� g�osu n� w� zu� sh�nme.	I'll tell you what I do.
W� x�y�o q� n�r?	Where do I need to go?
Q�ng z�i zu�.	Please sit again.
N� zu� sh�nme g�ngzu�?	What work do you do?
T� b� shu� sh�dang de hu�.	He is not saying proper words.

PRACTICE 43.1

N�men hu� zu� sh�nme?	What will YOU do?
N�de p�ngyou x�y�o q� w�de ji�.	Your friend needs to go to my home.
W�men z�i ji� zu� xu�x�.	We do the study at home.
T�men b� zu� zh�[ge] z�i n�r.	They don't do this there.
W� x�w�ng zu� Sh�ngd� shu� de hu�.	I wish to do what God says.
N�men x�y�o zu� sh�nme?	What do YOU need to do?
N� m�i xu� Sh�ngj�ng ma?	Haven't you studied the Bible?

STUDY 44

y�ng — manner; f�ngf� — way; f�ngsh� — method; l� — means, road

VOCABULARY 44.1

y�ng	manner
z�ny�ng ?	how; in what manner ?
zh�y�ng	in this manner; in this way; like this
zh�y�ng	in what manner?
n�y�ng	in that manner; in that way; like that
n�y�ng	in what manner?
f�ngf�	way, manner
f�ngsh�	method, style
l�	road, way, means, route

GRAMMAR 44.1

N� hu� z�ny�ng zu� t�?	How will you do it?
W�men x�y�o z�ny�ng zu�?	How do we need to act?
T�men n�ng n�y�ng zu� t�.	They can do it that way.
N� n�ng zh�y�ng l�i w�de ji�.	You can come to my home like this.
W� [~~hu�~~] n�ng z�ny�ng zh�dao t� shu� de hu�? *	How will I be able to know what he says? (How can I… or How will I…)
W� zh�dao n� [†] f�ngzi de l�.	I know the road of your house.

* Choose “hu�” or “n�ng” but not two auxilliary verbs together.

† You would normally state only the last “de” in an implied series.

PRACTICE 44.1

N�de ji�m�i x�y�o n�yang q�.	Your sister needs to go like that.
W�men z�i j�hu� zh�y�ng xu�x�.	We study like this at the meetings.
Sh�ngj�ng w�ish�nme shu� w�men b�k� n�y�ng zu�?	Why does the Bible say we mustn't do like that?
T� x�w�ng w� b� zu� n�y�ng.	He wishes us not to do like that.

ROUTINE 44.1

W�men

[b�]

x�huan

zh�y�ng

zu�

T�

N�men

W�men

W�

N�

T�men

[b�]

n�ng

hu�

[x�]y�o

x�huan

xi�ng

z�ny�ng

zh�y�ng

n�y�ng

h�n h�o de

d�

zu�

xu�x�

b�

k�

shu�

PRACTICE 44.2

W� [~~hu�~~] n�ng z�ny�ng zh�dao t� shu� de hu�? *	How will I be able to know what he says? (How can I… or How will I…)
N�de d�xi�ng x�y�o zh�yang l�i.	Your brother needs to come this way.
Sh�ngj�ng g�osu w�men b�k� n�y�ng zu�.	The Bible tells us we mustn't do like that.
N� z�i n�r z�ny�ng zu�?	How do you act there?
W�men m�i zu� zh�y�ng.	We didn't do like this.
N�y�ng zu� de r�n b� h�o.	People who do like that are not good.
Q�ng w�i w� zu� zh�y�ng de sh�.	Please make this kind of book for me.

STUDY 45

Measure Words (MW) : “b�n”, and “f�n”. See also Study 28+

VOCABULARY 45.1 (More ‘Measure Words’)

b�n	(MW) for editions; bound volumes
y�b�n … (= y� + b�n)	a … ; an … ; (e.g. a volume of …)
zh�b�n …	this [bound volume of] …
n�b�n …	that [bound volume of] …

f�n	(MW) for leaflets, newspapers
y�f�n … (= y� + f�n)	a … ; an … ; (e.g. a leaflet of …)
zh�f�n …	this [leaflet of] …
n�f�n …	that [leaflet of] …

li�ng…	a pair of; (two)

GRAMMAR 45.1

The Measure Words (MW) to which you have been introduced so far are:

…ge	(used generally)	y�ge p�ngyou = a friend
…b�n	(thick books)	y�b�n sh� = a book
…f�n	(leaflets, news- papers)	y�f�n z�zh� = a leaflet, thin magazine, or thin document
…xi�	(plurals)	y�xi� r�n = some people

y� (before …�, …)

y�… (before …�, …�, …�)

a, an; (one)

y�ge p�ngyou = a friend

y�f�n z�zh� = a leaflet

y�b�n sh� = a book

li�ng…

a pair of; (two)

li�ngge d�xi�ng = a couple of brothers

li�ngb�n sh� = a couple of books

li�ngf�n z�zh� = a pair of leaflets, thin magazines, or thin documents

GRAMMAR 45.2

NOTE : “Y�u” is inserted at the start of a sentence before “y�xi�”.

y�b�n sh�	a book
zh�f�n z�zh�	this magazine
zh�xi� z�zh�	these magazines
li�ngf�n z�zh�	a couple of magazines
Q�ng d� zh�b�n sh�, h�o ma?	Please read this book, O.K.?
Q�ng n� n�b�n sh�.	Please take that book.
Y�u y�xi� r�n b� x�w�ng n�y�ng zu�.	Some people don't wish to do so.
Zh�xi� ji�m�i shu� de h�o.	These sisters speak well.
N�xi� p�ngyou m�i l�i zh�r.	Those friends did not come here.

PRACTICE 45.1

W�	g�i le	n�	w�de ji�.	I gave you my home.
N�	g�i	w�	t�mende sh�.	You give me their book.
W�men	hu� g�i	t�men	y�b�n sh�.	We will give them a book.

PRACTICE 45.2

Q�ng, n� n� w�de sh�.	Please, you take my book.
W� g�i le n� w�de sh�.	I gave you my book.
N� m�i g�i w� n�de sh�.	You did not give me your book.
W� b� hu� n� n�b�n sh�.	I will not take that book.
N�de ji� h�n h�o de.	Your home is very good.

PRACTICE 45.3

N� y�u zh�b�n sh� ma?	Have you this book?
N� y�u zh�y�ng y�b�n sh� ma?	Have you a book like this?
Zh� sh� y�b�n Sh�ngj�ng.	This is a Bible.
W� d� le y�b�n sh�.	I read a book. (Past tense)
W�men m�i n� n�xi� sh�.	We didn't take those books.

PRACTICE 45.4

Zh�xi� sh� h�n h�o de.	These books are very good.
N� y�u h�n h�o de sh�.	You have a very nice book.
Y�u y�xi� sh� b� h�o de. †	Some books are not good.
N� w�ish�nme xu�x� zh�b�n sh�?	Why do you study this book?
Zh�xi� d�xi�ng m�i q� n�de ji�.	These brothers haven't gone to your home.
N�men ~~hu�~~ n�ng z�i n�r xu�x� y�b�n h�n h�o de sh�.	YOU will be able to study there a very good book.
W� b� ~~hu�~~ n�ng z�i zh�r xu�x� n�b�n p�t�nghu� de sh�. *	I won't be able to study here that Mandarin book.

† NOTE : “Y�u” is inserted at the start of a sentence before “y�xi�”.

* NOTE: Choose “hu�” or “n�ng” but not two auxilliary verbs together.

STUDY 46

gu�ny� —about; b�ngzh� — help; y�ng— use

VOCABULARY 46.1

gu�ny�	about
b�ngzh�; b�ng	[to] help
y�ng	[to] use
[z�i] y�ng	[by] using; with; [by] making use of

GRAMMAR 46.1

T� g�osu w�men gu�ny� Sh�ngd�.	It tells us about God.
Y�h�hu� xi�ng b�ngzh� w�men.	Jehovah wants to help us.
W� hu� b�ngzh� n� m�ngbai t�.	I'll help you to understand it.
N� w�ish�nme y�ng zh�b�n sh�?	Why do you use this book?
Y�ng Sh�ngj�ng n� n�ng m�ngbai.	Using the Bible you can understand.
N� n�ng m�ngbai z�i Sh�ngj�ng y�ng.	You can understand using the Bible.

PRACTICE 46.1

W�men xi�ng b�ngzh� n� m�ngbai Sh�ngj�ng.	We want to help you understand the Bible.
Zh�ge x�nx� sh� sh�nme.	What is this information?
Zh�b�n sh� g�osu w�men gu�ny� Sh�ngd� de hu�.	This book tells us about God's word.
Sh�ngd� xi�ng b�ngzh� n�men m�ngbai T� shu� de hu�.	God wants to help us understand the word he has spoken.
W�men b�ngzh� n� z�i Sh�ngj�ng y�ng.	We help you with the use of the Bible.
Q�ng l�i w�men p�t�nghu� y�ng de j�hu�.	Please come to our meeting that uses Mandarin.
Sh�ngj�ng g�osu w�men Y�h�hu� xi�ng w�men ~~hu�~~ z�ny�ng zu�.	The Bible tells us how Jehovah wants us to act.

STUDY 47

y�oshi …, … ji� …— If …, then … …: further examples

VOCABULARY 47.1

y�oshi …,	… ji� …	If …,	then … …
… ,	… ji� …	[If] …,	then … …
y�o[shi] …,		If …,	[then] … …

GRAMMAR 47.1

See earlier examples of Conditional Sentences in Study 39.

Y�osh� n� b� h�n h�o, w� ji� † b� hu� q� n�r.	If you are not very well, (then) I will not go there.
N� xiw�ng q� n�r, w�men ji� † hu� n�y�ng zu�.	You want to go there, so we will do that way.
Y�osh� n�xi� sh� ~~[hu�]~~ l�i, w�men (ji�) hu� xu�x� t�men.	If those books ~~[‘will’]~~ come, we (then) will study them.
R�n ji� zh�dao w� sh� Y�h�hu�.	Then the people will know I am Jehovah.

† NOTE: word order with “ji�” after the noun w�.

PRACTICE 47.1

Y�oshi n� xi�ng q� w�mende j�hu�, w� ji� hu� l�i b�ngzh� n� q� n�r.	If you want to go to our meeting, then I will come to help you go there.
Y�oshi t�men b� h�o, w�men ji� hu� q� t�mende ji�.	If they are not well, then we will go to their home.
[Y�oshi] n� xi�ng y�u zh�b�n sh�, w� ji� n�ng g�i n� zh�.	[If] you want to have this book, then I can give this to you.
Y�o n� xu�x� Sh�ngd� de hu� n� ~~hu�~~ n�ng m�ngbai T�.	If you study God's word, you will be able to understand Him.
Y�oshi n� zu� Y�h�hu� Sh�ngd� shu� de hu�, n� ji� k�y� y�u y�ngsh�ng.	If you do what Jehovah God says, then you can have everlasting life.
Y�o n�y�ng zu�, n� b� q� n�r.	Doing like that, you don't go there.

STUDY 48

su� —what, that which; su�y�u —whatever there is; d�u—all

VOCABULARY 48.1

su�

what, that which, whatever

su�y�u

whatever there is/are; all

whatever you have; possession

d�u

all

GRAMMAR 48.1

{N� su� shu� de} h�n h�o.	{What you say} is very good.
{T� su� xi�ng de}, T� hu� zu�.	{Whatever he wants to}, He will do.
Q�ng d� {Sh�ngj�ng su� shu� de}.	Please read {what the Bible says}.
{N� su� d� de} z�ny�ng b�ngzh� n�?	How does {what you read} help you?
{Su�y�u b� h�o de hu�} d�u b� n�ng b�ngzh� w�men.	{Whatever bad saying there is}, they all are unable to help us.
{T� su�you de hu�} d�u sh� w�i w�men h�o de.	Whatever word of His there is, all of them are good for us.

PRACTICE 48.1

{Zh�ge r�n s�o shu� de} g�osu w�men z�ny�ng q� t�de ji�.	{What this person said} tells us how to go to his home.
Sh�ngj�ng shu� w�men x�y�o zu� {Sh�ngd� su� xi�ng de}.	The Holy Scriptures say we need to do {whatever God wants}.
W�men x�w�ng zu� {Sh�ngj�ng su� shu� de}.	We wish we could do {what the Bible says}.
Q�ng y�ng {n� su� y�u de Sh�ngj�ng}.	Please use {whatever Bible you have}.

STUDY 49

Review of Interrogatives— who? what? when? where? why?

VOCABULARY 49.1 (Interrogatives, Questions)

sh�nme …?	what …?
sh�i …?	who …?
w�ish�nme …?	why …? (what … for?)
sh�nme sh�hou … ?	when …? (what time …?)
n�l� …? n�r …?	where …?

GRAMMAR 49.1

Zh�ge j�hu� sh� sh�nme?	What is this meeting?
N�(ge d�ngxi) sh� sh�nme?	What's that (thing)?
N�(ge r�n) sh� sh�i?	Who's that (person)?
Sh�i q� n�r?	Who goes there?
T�men w�ish�nme b� l�i?	Why aren't they coming?
N� sh�nme sh�hou xu�x�?	When do you study?
N�de f�ngzi z�i n�l�?	Where is your house?

PRACTICE 49.1

T�men zh�r xu�x� sh�nme?	What do you study there?
N� zh�dao sh�nme?	What do you know?
N�men sh� sh�i?	Who are YOU?
Sh�i zu�ti�n l�i le?	Who came yesterday?
N� w�ish�nme b� zh�dao n�ge hu�?	Why don't you understand that word?

PRACTICE 49.2

T� w�ish�nme n� w�de sh� le?	Why did he take my book?
T�men sh�nme sh�hou hu� q� j�hu�?	When will they go to the meeting?
W�mende sh� z�i n�l�?	Where is our book?
D�hu� de f�ngzi z�i n�r?	Where is the house of meeting?
N� w�ish�nme b� hu� l�i zh�r?	Why will you not come here?

STUDY 50

More interrogatives— how? how much? whose? which?

VOCABULARY 50.1 (More Interrogatives, Questions)

z�ny�ng?	how …? (in what manner …?
z�nme …?	how …? (in what manner …?
du� [sh�n] …?	how [far, much] …? (what extent)
du�sh�o …?	how much … ? how many …?
sh�i de? shu� de?	whose?
n� [y�]ge? *	which? (singular)
n�xi�?	which? (plural)

* Change the measure word ‘ge’, if necessary.

GRAMMAR 50.1

N�de p�ngyou j�nti�n du� h�o?	How well is your friend today?
N�men y�u du�sh�o r�n?	How many of you are there?
Zh�ge f�ngzi sh� sh�i de?	This house is whose?
N�men xu�x� n�b�n sh�?	Which book do YOU study?
N�men xu�x� n�xi� sh�?	Which books do YOU study?

PRACTICE 50.1

N� z�nme hu� l�i zh�r?	How will you come here?
T�men xu�x� du� sh�n le?	How [far] did you study?
Du�sh�o f�ngzi sh� n�mende?	How many houses are YOURS?
N� y�u du�sh�o p�ngyou?	You have how many friends?
Sh�i de sh� z�i zh�r?	Whose book is here?
N�ge r�n sh� sh�i de p�ngyou?	That person is whose friend?
T� q� le sh�i de f�ngzi?	He went to whose house?
W�men hu� xu�x� n�b�n sh�?	We will study which book?

PRACTICE 50.2

T�men z�nme q� n�r le?	How did they go there?
N�ge r�n g�i n� zh�b�n sh� le?	Which person gave you this book?
[z�i] Zh�l� du�sh�o sh�?	Here are how many books?
T� sh� sh�i de m�ma?	She is whose mother?
Sh�i de b�ba g�i n� n� le?	Whose father gave you that?

STUDY 51

Try [to]

VOCABULARY 51.1

l�t�	[to] try, endeavour
sh�t�	[to] attempt, try

GRAMMAR 51.1

T�men l�t� le q� n�r.	They tried to go there.
W� l�t� zu� Sh�ngd� su� shu� de.	I am endeavouring to do what God says.
W�men sh�t� b�ngzh� n�.	We are trying to help you.
N� m�i sh�t� zu� n�.	You didn't attempt to do that.
Q�ng sh�t� d� zh�f�n z�zh�, h�o ma?	Please try to read this magazine, O.K.?

STUDY 52

Let; cause to; suffer problem conditions

VOCABULARY 52.1

r�ng	[to] let; make have to
l�ng	[to] lead to feel …
sh�	[to] cause; make; enable; employ
sh�u	[to] experience, undergo
sh�uk�	[to] suffer [hardship]

n�nt�	difficulties, problems
k�	hardship
q�ngku�ng	conditions; situation

GRAMMAR 52.1

R�ng w�men d� zh�b�n sh�.	Let's read this book.
R�ng w�men d� {T� su� shu� de}.	Let's read {what He says}.
T� r�ng w�men d� t�de sh�.	He lets us read his book.
N� l�ng w� g�ox�ng.	You make me feel happy.
W� y�j�ng sh� t�men r�nshi n� de m�ng.	I already made them know [well] your name.
N� n�ng sh� Sh�ngd� g�ox�ng.	You can make God happy.
Zh�ge xi�oxi l�ng w� g�ox�ng.	This news makes me feel happy.

PRACTICE 52.1

W�men sh�u s�o b� h�o de.	We suffer what is bad.
W�men w�ish�nme sh�u n�nt�?	Why do we suffer problems?
Sh�ngd� b� r�ng w�men sh�u zh�xi� q�ngku�ng ma?	Does God not let us undergo these conditions?
Sh�ngd� w�ish�nme r�ng w�men sh�u zh�xi� n�nt�.	Why does God let us undergo these problems?
T� b� sh� w�men zu� zh�y�ng de.	He doesn’t make us act like this.

PRACTICE 52.2

R�ng w� l�i b�ngzh� n�.	Let me come and help you.
Sh�ngd� sh� w�men zh�dao {t� su� xi�ng de}.	God makes us know {what the wants}.
T� b� xi�ng w�men sh�uk�.	He does not want us to suffer hardship.
Sh�ngd� r�ng w�men m�ngbai w�ish�nme y�u zh�xi� q�ngku�ng.	God lets us know why there are these conditions.
T� sh� w�men de ji� h�n h�o de le.	He made our home very good.
Sh�i sh� zh�ge j�� b� h�o de?	Who makes this home bad?
Sh�ngd� w�ish�nme r�ng w�men sh�uk�?	Why does God let us undergo these problems?
Y�nc� w�men zh�dao w�mende g�ngzu� sh� b� sh�dang de.	So we know our works are not proper.
T� b� sh� w�men zu� zh�y�ng de.	He doesn’t make us act like this.
Sh�ngd� xi�ng w�men sh�u {h�p�ng de q�ngku�ng}.	God wants us to experience {conditions of peace}.
Zh�ge xi�oxi sh� {l�ng w� g�ox�ng de}.	This news is {one that makes me feel happy}.

STUDY 53

Direction: to, from

VOCABULARY 53.1 (Direction)

h� …; t�ng …; g�n …	to … (speaking ‘with’ a hearer)
d�o …	to … (a place); up to …; as far as …
c�ng …	from … (from such place, e.g. China)
c�ng … ch�	from …; out from …; out of …

GRAMMAR 53.1

n�		g�n	w�		shu�hu� le.	You spoke to (with) me.
w�	shu�	g�n	n� m�ma		le.	I spoke with your mother.
t�	hu� g�i		n�	w�de sh�.		She will give [to] you my book.
t�	hu� g�i		n�men	n�b�n sh�.		He will give YOU that book
t�men	q�	d�o	L�nd�n			They went to London.
n�		c�ng	Zh�ng-gu�		l�i ma?	You came (come) from China, mm?
w�men	l�i	c�ng	B�ij�ng		le	We came from Beijing.
t�		c�ng	t� de f�ngzi ch�		l�i le.	He came [out] from his house.
w�		c�ng	zh�b�n sh�		xu�x� t�.	I learned it from this.

PRACTICE 53.1

Q�ng c�ng zh�r d�o n�r d�.	Please read from here to there.
N� c�ng n�r l�i le?	From where did you come?
W� g�n t�de f� q�n shu�hu� le.	I spoke with his father.

STUDY 54

Direction: through, by way of, in the name of, behalf

VOCABULARY 54.1 (Route)

chu�nggu� …	through: from one side to the other
t�nggu� …	through: by way of, via …
f�ng … de m�ng	through …; in the name of …
l�gu�	pass by way of

GRAMMAR 54.1

w�		t�nggu�	zh�b�n sh�	xu�~~[x�]~~	le.	I learned by way of this book.
w�	shu�	f�ng	w� b�ba de m�ng.			I speak in the name of my father.
t�		l�gu�	n�ge	f�ngzi	le.	It came through that house.

STUDY 55

Purpose, for, due to

VOCABULARY 55.2 (Purpose)

g�i …; w�i …	for [giving to] … [a beneficiary]
w�i …; w�ile …	for the purpose of …; in order that
h�oji�o
y�uy� …	due to …
�r …	on the grounds of …; because of … (linking the cause of an action with the action itself); and so …
t� …	for …; on behalf of …
d�i …	for …; on behalf of …

GRAMMAR 55.2

N�b�n sh� sh� g�i zh�ge r�n.	That book is for this person.
Zh� w�i[le] m�ngti�n de j�hu� sh�.	This is for the purpose of tomorrow’s meeting.
H�oji�o t�men zh�dao n� de m�ng.	In order that they know your name.
W�men l�ile y�uy� n�de n�nt�.	We came due to your problem.
W� l�i t� w� b�ba.	I come on behalf of my father
T� l�ile �r k�nji�n w�men.	He came and so got to see us.
T� y�nw�i m�ma b� h�o �r m�i l�i	He did not come because his mother is not well.

STUDY 56

Position: [located] in, at, on

VOCABULARY 56.1 (Position)

(z�i) … l�	(is) in …
(z�i) … l�mian	(is) inside …
(z�i) … shang [mian]	(is) on … , upon …
(z�i) … [mian]	(is) at …
… mian	in the location (described by ‘z�i …’)

GRAMMAR 56.1

Note that ‘z�i’ is normally omitted at the start of a sentence. *

T�	z�i	sh�	l�		It [is] (positioned) in the book.
*	[z�i]	f�ngzi	l�mian	…	Inside the house …
T�	z�i	sh�	shang	[mian]	It [is] (located) on the book.
W�	z�i	t�de f�ngzi		[mian]	I [am] (positioned) at his house.

PRACTICE 56.1

Use words you have learned and make more sentences with these grammar detail.

STUDY 57

Position: up, down, inside, outside, ahead, behind, beside, near

VOCABULARY 57.1

(z�i) … shang; z�i sh�ngmian	(is) up, over ; located upon, on top of
(z�i) … xi� [mian]	(is) down; under …; below …
(z�i) … l�[mian]	(is) in[side] …
(z�i) … w�i[bian], (z�i) w�imian	(is) out[side] …
(z�i) … qi�n[mian]	(is) [located] ahead; in front of …
(z�i) … h�u[mian]; (z�i) … h�u[bian]	(is) [located] behind …
(z�i) … p�ng[bi�n]	(is) by [the side of] …; beside …
(z�i) … [f�]y�n	(is) near[by]

GRAMMAR 57.1

N�de sh�	z�i	n�	shang	[mian]	Your book [is] up there
F�ngzi	z�i	n�ge l�	sh�ng	mian	The house [is] up on that road
T�de sh�	z�i	zh�r	xi�	[mian]	Her house [is] under here
T�de hu�	z�i	n�de sh�	l�mian		His word [is] in your book
W�men	z�i	f�ngzi	w�ibian	hu� l�i	We will come [and be] outside your house
T�	z�i	n�ge f�ngzi	l�	le	He [was] in that house
W�	z�i	n�de f�ngzi	ho�mian		I [am] behind your house
T�	z�i	n�men	p�ngbi�n	q� le	He went * beside YOU
T�men		n�r	l�		They [are] in there

* [continuing in the position beside; alongside]

EXERCISE 57.1 (Answers given below)

Translate these sentences from Chinese Mandarin into English.

W� z�i n�de m�ma p�ngbi�n zu� xi� le �r d� t�de sh�.
N�de sh� z�i w�de z�zh� h�umian.
W�men de j�hu� z�i n�ge f�ngzi l�mian.
Sh�i z�i n�de f�ngzi qi�nmian zu� xi� le?
Q�ng z�i w� f�y�n zu�, h�o ma?
Y�s� J�d� z�i t�de F� q�n xi�.

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 57.1

W� z�i n�de m�ma p�ngbi�n zu� xi� le �r d� t�de sh�.	I sat down beside your mother and read her book.
N�de sh� z�i w�de z�zh� h�umian.	Your book is behind my magazine.
W�men de j�hu� z�i n�ge f�ngzi l�mian.	Our meeting is inside that house.
Sh�i z�i n�de f�ngzi qi�nmian zu� xi� le?	Who is sitting in front of your house?
Q�ng z�i w� f�y�n zu�, h�o ma?	Please sit near me, O.K.?
Y�s� J�d� z�i t�de F� q�n xi�.	Jesus Christ is below his Father.

EXERCISE 57.2 (Answers given below)

Translate these sentences from English into Chinese Mandarin

There is a person on top of your house.
We will be in front of their home.
Your father is beside your mother.
Your house is near our meeting!
Please look under your book, O.K.?

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 57.2

There is a person on top of your house.	Y�u y�ge r�n z�i n�de f�ngzi sh�ngmian.
We will be in front of their home.	W�men hu� z�i t�mende ji� w�ibian.
Your father is beside your mother.	N�de f� q�n z�i n�de m�q�n p�ngbi�n.
Your house is near our meeting!	N�de f�ngzi z�i w�mende j�hu� f�y�n.
Please look under your book, O.K.?	Q�ng z�i n�de sh� xi�mian k�n, h�o ma?

ACTIVITY 57.1

Students converse in groups of two or three, exchanging informative statements.

STUDY 58

Circumstances: before, with, during, after

VOCABULARY 58.1 (Circumstance)

(z�i) y�ng …	with (by means of, by the use of) …
h� … (y�q�); g�n … y�q�; t�ng …	with (in the company of) …
m�iy�u …; [m�iy�u]	without …; [do not have; didn't]
(z�i) … y�qi�n	before …
(z�i) … q�ji�n	during …
(z�i) … y�h�u	after …
c�ng … y�l�i; c�ng … q�; … y�h�u	since …; from … on

PRACTICE 58.1

W� xu�x� n� z�i y�ng zh�b�n sh�.	I study it by means of this book.
W� z�i j�hu� y�qian l�i le	I came before the meeting.
W�men xu�x� zh�l� d�o n� l�i le	We studied here until you came.
T� xu�x� z�i f�ngzi l�mian le	He studies inside the house.
T� l�i le m�iy�u t�de sh�	He came without his book.
W�men b� n�ng xu�x� y�nw�i w�men m�iy�u n�b�n sh�	We cannot study because we are without (don't have) that book.
W�men z�i j�hu� y�h�u q� f�ngzi	We go to the house after the meeting.

PRACTICE 58.2

W� c�ng n�ge j�hu� y�l�i zh�dao	I [have] know[n] since that meeting.
T� h� w� l�i zh�l� le	He came here with me. (He and I …)
T�men z�i j�hu� q�ji�n m�i l�i	They didn't come during the meeting
W� zh�dao t� c�ng w� k�n zh�ge xi�oxi y�l�i	I [have] know[n] it since I saw this message
T�men shu�hu� gu�ny� d�hu� ma?	Did they speak about the convention?
W� hu� q� n�r g�n n� y�q�	I'll go there along with you.

STUDY 59

Auxilliary verbs - desire [to]: like, enjoy, wish, hope, want

VOCABULARY 59.1 (Auxilliary Verbs — Desire)

xi�ng …	[to] want to …; would like to …
x�huan …; x�'�i …	[to] like [to] …, have an interest in …; [to] enjoy …
x�w�ng …	[to] wish to …, have a desire to … [to] hope to …; would like to …
k�w�ng …	[to] wish to …

PRACTICE 59.1

W� x�huan xu�x� p�t�nghu�.	I like (am interested) to study Mandarin
W� x�w�ng q� d�hu�	I'd like (hope) to go to the meeting.
T� xi�ng xu�x� zh�b�n sh�.	He wants to study this book.
T� k�w�ng sh� n�de p�ngyou.	He wishes to be your friend.
T�men xi�ng m�ngti�n l�i.	They want to come tomorrow.
N� x�huan y�u zh�b�n sh� ma?	Are you interested to have this book?

PRACTICE 59.2

W� k�w�ng q� w�de f�ngzi.	I wish to go to my house.
N�ge r�n x�w�ng sh� n�r.	That person hopes to be there.
W�men xi�ng q� n�r.	We want to go there.
T�men k�w�ng l�i zh�r.	They wish to come here.
N� xi�ng d� zh�ge xi�oxi ma?	Would you like to read this message?
W� k�w�ng shu� p�t�nghu�.	I wish to speak Mandarin.

STUDY 60

Auxilliary verbs – complusion: need to, must, should, ought to

VOCABULARY 60.1 (Auxilliary Verbs — Compulsion)

x�y�o …	[to] need to …, have to …; it is necessary that …
y�d�ng	definitely, surely, indeed, really
b�x� …; y�d�ng d�i …; b�d�b�	[to] have an obligation to …; must
y�d�ng y�o …	[to] to have a necessity to …; must
xi�ng y�o …	[to] want to order … (meals, products)
y�ngg�i …	should …; ought to …

PRACTICE 60.1

w� x�y�o xu�x� p�t�nghu�	I need to study Mandarin
w� b�x� q� d�hu�	I must go to the convention.
t� y�d�ng y�o xu�x� zh�b�n sh�	He must study this book.
t� y�ngg�i sh� n�de p�ngyou	He ought to be your friend.
n�men x�y�o m�ngti�n l�i	YOU need to come tomorrow.
t� y�d�ng d�i shu�hu� zh�	He's obligated to say this.
n� y�ngg�i g�i t� t�de sh�	You ought to give him his book.
n� b�x� l�i j�nti�n	You have to come today.
t� b�d�b� q� n�r	He has no option but to go there.
x�y�o n�de f�ngzi hu� z�i n�r	It is necessary that your house [will] be there.
w�men y�d�ng y�o q� j�hu�	We must go to the meeting.
w� xi�ng y�o n�ge d�ngxi	I would like to order that thing.

STUDY 61

Auxilliary Verbs – ability: may, can, try to, let, allow

VOCABULARY 61.1 (Auxilliary Verbs — Ability)

k�n�ng …; y�x� …	may …, [to] have a chance or opportunity to …
k�y� …	may …, [to] have permission to …
n�ng …	can …
n�ng …; d�o …	[to] have a possibility or ability to …
hu� …; n�ng …	can …, [to] know how to …
j�nl� …; l�t� …	[to] try (endeavour) to …
sh� …; sh�t� …	[to] try (attempt) to …
sh�y�ng …	[to] try out in use…
r�ng …	[to] let; [to] allow …
g�i …	[to] let … be done

PRACTICE 61.1

w� k�y� xu�x� p�t�nghu�	I'm permitted to study Mandarin.
w� k�n�ng q� d�hu�	I have a chance to go to the meeting.
t� n�ng xu�x� zh�b�n sh�	He can to study this book.
t� j�nl� sh� t�mende p�ngyou	He tries to be their friend.
t�men d�o m�ngti�n l�i	They could to come tomorrow.
n� r�ng t� n� w�de sh� ma?	You let him take my book?

PRACTICE 61.2

w�men sh� q� d�hu� le	We tried to go to the meeting.
t� sh�y�ng xu�x� c�ng w�de sh�	He is trying to study using our book.
w�men r�ng t� q� n�r	We let him to go there.
t�mende p�ngyou d�o l�i ma?	Their friend could come, is it so?
n� hu� shu� p�t�nghu� ma?	Can you speak Mandarin?
w� l�t� shu� sh�dang de p�t�nghu�	I try to speak Mandarin properly.
g�i w� k�n n�!	Let me see that!

STUDY 62

Use of Verbs: help, live, return, visit, stay, meet, do

VOCABULARY 62.1 (Combining of Verbs)

zh�n; [zh�nxi�ng; zh�nsh�]; [zh�nl�]	true; [the truth]; [a truth, truths]
b�ng; b�ngzh�	[to] help, assist
zh�	[to] live, reside
hu�	[to] return, go back
f�ngw�n	[to] visit, call on
li� xi�; li�xia; d�i	[to] stay, remain
ji�nmi�n	[to] meet
zu�	[to] do, make (something)

PRACTICE 62.1

Zh�b�n sh� shu� zh�n de d�ngxi.	This book says true things.
N� hu� b�ng w� ma?	Can you help me?
T�men zh� zh�r.	They live here.
T� hu� f�ngzi le.	He returned to the house.
W�men q� n�ge r�n f�ngw�n le.	We went to visit that person.
T�men d�i n�r.	They stay there.
W�men ji�nmi�n zh�r.	We meet here.
N� hu� zu� zh� ma?	Can you do this?

PRACTICE 62.2 (Combining of Verbs)

W� x�huan zu� n�.	I like to do that.
W� x�w�ng zh� z�i zh�r.	I'd like to live here.
T� xi�ng hu� f�ngzi.	He wants to return to his house.
W� k�w�ng q� f�ngw�n t�.	I wish to go and visit him.
Y�oshi t�men j�nti�n n�ng l�i h�o le.	I wish they could come today. = If they could come today it would be good.
T�men x�y�o m�ngti�n l�i.	They'll have to come tomorrow.
W�men x�y�o q� b�ng t�.	We must go and help him.
N� n�ng t�ng w� ji�nmi�n ma?	Can you meet with me?

STUDY 63

Use of Verbs: see, hear, read, write

VOCABULARY 63.1 (Combining of Verbs)

ji�n; (k�njian)	[to] see; ([to] see a sight)
t�ng	[to] listen to
t�ngjian	[to] hear

k�n	[to] read, look at and comprehend; [to] look at
d� …; ni�n …	[to] read … aloud
xi� [x�n]	[to] write [a letter]

PRACTICE 63.1 (Combining of Verbs)

N� k�njian w�de f�ngzi ma?	Can you see my house?
W� k�n b� ji�n y�ge f�ngzi.	I cannot see a house.
M�ngti�n ji�n!	See you tomorrow!
W� f�q�n b� xi�ng t�ng n�de hu�.	My father does not want to listen to your word.
T�men t�ngjian y�u r�n z�i n�de f�ngzi l�mian.	They heard [there is] a person inside your house.
W� t�ng b� ji�n n� su� shu� de.	I can’t hear what you’re saying.
W� xi�ng d� n�b�n sh�.	I want to read that book.
Q�ng ni�n zh�ge x�nx�.	Please read this message [aloud].
Q�ng g�i w� xi� x�n, h�o ma?	Please write [to] me a letter, O.K.?

PRACTICE 63.2 (Combining of Verbs)

w� x�huan d� sh�	I like to read books.
t� xi�ng t�ng zh�g� h�o xi�oxi.	She wants to hear this good news.
t�men x�y�o m�ngti�n ni�n w�mende xi�oxi	They'll have to read out our message tomorrow.
w�men x�y�o q� k�n n�ge f�ngzi	We must go and look at that house.
n� n�ng k�njian sh�nme?	What can you see?
w� l�t� xi� H�nz�.	I try to write Hanzi.

STUDY 64

Use of Verbs: love, understand, have, obtain, receive

VOCABULARY 64.1 (Use of Verbs)

�i	[to] love (someone)
�ih�o	[to] love (something)
m�ngbai; l�ji�; d�ng	[to] understand
y�u	[to] have, possess
d�d�o; sh�ud�o	[to] obtain, receive, get

PRACTICE 64.1 (Use of Verbs)

N� �i t� ma?	Do you love her?
T� �ih�o d� t�de sh�	He loves to read his book.
N� m�ngbai p�t�nghu� ma?	Can you understand Mandarin?
N� y�u y�ge f�ngzi ma?	Do you have a house?
M�ngti�n y�u y�ge d�hu�.	Tomorrow there is an assembly.
W� �ih�o n�b�n sh�.	I love that book.
T� �ih�o ni�n t�de sh�.	He loves to read his book [aloud].
N� hu� d�d�o Sh�nd� de x�ngf�	You can obtain God’s blessings.

STUDY 65

de and its various uses; ”; Relatives and Correlatives

GRAMMAR 65.1 (List of Uses of “de”; Relatives and Correlatives)

… de	1	‘of …’
	2	of possessor ‘…’
	3	of quality described as ‘…’
	4	the thing of the quality described as ‘…’
	5	of manner described as ‘…’
	6	of action described as ‘…’
	7	Possibility of an action
	8	of relative/correlative description ‘…’

GRAMMAR 65.2 (Use of “de” : ‘Of’)

f�ngzi de l�	way of the house
d�hu� de f�ngzi	house of the meeting; meeting house

GRAMMAR 65.3 (Use of “de” : Possession)

w�de sh�	my book
w�de	mine
w�de sh� sh� zh�r	My book is here.
n� sh� w�de	That is mine.
w� * m�ma	my mother
n� * b�ba de sh�	your father's book; the book of your father

* NOTE: Omit “de” for closely related persons

GRAMMAR 65.4 (Use of “de” : Quality — Adjectives Describing Nouns)

Use “de” if the quality described is	written in more than one character
h�n h�o de p�ngyou	very good friend(s)
b� h�o de r�n	not a good person; bad person(s)
Omit “de” if the quality is described	using only one written character
h�o p�ngyou	good friend(s)

GRAMMAR 65.5 (Use of “de” : Person or Thing of the Quality Described)

h�o de sh� w�de

The good one is mine

GRAMMAR 65.6 (Use of “de” : Manner — Adjectives to Form Adverbs)

sh�dang	proper, suitable
sh�dang de	properly, suitably
t� sh�dang de shu�	He speaks properly

GRAMMAR 65.7 (Use of “de” : Action — Forming an Adverbial Phrase)

n� shu� de h�n h�o

How you speak is very good.

You speak very well.

t� shu� de b� h�o.

How he speaks is not good.

He speaks badly.

w� sh� zu�ti�n l�i de

I came yesterday ! (Emphasis)

GRAMMAR 65.8 (Use of “de” : Possible Result of an Action)

zu� de d�o	can manage to; is capable of doing
w�men shu� de xu�x�	We [would] learn to speak
w�men shu� b� xu�x� *	We would not learn to speak

* For a negative possibility, ‘b�’ replaces ‘de’.

GRAMMAR 65.9 (Use of “de”: Relative and Correlative Pronouns)

…… de	‘person or thing of this description’
	The use of “de” transforms the words “… …” into a noun or a ‘noun phrase’.
zh� sh� (shu�hu� h�o de ) p�ngyou	This is a friend (who speaks well).
	This is a friend ([of this description:] “he speaks well”).
	The above example has expressed the relative pronoun “who”. Also, “de” is used to express the relative forms of what, who, where, why, when, how, whose, and which.
(h�o f�ngzi de ) r�n	person (of / with a nice house)

GRAMMAR 65.10

zh� sh� (t� * g�i w� de)	This is (what he gave me). This is (the thing that he gave me).	This is ([the thing of this description:] “he gave it”).
n�ge r�n sh� (h�o de) p�ngyou	That person is a friend (who is good).	That person is a friend ([of this description:] “good”.)
n�xi� (b� xu�x� de) r�n	Those are persons (who don't study).	Those are persons ([of this description:] “they don't study”).
* “su�” can be inserted for	‘whatever’— w� su� shu� de	whatever I said

GRAMMAR 65.10 (Continued)

zh� sh� (w� b� xu�x� n�b�n sh� de) yu�ny�n	This is the reason (why I don't study that book).	This is the reason ([of this description:] “I don't study that book”).
m�nti�n sh� (w�men q� d�hu� n�sh� de) *	Tomorrow is (when we go to the meeting).	Tomorrow is ([the time of this description:] “we go to the meeting then).
zh� sh� (t�men xu�x� de) f�ngzi	This the house (where we study).	This is the house ([of this description:] “we study”).
zh� sh� (w�men q� w�mende d�hu� de) l�	This is how we go to our meeting.	This is the way ([of this description:] “we go to our meeting”).
n� sh� (w� xu�x� t�de sh� de) r�n	That is the person whose book I study.	That is the person ([of this description:] “I study his book”).
zh� sh� (n� g�i de) sh�	This is the book which you gave.	This is the book ([of this description:] “you gave”).
w� q� (za� n�de f�ngzi l� de) d�hu�	I'm going to the meeting which is in your house.	I'm going to the meeting ([of this description:] “in your house”).
* “n�sh�” can be omitted

STUDY 66

Measure Words (MW)

VOCABULARY 66.1

y�ji�n	idea, opinion
hu�	painting or drawing
w�nzh�ng	article written; editorial; essay
zhu�zi	table

VOCABULARY 66.2 (Measure Words)

y�… (before …� …� …�) y� (before …� …)	a, an; (one)	y�b�n sh� = a book y�ge p�ngyou = a friend
li�ng…	a pair of;(two)	li�ngb�n sh� = a couple of books

…ge	(used generally)	y�ge p�ngyou = a friend
…b�n	(thick books)	y�b�n sh� = a book
…f�n	(leaflets, news- papers)	li�ngf�n z�zh� = a pair of leaflets, thin magazines, or documents
…c�	(-ce; times)	y�c� = once; li�ngc� = twice
…zh�ng	(kinds of)	li�ng zh�ng r�n = two kinds of people

…bi�n	(full cycles)	n�b�n sh� w� k�nle li�ngbi�n = I read that book twice [completely].
…di�n	(ideas)	li�ngdi�n y�ji�n = two opinions
…du�n	(sections, parts)	zh�du�n l� = this section of road
…f�	(pictures)	y�f� hu� = a painting or a drawing
…l�i	(types of)	zh�l�i d�ngxi = this type of thing
…pi�n	(write-up)	n�pi�n w�nzh�ng = that article
…ti�o	(item of news)	zh�ti�o xi�oxi (/ x�nx�) = this message
…zh�ng	(flat, squarish)	y�zh�ng zhu�zi = a table
…zu�	(buildings)	y�zu� f�ngzi = a house

PRACTICE 66.1

t� l�ile zh�r li�ngc�	She came here twice.
n� zh�f�n z�zh�	Take this magazine.
ni�n n� h�o de	Read that [aloud] well.
y�zh�ng r�n sh� h�o b� h�o	Two kinds of person are good and bad.

PRACTICE 66.1

zh� sh� y�ge h�o r�n	This is a nice person.
n� zh�dao y�ge yu�ny�n ma?	Do you know a reason?
w� m�i k�n n�b�n sh�	I did not read that [volume of the] book.
g�i w� m�ma zh�b�n z�zh�	Give my mother that (thick) magazine
w�men g�ile li�ng f�n z�zh�	We gave a pair of (thin) magazines.
t� q� n�r li�ngc�	He went there on a couple of occasions.
w� r�nshi y�zh�ng p�ngyou	I know one kind of friend.

PRACTICE 66.2

t� d�i z�i d�hu� q�ji�n li�ngbi�n le	She stayed during [all] the assembly twice.
w�men y�u y�di�n y�ji�n gu�ny� zh�nxi�ng	We have one idea about the truth.
z�i n�du�n j�hu� w�men hu� xu�x� zh�f�n z�zh�	In that section of the meeting we will study this magazine.
n�l�i f�ngzi hu� sh� h�n h�o w�i w�de j�hu�	That house will be very good for our meeting.
q�ng k�n j�nti�n n�f�n z�zh� de zh�pi�n w�n zh�ng	Please read today this article in that magazine.
w� k�njian t� le z�i n�zh�ng zhu�zi shang	I saw it on that table
w� x�w�ng zu� y�zu� h�o f�ngzi	I would like to make a nice house.

STUDY 67

b� — Comparative; zu� — Superlative; gender

VOCABULARY 67.1

b�	than (in comparison with)
zu�	most, the most (indicating the superlative)

n�n-	male (relating to humans)
n�- ; n�x�ng de	female (relating to humans)
n�nh�ir	boy
n�h�ir	girl

GRAMMAR 67.1

n� sh� h�o de sh�	That is a good book.
zh�b�n sh� sh� h�o (de)	This book is good.
zh�b�n sh� sh� h�n h�o de	This book is very good.
n�b�n sh� sh� b� h�o de	That book is not good.
zh�b�n sh� b� n�b�n sh� h�o	This book is better than that book. (= this book compared to that book is good)
zh� b� n� h�o	This is better than that.
w�mende b� t�mende h�o	Ours is better than theirs.

GRAMMAR 67.2

zh�b�n sh� sh� zu� h�o de	This book is best.
zh�b�n sh� sh� zu� h�o de	This book is the best.
zh� sh� zu� h�o de sh�	This is the best book.

GRAMMAR 67.3

zh�ge n�nr�n sh� t�de n�np�ngyou	This man is her boyfriend.
w� sh� n�ge n�h�irde b�ba	I am that girl's father
zh�ge n�r�n r�nshi n�ge n�nh�ir	This woman knows that boy.
n�ge n�nr�n b� n�xi� r�n h�o	That man is better than those people.

STUDY 68

Numbers

VOCABULARY 68.1 (Numbers)

0	l�ng	12	sh�'�r
1	y�	20	�rsh�
2	�r	21	�rsh�'y�
3	s�n	100	b�i
4	s�	102	y�b�il�ng�r
5	w�	112	y�b�ish�'�r
6	li�	1000	y�qi�n
7	q�	10,000	w�n
8	b�	1,000,000	y�b�iw�n
9	ji�
10	sh�

STUDY 69

Days, months, and dates

VOCABULARY 68.1 (Days, Months, and Dates)

r�	day
x�ngq�y�	Monday (Day 1)
x�ngq�'�r	Tuesday (Day 2…)
x�ngq�s�n	Wednesday
x�ngq�s�	Thursday
x�ngq�w�	Friday
x�ngq�li�	Saturday
x�ngq�r�	Sunday

sh�ngw�	before noon
xi�w�	afternoon
z�oxi� sh�hou	early in the day
w�nxi� sh�hou	late in the day

yu�	month
y�yu�	January (Month 1)
�ryu�	February (Month 2…)
s�nyu�	March
s�yu�	April
w�yu�	May
li�yu�	June
q�yu�	July
b�yu�	August
ji�yu�	September
sh�yu�	October
sh�y�yu�	November
sh�'�ryu�	December

ni�n	year
q�ni�n	the year gone; last year
j�nni�n	this year
m�ngni�n	coming year; next year

sh�j�	century
G�ngyu�nqi�n	Before our Common Era (BCE)
G�ngyu�n	Common Era (CE)

j�?	how many; what number?
h�o	day (in a date – when spoken about)
r�	day (in a date – when written about)
j�nti�n j� h�o?	What is the date today?
sh�ngge	last, previous
xi�ge	next, following

PRACTICE 69.1

J�nti�n j� h�o?	What is the date today?
J�nti�n �rl�ngsh�s�n ni�n li�yu� �rsh�li� r� x�ngq�s�n (2013 ni�n 6 yu� 26 r� x�ngq�s�n).	Today is Wednesday, June 26th, 2013.
X�ngq�r� y�u w�mende j�hu�.	On Sunday there is our meeting.
C�ng x�ngq�w� d�o x�ngq�r� y�u y�ge d�hu�.	From Friday to Sunday there will be a convention.
M�ngni�n q�yu� w� b� hu� z�i n�r.	Next year in July I will not be there.
T� xi� za� G�ngyu�nqi�n w� sh�j� le.	He wrote in the fifth century B.C.E. (Before Our Common Era).
Sh�ngge yu� t� l�i le zh�r.	Last month he came here.
T� xi�ng zh�ge x�ngq� q� n�de ji�.	He wants to go to your home this week.
T� hu� xi�ge x�ngq�r� q� z�j� de f�ngzi.	He will go next Sunday to his own house.

STUDY 70

FREQUENTLY USED WORDS — Chinese Mandarin to English

VOCABULARY 70.1 (Chinese Mandarin to English)

�i	love
b�ogu�	value
bi�om�ng	show – [to ~]
B�!	Not correct! (Yes! to -ve; No! to +ve)
b�w�nm�i	imperfect
ch�ngw�i	become – [to ~]
ch�ngb�i	worship – [to ~]
ch�sh�ng	birth
cu�w�	error, mistake
cu�w� de z�ngji�o	false religion
d�og�o	pray – [to ~]
d�	earth
d�shang	on earth
d�ngxi	thing
du�!	Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)
du�sh�o	how many; how much
�[r�n]	wicked [person]
f�sh�ng	event, happening
f�c�ng	obey – [to ~]
f�hu�	resurrection
g�ngzu�	work – [to ~]
gu�w�ng	king
ji�t�ng	family
ji�ch�	end – [to ~]
ji�sh�	end; be ended; bring to an end – [to ~]
ji�gu�	result
ji�j�ng	clean; cleanliness – [to ~]
j�z�i	report; record
k�	difficulty; pain; suffering
ku�ile	happiness, joy; happy, joyful
k�n�n	bitter hardships
l�yu�n	paradise
l�zi	example
n�nt�	difficulties; problems
qi�nb�i	humble
q�ngku�ng	conditions, situation
q�nj�n	approach, draw near to – [to ~]
r�nl�i	humankind
r�nw�i	think – [to ~]
r�zi	day
r�ngy�	easy
sh�nghu�	way of life; be living
sh�ngm�ng	life
sh�nme sh�hou	what time, when
Sh�!	Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)
Sh�de!	Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)
sh�hou	time
sh�ji�	world
sh�ji�	ransom
s�[w�ng]	death
t�ng	listen to – [to ~]
t�ngc�ng	listen; obey – [to ~]
t�ngjian	hear – [to ~]
t�ngzh�	rule – [to ~]
t�ngzh�zh�	ruler
w�nggu�	kingdom
w�nm�i	perfect
x�n	new
x�n	believe – [to ~]
x�nx�n	faith
x�ny�ng	belief; religion
y�ngg�i	should, ought
y�ngx�	promise
y�ngd�	please – [to ~]
y�j�ng	already
y�[r�n]	righteous [person]
y�si	meaning
yu�ny�n	reason
yu�	month
yu�n�	approval
z�nm�i	praise – [to ~]
zh�ngm�ng	proof
zh�ngqu� de z�ngji�o	true religion
zh�hu�	wisdom
zh�ng x�n de	faithful
zh�ngy�o	important
z�ngji�o	religion

STUDY 71

FREQUENTLY USED WORDS — English to Chinese Mandarin

VOCABULARY 71.1 (English to Chinese Mandarin)

approach, draw near to – [to ~]	q�nj�n
approval	yu�n�
become – [to ~]	ch�ngw�i
belief; religion	x�ny�ng
believe – [to ~]	x�n
birth	ch�sh�ng
bitter hardships	k�n�n
clean; cleanliness – [to ~]	ji�j�ng
conditions, situation	q�ngku�ng
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)	du�!
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)	Sh�!
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)	Sh�de!
day	r�zi
death	s�[w�ng]
difficulties; problems	n�nt�
difficulty; pain; suffering	k�
earth	d�
easy	r�ngy�
end – [to ~]	ji�ch�
end; be ended; bring to an end – [to ~]	ji�sh�
error, mistake	cu�w�
event, happening	f�sh�ng
example	l�zi
faith	x�nx�n
faithful	zh�ng x�n de
false religion	cu�w� de z�ngji�o
family	ji�t�ng
happiness, joy; happy, joyful	ku�ile
hear – [to ~]	t�ngjian
how many; how much	du�sh�o
humankind	r�nl�i
humble	qi�nb�i
imperfect	b�w�nm�i
important	zh�ngy�o
king	gu�w�ng
kingdom	w�nggu�
life	sh�ngm�ng
listen to – [to ~]	t�ng
listen; obey – [to ~]	t�ngc�ng
love	�i
meaning	y�si
month	yu�
new	x�n
Not correct! (Yes! to -ve; No! to +ve)	B�!
obey – [to ~]	f�c�ng
on earth	d�shang
paradise	l�yu�n
perfect	w�nm�i
please – [to ~]	y�ngd�
praise – [to ~]	z�nm�i
pray – [to ~]	d�og�o
promise	y�ngx�
proof	zh�ngm�ng
ransom	sh�ji�
reason	yu�ny�n
religion	z�ngji�o
report; record	j�z�i
result	ji�gu�
resurrection	f�hu�
righteous [person]	y�[r�n]
rule – [to ~]	t�ngzh�
ruler	t�ngzh�zh�
should, ought	y�ngg�i
show – [to ~]	bi�om�ng
thing	d�ngxi
think – [to ~]	r�nw�i
time	sh�hou
true religion	zh�ngqu� de z�ngji�o
value	b�ogu�
way of life; be living	sh�nghu�
what time, when	sh�nme sh�hou
wicked [person]	�[r�n]
wisdom	zh�hu�
work – [to ~]	g�ngzu�
world	sh�ji�
worship – [to ~]	ch�ngb�i

STUDY 72

Review of Words Learned

VOCABULARY 72.1 (Review of Words Learned)

This is a review of all the vocabularies covered in Part 1: Studies 1-29.

[See Study 1 for guidance on Mandarin pronuciation and Pinyin script.

Check especially tones and tonal marks in Pronunciation 1.4.]

a, an	y�ge, etc. MW (Part 2 shows more ‘measure words’.) Use y� before …�, …�, or …�, otherwise use y�
[to] be able; can	n�ng; hu�
about	gu�ny�
address	d�zh�
[email] address	[y�m�ir] d�zh�
again	z�i
all	d�u (see whatever)
[to] be allowed	k�y�
[to] be not allowed; must not	b�k�
already	y�j�ng
always, ever	c�ngl�i (usually with b� or m�i)
answer, comment	hu�d�
answer, reply, response	d�f�
[to] approach	q�nj�n
approval	yu�n�
[to] ask [a question]	w�n [w�nt�]
assembly, convention	d�hu�
[to] attempt, try	sh�t�
[to] be (am, is, are)	sh�
[to] be able; can	n�ng; hu�
[to] be acquainted with	r�nshi
[to] be not allowed; must not	b�k�
[to] be present	z�i
because	y�nw�i
[to] become	ch�ngw�i
[to] begin, start	k�ish�
belief; religion	x�ny�ng
[to] believe	x�n
Bible, Holy Scriptures	Sh�ngj�ng
birth	ch�sh�ng
bitter hardships	k�n�n
bless�d happiness	x�ngf�
[a] book	[y�b�n] sh�
brother	d�xi�ng; xi�ngd�
Brother X	X D�xi�ng
[to] be called; call	ji�o
[to] be called by the name X	ji�o X m�ngzi
can; [to] be able	n�ng, hu�
[to] cause; make; enable; use	sh�
chapter	zh�ng
[to] clean; cleanliness	ji�j�ng
[to] come	l�i
[to] comment; remark	p�ngl�n
conditions; situation	q�ngku�ng
convention, assembly	d�hu�
Correct! (Yes! to +ve; No! to -ve)	Du�! Sh�! Sh�de!
day	r�zi
death	s�[w�ng]
did …	…le (le is just after the verb)
did …	…guo (guo shows action was completed)
didn't …; wasn't …-ing	m�i …
[to] die	s�
difficulty; bitter hardship	k�; k�n�n
difficulty; problems	k�nn�n; n�nt�
[to] make, treat as; do, serve as	zu�
[to] draw near to	q�nj�n
each	m�i
earth	d�
on earth	[z�i] d�shang
easy	r�ngy�
email [address]	y�m�ir [d�zh�]
[to] enable; cause; make; use	sh�
[to] end, bring to a finish	ji�ch�
[to] end, come to a finish	zh�od�o
[to] endeavour, try	l�t�
[in, using] English	[y�ng] Y�ngw�n
error, mistake	cu�w�
event, happening	f�sh�ng
everlasting life	y�ngsh�ng
example	l�zi
excellent	f�i ch�ng h�o
exist	z�i
[to] experience, suffer	sh�u
faith	x�nx�n
faithful	zh�ng x�n de
false religion	cu�w� de z�ngji�o
family	ji�t�ng
[to] feel …	g�nd�o …
[to] make feel	l�ng
[to] find out, learn, inquire	li�oji�
fine, well, good	h�o
the first …	d� y� …
[to] go on foot	z�ul�
for	w�i; w�ile
for the purpose that; so that	w�i; w�ile
for what; why	w�ish�nme
friend	p�ngyou
from, starting at	c�ng
[to] give	g�i
[to] go	q�
God	Sh�ngd�
god	sh�n
good, well, fine	h�o
Hanzi	H�nz�
happening, event	f�sh�ng
happiness; happy	ku�ile; g�ox�ng
bless�d happiness	x�ngf�
bitter hardships	k�n�n
[to] have; there is/are	y�u
[to] have not; there is/are not	m�iy�u
have done …; …is completed	… … le (le is at the end of the sentence)
he, she, it	t�
Hello!	N� h�o!
[to] help; assistance	b�ngzh�; b�ng
hence	y�nc�
her …	t�de …
here	[z�i] zh�r; zh�l�
his	t�de
home (where you live)	ji�
how, in what way/manner	z�ny�ng; z�nmey�ng
How are you?	N� h�o ma?
how many	du�sh�o
how much	du�sh�o
however	k�sh�
humanity	r�nl�i
humble	qi�nb�i, w�nh�, qi�nh�
I	w�
if …, then …	y�oshi …, … ji� …
if …, [then] …	y�oshi …, … [ji�] …
[if] …, then …	[y�oshi] …, … ji� …
if …, then …	r�gu� …, n�mu� … …
immediately	m�sh�ng
imperfect	b�w�nm�i
important	zh�ngy�o; zh�ngsh�
impossible	b� k�n�ng
Incorrect! (No! to +ve; Yes! to -ve)	B�!
indeed, surely	h�n
[to] be interested in …	du� … g�n x�ngq�; y�u x�ngq�
invisible	k�n b� ji�n de
invitation	[…f�n] q�ngti�
is it so?	ma?
it, he, she	t�
its	t�de
Jehovah	Y�h�hu�
joy; joyful	ku�ile
king	gu�w�ng
kingdom	w�nggu�
[to] know (information)	zh�dao
[to] know (a person)	r�nshi
[a bit] later	[gu�] y�hu�r
[to] learn, find out	li�oji�
[to] let; make have to	r�ng
life	sh�ngm�ng
life, way of living	sh�nghu�
life everlasting	y�ngsh�ng
[to] give … a lift by car	r�ng … d�ch�
would like, wish hope	x�w�ng
like what?	z�ny�ng? z�nmey�ng
like this	zh�y�ng
like that	n�y�ng
[to] listen; obey	t�ngc�ng
[to] look, watch, read (silently)	k�n
love	�i
…-ly	… de
[to] make, treat as; do, serve as	zu�
[to] make; cause; enable; use	sh�
[to] make feel	l�ng
Mandarin	p�t�nghu�
mankind	r�nl�i
manner, how	y�ng
meaning	y�si
meeting	j�hu�
message	xi�oxi; x�nx�
mistake	cu�w�
mm, is it so?	ma?
Monday	X�ngq�y�
month	yu�
morning	z�osh�ng
must; [to] have to	b�x�
[to] be not allowed; must not	b�k�
my	w�de
name	m�ngzi; m�ng
never did …	c�ngl�i m�i …
never have	c�ngl�i b� …
new	x�n
news	xi�oxi
good news	h�o xi�oxi
the next …	xi� y�ge …
nice to see you	h�n g�ox�ng ji�nd�o n�
[telephone] number	[di�nhu�] h�om�
No! ( to +ve); Incorrect!	B�!
No! (to -ve); Correct!	Du�! Sh�! Sh�de!
not	b� (Note: b� sh�)
[to] obey	f�c�ng
[to] obey, listen	t�ngc�ng
of …	…de
OK!	H�ode!
one	y�
ought, should	y�ngg�i
our	w�mende
pain	k�
paradise	l�yu�n
paragraph	du�n
peace	h�p�ng
perfect	w�nm�i
person, people	r�n
Pinyin	P�ny�n
Please!	q�ng!
[to] please	y�ngd�
it is possible that	k�n�ng
quite possibly	h�n k�n�ng de
[to] praise	z�nm�i
[to] pray	d�og�o
the previous …	shang y�ge …
problems; difficulty	k�nn�n; n�nt�
proof	zh�ngm�ng
promise	y�ngx�
prophecy	y�y�n
question	w�nt�
ransom	sh�ji�
read	k�n; d�
read … aloud	d� …; ni�n …
reason	yu�ny�n
the reason why; therefore; so	su�y�
record, report	j�z�i
regarding, on the part of, about	du�
religion, belief	x�ny�ng
religion	z�ngji�o
[to] remark, comment	p�ngl�n
report; record	j�z�i
reply, response	d�f�
result	ji�gu�
resurrection	f�hu�
[to] ride; ride	zu�
righteous [person]	y�[r�n]
[to] rule	t�ngzh�
ruler	t�ngzh�zh�
…s	…men (persons)
…s	…xi� (changes this to these; a to some, etc)
…'s, …s'	…de
sad	n�ngu�
scripture, verse	ji�
Holy Scriptures	Sh�ngj�ng
[to] see, catch sight of	k�nji�n
[to] get to see, meet	ji�nd�o
[to] make, treat as; do, serve as	zu�
several, some	y�xi� (Y�u y�xi� … at start of sentence)
she, he, it	t�
should, ought	y�ngg�i
[to] show	bi�om�ng
[to] sing [a song]	ch�ng [g�]
sister	ji�m�i, z�m�i
Sister X	X Ji�m�i
[to] sit, ride	zu�
[to] sit down	zu� xi�
situation; conditions	q�ngku�ng
so, therefore	y�nc�; su�y�
someone	m�ur�n
song	g�
[to] speak, say	shu�
[to] stand up	zh�n q�l�i
[to] start, begin	k�ish�
study; [to] study	xu�x�
[to] suffer, experience	sh�u
suffering	k�
[to] take	n�
talk, sermon	t�ol�n
telephone [number]	di�nhu� [h�om�]
[to] tell	g�osu
Thanks!	Xi�xie!
Thank you! (polite form)	Xi�xie n�n!
Thank you for reading.	Xi�xie n�n d�.
that (pronoun)	n�
that …	n�ge …
their	t�mende
if …, then …	y�oshi …, ji� … (See if )
there	[z�i] n�r; n�l�
there is/are; [to] have	y�u
there is/are not; [to] have not	m�iy�u
therefore; so	y�nc�; su�y�
these; these …	zh�xi�; zh�xi� …
they	t�men
thing	d�ngxi
[to] think	r�nw�i
this (pronoun)	zh�; zh�i
this …	zh�ge …
those; those …	n�xi�; n�xi� …
through (in) the name of Jesus	f�ng Y�s� de m�ng;
through the name of Jesus	t�nggu� Y�s� de m�ng
time	sh�hou
to, as far as	d�o
tomorrow	m�ngti�n
topic	hu�t�
[to] make, treat as; do, serve as	zu�
true religion	zh�ngqu� de z�ngji�o
[to] try, attempt	sh�t�
[to] try, endeavour	l�t�
[to] undergo, experience, suffer	sh�u
[to] understand	d�ng
[to] understand; see clearly	m�ngbai
[to] use; cause; make; enable	sh�
[to] use; usage	y�ng
using	z�i y�ng
value	b�ogu�
verse, scripture	ji�
very	h�n
visible	k�nji�n de
volume of bound edition of …	[y�] b�n … (e.g. sh�, book)
[to] want to	xi�ng
way, manner	y�ng
this way	zh�y�ng
that way	n�y�ng
what way?	z�ny�ng? z�nmey�ng
we	w�men
Welcome!	hu�ny�ng!
well, fine, good	h�o
what	sh�nme
whatever; that which	su�
whatever there is; all you have	su�y�u (often used with d�u - all)
what time	sh�nme sh�hou
when	sh�nme sh�hou
where?	[z�i] n�r; n�l�; zh�r; zh�l�
who	sh�i
why	w�ish�nme
wicked [person]	�[r�n]
will (future action)	hu�
wisdom	zh�hu�
words; that which is said	hu�
[to] work	g�ngzu�
world	sh�ji�
[to] worship	ch�ngb�i
Yes! ( to +ve); Correct!	Du�! Sh�! Sh�de!
Yes! (to -ve); Incorrect!	B�!
you[r]	n�[de]
YOU[R]	n�men[de]

APPENDIX A

Sentence Structure

GRAMMAR A1.1

A sentence is not just a string of words. It is a chain of groups of words. Your fluency depends on respect for these discrete groups and the detail they contribute to the overall message of the whole sentence.

Mastering the Use of Sentence Structure

• Keep it simple! Let's all not lose sight of the wood for the trees.

• To work quickly in one or more languages at a time you need to “picture” in your mind the key ideas being communicated.

• When composing the expression of your own idea, “paint” the main features of your thought picture. You can then add more and more detail, but only do this if you progressed enough with the language and if you need to do so. Don’t add irrelevant or unimportant detail.

• When registering what someone else has expressed, simplify the picture. See its main features. Identify other details, if you can and need to. Don’t focus on or repeat irrelevant detail that others have said.

We need to develop the skill of building up the structure of a sentence. This applies essentially to the learning of any language.

See how a sentence is a chain of a few simple parts. Each of these may be expanded with more detail.

As you begin to compose sentences, keep them very simple. Only add detail as and when you need to and are able to.

Many students don’t see the wood for the trees. This is particularly noticeable at meetings where a publication is used as the basis for a question-and-answer discussion. Some students find it difficult to advance beyond underlining and quoting lines from the publication instead of speaking in their own words and from the heart the key points. Are such comments up-building to the speaker or to the hearers?

For example, consider the short sentence, “They give him this invitation.” This simple sentence is already an expansion of a simpler sentence.

1) They give.

2) They give this.

3) They give him this. (= They give this to him.)

This can be expanded much further with far more detail.

1)	They		give.
2)	They		give		this.
3)	They		give		this invitation.
4)	They		give	him	this invitation.
5)	"	(eagerly)	"	the man	an invitation.
6)	The brothers	(with great urgency)	offer	the man in the street	their important invitation.
7)	The bold proclaimers	(at every opportunity)	would like to give	the person they meet in the street	their invitation for an important meeting.

GRAMMAR A1.2

Illustrations of Simple Structure

A SCULPTURE

If we can first construct a basic skeleton (such as “they give”), we can then build up the body of the sentence on it.

A GOODS TRAIN

Using the table above, imagine a simple sentence as being like a goods train that has an engine, a fuel tender, and maybe also a variety of trucks attached. Each vessel has its own contents separate from the others. Similarly a sentence must have an doer of something (“subject”) and an action that is done (“verb”). It may also have other blocks of information such as an object being acted upon (“the indirect object” in the “accusative case”) or an object receiving the action (“direct object” in the “dative case”). Other information in the simple sentence serves to provide more detail about the above parts.

A CHAIN

A chain is a series of elements each with its own integral structure.

GRAMMAR A1.3

Can you identify the main parts of a simple sentence?

Doer	“Subject”	Who or what is doing the action?	e.g. “They”
Action done	“Verb”	What is the action?	e.g. “give”
Object acted upon	“Indirect Object”	Is there someone or something being acted upon?	e.g. “this invitation”
Object receiving action	“Direct Object”	Is there someone or something receiving the action?	e.g. “him”

PRACTICE A1.1

Please find some simple sentences and identify the doer and the action done. Strip out all the other information from it.

PRACTICE A1.2

Using the same simple sentences as in the previous practice also identify the indirect and direct objects, if these exist.

PRACTICE A1.3

Take the same simple sentences again and see if it is possible to simplify them, so that you would find it a lot easier to translate their main points.

The following sentences are examples that you could simplify.

1) If I could find the time and energy, I would like to go to college in the evenings after work (perhaps) and learn to speak Chinese fluently like a native who's been speaking it all his life.

2) My friend's brother's wife, or is it mother-in law, was walking down the High Street one evening last week when a child ran across the road, just avoided getting knocked down by a car and then nearly knocked her down in the process.

3) My friend and I have been talking to your neighbours this morning about, “Do you think we shall ever be able to enjoy a peaceful earth?”

4) Have you ever wondered why we are here?

GRAMMAR A1.4

More Complex Sentence Structures

There are more complex sentence structures than the simple sentences considered above. However, the following approach will help you to break them down, simplify them, and express the main points of each discrete section. This is not only important for composing your own sentences, but also to facilitate fluent, understandable reading of others' texts.

A sentence is made more complex when it uses more than one active verb (“doing word”) group. A sentence will always have a “main clause” formed like the simple sentences described earlier. Other claused (each with their own action word) are attached to the main clause.

For example, see the underlined active verbs and the logic of the stacked brackets in the following sentences.

1) [I hope that {you will come (when it stops raining.)}]

2) [He said that {(you would come) and (* see me)}]

* NOTE “you would” is omitted, as it is understood or inferred.

3) {(He comes) and (we study the publication.)} †

† NOTE This sentence appears to have two main clauses.

4) {You will know, (if you're wrong!)}

5) {(If you are wrong), then you will know!}

In examples 1) and 2) the word “that” is often omitted in many languages. This is so in English and Mandarin.

Form 3) is a useful form for beginners to copy. It is far easier to form lots of short, simple sentences or “main clauses”, even if your language might sound just a little unnatural. Your style can be improved after you have established a sound foundation.

The conditional statements in examples 4) and 5) are important tools in the reasoning process. However, we can again simplify these. Essentially, we can strip out the “if” and “then” words, express the thought in each clause using the methods discussed already, and then put back the “if” and “then” words.

PRACTICE A1.4

Select sections of text and mark them with brackets around groups of words that should be registered together for ease of reading, understanding, summarizing in your own words (paraphrasing), or translating. This will also help you isolate the key thoughts from such texts, if they are the basis of a question-and-answer discussion.

APPENDIX B

CONDUCTING A MEETING IN CHINESE MANDARIN

Welcome	Hu�ny�ng!

subject	hu�t�
this subject	zh�ge hu�t�
about this subject.	gu�ny� zh�ge hu�t�.
study about this subject.	xu�x� gu�ny� zh�ge hu�t�.
We	W�men
We will	W�men hu�
We will study	W�men hu� xu�x�
We will study about this	W�men hu� xu�x� gu�ny� zh�ge
We will study about this subject.	W�men hu� xu�x� gu�ny� zh�ge hu�t�.

verse	ji�
Bible	Sh�ngj�ng
’s (of)	de
Bible’s verse (the scripture)	Sh�ngj�ng de ji�

this verse (scripture)	zh�ge ji�
Please	Q�ng
Please read	Q�ng d�
Please read this [item]	Q�ng d� zh�ge
Please read this scripture	Q�ng d� zh�ge ji�
Please read the scripture, O.K.?	Q�ng d� zh�ge ji�, h�o ma?

Brother	D�xi�ng
Sister	Ji�m�i
Brothers and Sisters	D�xi�ng Ji�m�i

Thanks	Xi�xie
Thank you	Xi�xie n�n
Thank you, brother	Xi�xie n�n, D�xi�ng.
Thank you, sister	Xi�xie n�n, Ji�m�i.

would like to; wish one could	x�w�ng
would like to; want to	xi�ng

We	W�men
We would like to [wish we could]	W�men x�w�ng
We would like to learn (or study).	W�men x�w�ng xu�x�.
the answer	hu�d�
these questions	zh�xi� w�nt�
(of) to these questions	zh�xi� w�nt� de
the answers to these questions	zh�xi� w�nt� de hu�d�
We would like to learn the answers to these answers.	W�men x�w�ng xu�x� zh�xi� w�nt� de hu�d�.

those answers.	n�xie hu�d�.
We would like to learn those answers.	W�men x�w�ng xu�x� n�xie hu�d�.

to start	k�ish�
to finish, end	ji�sh�

lesson	k�
chapter	zh�ng
verse	ji�
paragraph	du�n

the first (number one) verse	d� y� ji�
(from) the first verse	(c�ng) d� y� ji�
the second (number two) verse	d� �r ji�
(as far as) the second verse	(d�o) d� �r ji�

a verse	y�ge ji�
the previous verse	shang y�ge ji�
the next verse	xi� y�ge ji�
the first paragraph (Paragraph 1)	d� y� du�n
the previous paragraph	shang y�ge du�n
this paragraph	zh�ge du�n
the next paragraph	xi� y�ge du�n
this paragraph’s question	zh�ge du�n de w�nt�

Who'd like to read …?	Sh�i xi�ng d� …?
Please read this paragraph.	Q�ng d� zh�ge du�n.
Please read the question.	Q�ng d� w�nt�.
Thank you for reading!	Xi�xie n�n d�.
Please give YOUR answers/comments.	Q�ng g�i n�mende hu�d�/p�ngl�n.

Thank you for your answer.	Xi�xie n�de hu�d�.
A good answer!	H�o de hu�d�!
Very good! Excellent!	F�i ch�ng h�o!
Correct!	Du�!
Do you understand?	N� m�ngbai ma?

to feel	g�nd�o
to feel happy	g�nd�o g�ox�ng
{to make} (someone) sad	{l�ng} (m�ur�n) n�ngu�
about this [matter]	gu�ny� zh�[ge]
Jehovah feels happy.	Y�h�hu� g�nd�o g�ox�ng.
How do you feel about this?	N� gu�ny� zh� z�ny�ng g�nd�o?
Now we must do what is the right thing.	W�men xi�ng zu� h�o de d�ngxi.

stand	zh�n
[Please] stand (up)	[Q�ng] zh�n (qilai)
everybody	d�ji�
[Please] sit (down)	[Q�ng] zu�(xia)
[Let us] sing a song (in praise to Jehovah).	[R�ng w�men] ch�ng g� (z�nm�i Y�h�hu�).
Let us pray (to Jehovah)	R�ng w�men d�og�o (Y�h�hu�)
[through] the name (of Jesus)	[f�ng] (Y�s� de) m�ng.

APPENDIX C

HEBREW-ARAMAIC SCRIPTURES

Chu�ngsh�j�	Genesis	Chu�nd�osh�	Ecclesiastes
Ch�’�ij�j�	Exodus	Y�g�	Song of Solomon
L�w�ij�	Leviticus	Y�s�iy�sh�	Isaiah
M�nsh�j�	Numbers	Y�l�m�sh�	Jeremiah
Sh�nm�ngj�	Deuteronomy	Y�l�m�’�ig�	Lamentations
Yu�sh�y�j�	Joshua	Y�x�ji�sh�	Ezekiel
Sh�sh�j�	Judges	D�ny�l�sh�	Daniel
L�d�j�	Ruth	H�x�’�sh�	Hosea
S�m�’�rj� Sh�ng	First Samuel	Yu�’�rsh�	Joel
S�m�’�rj� Xi�	Second Samuel	�m�s�sh�	Amos
Li�w�ngj� Sh�ng	First Kings	�b�d�y�sh�	Obadiah
Li�w�ngj� Xi�	Second Kings	Yu�n�sh�	Jonah
L�d�izh� Sh�ng	1st Chronicles	M�ji�sh�	Micah
L�da�zh� Xi�	2nd Chronicles	N�h�ngsh�	Nahum
Y�s�l�j�	Ezra	H�b�g�sh�	Habakkuk
N�x�m�j�	Nehemiah	X�f�ny�sh�	Zephaniah
Y�s�ti�j�	Esther	H�g�ish�	Haggai
Yu�b�j�	Job	S�ji�l�y�sh�	Zechariah
Sh�pi�n	Psalms	M�l�j�sh�	Malachi
Zh�ny�n	Proverbs

APPENDIX D

CHRISTIAN GREEK SCRIPTURES

M�t�i F�y�n	Matthew	T�m�t�i Qi�nsh�	First Timothy
M�k� F�y�n	Mark	T�m�t�i H�ush�	Second Timothy
L�ji� F�y�n	Luke	T�du�sh�	Titus
Yu�h�n F�y�n	John	F�il�m�nsh�	Philemon
Sh�t� X�ngzhu�n	Acts	X�b�l�ish�	Hebrews
Lu�m�sh�	Romans	Y�g�sh�	James
G�l�ndu� Qi�nsh�	First Corinthians	B�d� Qi�nsh�	First Peter
G�l�ndu� H�ush�	Second Corinthians	B�d� H�ush�	Second Peter
Ji�l�t�ish�	Galatians	Yu�h�n Y�sh�	First John
Y�f�su�sh�	Ephesians	Yu�h�n �rsh�	Second John
F�il�b�sh�	Philippians	Yu�h�n S�nsh�	Third John
G�lu�x�sh�	Colossians	Y�ud�sh�	Jude
Ti�s�lu�n�ji� Qi�nsh�	First Thessalonians	Q�sh�l�	Revelation
Ti�s�lu�n�ji� H�ush�	Second Thessalonians