Teaching
Truth in Nepali |
Fast Nepali
—Nepali Language Use and Structure
Download printable
version—
fast_nepali_language01.pdf.
Updated 26 May, 2019
We can build up the structure of a sentence and apply the main features of Nepali language. We aim to achieve quickly a simplified but fluent and effective system of communication. (Hebrews 5:14) This will form a robust framework on which to culture finer details later.
You may wish to learn one past, one present, and one future tense to begin with. Nepali may have more grammatical rules than some neighbouring languages, but its rules follow consistent patterns. This makes it possible to convey thoughts precisely and clearly. So, it will be well worth your effort to learn these rules from the beginning.
This introduction to Nepali is based on “Main
Features of Sentence Structure and a Quick Overview of Your Foreign Language” available
at www.jaspell.uk/fastanylanguage01.pdf.
1–Pronunciation and Romanized Script
2–Alphabet
3–Words and phrases to be covered
4–Doers (Nouns and Pronouns)
5–Action—process done (Verbs)
6–Describing doers and objects (Adjectives)
7–Qualifying actions or adjectives (Adverbs)
8–Comparatives and Superlatives
9–Adjustment of ‘objects’ by their ‘case’
10–Connectives
11–Conditional sentences (If X, then Y)
12–Interrogatives, relatives & correlatives
13–Expressions without equivalent
1
1 – PRONUNCIATION AND ROMANIZED SCRIPT
Before you decide to learn the Devanagari
script in which Nepali is written, you can use a Romanized form of
writing. The letters and their
pronunciation are shown below, as extracted from:-
www.jaspell.uk/sounds_dev_unicode.htm and www.jaspell.uk/devanagari/pron.pdf.
Click on a character in the following chart to hear its
sound.
CLASSIFICATION OF DEVANAGARI
SOUNDS |
C O N
S O N
A N T S |
V O
W E L S |
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Family |
Hard |
Soft |
Soft |
Soft |
Hard |
|
|
|
|
Held Huffed |
Held Huffed |
Nasals |
Semi- vowels |
Spirants |
Short |
Long |
Diphthongs |
Guttural |
ka kḫa |
ga
gḫa |
ṅa |
ha |
ḥ |
a |
ā |
e
ê (ai/ei) |
|
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|
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|
|
|
kaḥ |
ka |
kā |
ke kê
(kai/kei) |
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Palatal |
ca cḫa |
ja jḫa |
ña |
ya |
śa |
i |
ī |
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|
ki |
kī |
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||
Cerebral |
ṭa ṭḫa |
ḍa ḍḫa |
ṇa |
ra |
ṣa |
ŗ (rri) |
[rrii] |
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|
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|
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ṛa
ṛḫa |
|
- |
|
kŗ (krri) |
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Dental |
ta tḫa |
da dḫa |
na |
la |
sa |
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Labial |
pa pḫa |
ba bḫa |
ma |
va, wa |
(ka+)ḥ |
u |
ū |
o ô (ow/au) |
|
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Others |
|
|
- |
kā͂=kā+ ͂ |
ku |
kū |
ko kô (kau) |
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- |
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kĩ=ki+ ͂ |
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k`
(=k + |
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Vowels are nasalized with a moon-dot (chandrabindu) or, if
part of the vowel is above the bar, only a dot (bindu). For example, kā͂ काँ and kĩ किं. The nasal mark is Romanized
as ‘ ͂ ’.
[Go to Top] [List of Contents]
2
Vowels and then consonants are in their order of sound
classification.
Vowels in Devanagari Alphabetical Order (independent and
trailing)
a अ ka क, ā आ kā का, i इ ki कि, ī ई kī की, u उ ku कु, ū ऊ kū कू, ŗ ऋ kŗ कृ, e ए ke के, ê ऐ kē कै, o ओ ko को, ô औ kô कौ, ḥ ः kḥ कः, ͂ ঁ kã कँ
a sounds mostly like ‘a’ in along,
but like ‘o’ in pot in pa, pḫa, ba, bḫa,
ma. (Contrast ‘a’ in calculate with ‘a’ in mangetout
or wander.)
ā sounds long like ‘a’ in past, father or
palm.
The
English sound of ‘a’ in apple is
written as a long ā
with a chandra moon ऑ. We will use ӑ,
but yā’ may be used instead, as
in tyāksī (taxi).
A
similar sound is written as e with
a chandra moon ऍ. We’ll show it as ӗ.
i sounds short like ‘i’ in pill.
ī sounds long like ‘ie’ in believe.
u sounds short like ‘u’ in pull.
ū sounds long like ‘oo’ in pool.
ŗ sounds short like ‘ri’ in prickly or prismoidal.
e sounds of medium length like ‘e’ in pen or
‘ay’ in pay.
ê is classified as a long ē ,
but we’re using ê to
show that it sounds like the diphthong ‘ei’ in feint or
‘ai’ in faint.
(Many books Romanize ऐ as ‘ai’, but this can be
confused with the short vowels ‘a’
and ‘i’ together—अइ)
o sounds of medium length like ‘o’ in told.
ô is classified as a long ō ,
but we’re using ô to
show that it sounds like the diphthong ‘ow’ in now
or, rarely, as in owner.
(It is often Romanized as ‘au’, but this could be confused with short vowels ‘a’ and ‘u’
together—अउ.)
ḥ (‘visarga’) is abruptly expelled like ‘uhh’ or as
‘ah’ in Judah.
`
is our Romanization of the halant (or hasanta) mark (্) that shows no vowel is
present—as in paḍḫ`nu
(not paḍḫanu) (to read).
͂
represents the nasalization of vowels, as in a,
ã; ā,
ā͂; kā,
kā͂.
Consonants in the Alphabetical Order of Devanagari
(These
are shown with the inherent vowel, ‘a’.)
Guttural:
ka, kḫa,
ga, gḫa, ṅa
क, ख, ग, घ, ङ
Palatal:
ca, cḫa,
ja, jḫa, ña
च, छ, ज, झ, ञ
Retroflex:
ṭa, ṭḫa, ḍa,
ḍḫa, ṇa, ṛa,
ṛḫa
ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, ड़, ढ़
Dental:
ta, tḫa,
da, dḫa, na
त, थ, द, ध, न
Labial:
pa, pḫa, ba, bḫa, ma
प, फ,
ब,
भ,
म
Semi-vowels:
ya, ra, la, va
य, र, ल, व
Sibilant:
śa,
ṣa, sa
श, ष,
स
Aspirant:
ha
ह
c sounds like ‘ch’ in ‘chin’.
ḫ is used to indicate that the associated consonant
is ‘huffed’. (Compare ‘bh’ in the
English word, ‘abhor’.
h is a separate consonant, not like ḫ that is used to ‘huff’ consonants.
Foreign sounds are represented by adding a dot to the
closest sounding Devanagari characters. fa = फ़ , qa = क़ , za = ज़ .
[Go to Top] [List of Contents]
3
3 – WORDS AND PHRASES TO BE COVERED
& FIRST CONVERSATIONS
Contents of Section 3
3.1—Introduction to
Sentence Structure
3.2—Gradual
Extension of Sentence Structure in Any Language
3.2.1—Game 1—Build Sentence Details
3.2.2—Game 2—Purpose
3.2.3—Game 3—Love
3.2.4—Game 4—Seed
3.2.5—Game 5—Your Own Photographs
3.3—First Conversations
in Nepali
3.3.1—General Notes on
Our Presentation
3.3.2—Example 1—How
are you? Fine, thanks!
3.3.3—Example 2—I’m
fine, thanks!
3.3.4—Example 3—[You,
please,] read this message!
3.3.5—Example 4—What
is it?
3.3.6—Example 5—My
name is X. What is God’s name?
3.3.7—Example 6—No,
he does not say his own message.
3.3.8—Example 7—Yes,
you give your little invitation.
3.3.9—Example 8—He
says [his] own name.
3.3.10—Example 9—We
say our faith, and …
3.3.11—Example 10—No,
they haven’t any invitation.
3.3.12—Example 11—YOU
speak very good news.
3.3.13—Example 12—That
man does good work.
3.3.14—Example 13—If
a good man does only good work, then …
3.3.15—Example 14—…
then who does this bad work now?
3.3.16—Example 15—Do
you know the answer to the question?
3.3.17—Example 16—We
can explain.
3.3.18—Example 17—We
can explain the truth to you.
3.4—Review of
First Conversations and Grammar Covered
[Start of Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.1—Introduction to Sentence Structure
3.2—Gradual Extension of
Sentence Structure in Any Language
Picture your thought and describe it
Learn to communicate your point very simply to begin with. A good approach is to ‘picture’ your thought and describe it as best you can. As you master more of the language, you can add more details, if you wish.
3.2.1—Game 1—Build Sentences Using
More and More Detail
Build up a sentence in stages, each time adding more detail. Tell what is happening in this sequence of pictures. Do this in your own language to learn this method.
A—Whom do you see?
B—What does he do?
C—What does his action affect?
D—Describe him.
E—Describe what his action affects.
F—Describe the action.
G—…and… describe what happens next.
For example, building from A, B, and C:-
The boy | kicks | the ball.
Maybe you said (building from A to G):-
ADblueAboy
| BkicksFhigh | aEbrownCball,
|
Gand… |
the girl catches it.
Use these pictures to describe God’s purpose for humans and the earth.
Use these pictures to describe how God wants us to treat others.
Use these pictures to describe an amazing proof of God’s creation.
3.2.5—Game 5—Your Own Photographs
Select some of your own pictures or photos. Make simple sentences to describe their main message. Use the elements of sentence structure A-G illustrated above. Try this with any language you know.
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.3—First Conversations in Nepali
Discover how to build simple sentences using the building blocks provided in these examples. These illustrate most of the grammatical elements that will be explained in detail from Section 4 onwards.
3.3.1—General Notes on Our
Presentation of Nepali Sentences
1. Note that throughout this course
‘YOU’ means the plural of ‘you’.
2. Note that English pronouns underlined are equivalent to the honorific
form in Nepali.
3. Nepali letters with a dot below represent the ‘cerebral’ sound, not
the ‘dental’ family.
4. In these Nepali spellings ‘_’ indicates that the adjacent letters get
brought together as one syllable.
5. In these Nepali spellings ‘-’ indicates that the adjacent letters are in
different syllables.
6. We will use two levels of ‘respect’—medium (M) and high or honorific (H).
7. I and we are person (1); you, you, YOU, and YOU are person (2);
he, she, it, they, etc. are person (3).
8. Nepali has two forms of ‘be’—ho is definitive; cḫa
is general with location, adjectives, etc.
9. fast_nepali_sounds_alphabet
gives guidance on pronunciation.
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.3.2.1—Toolbox
You * (2H)
—tapāī͂ 4.2 : pronouns
are (2H, generally)
—hunuhuncḫa 5.5.3 : hunu
(~“hunuhun-ch-ha”)
You are (2H, generally)
—tapāī͂ hunuhuncḫa
how? (in what state)
—kasto? 6.2 : how?
fine, O.K., well (in health)
—sanco
(~“san-cho”) 6.2 : how?
* See [General Notes]
3.3.2.2—Stage 1
You are ….
You … are Verbs :
to be
tapāī͂ … hunuhuncḫa 5.5.3
: hunu
tapāī͂ …
hunuhuncḫa.
3.3.2.3—Stage 2
How are you?
You how are? 6.2
: how? Adj.
tapāī͂ kasto hunuhuncḫa? Put verb last
tapāī͂
kasto hunuhuncḫa?
3.3.2.4—Stage 3
You are
well.
You well are Adjectives
tapāī͂ sanco hunuhuncḫa 6.2
: well
tapāī͂
sanco hunuhuncḫa!
3.3.3—Example 2—I’m
fine, thanks!
3.3.3.1—Toolbox
I —ma 4.2 : Doers:
I am (generally) pronouns
—ma
cḫu 5.5.3 : hunu,
to be
fine, O.K., well
—sanco 6.2 : well
(~“san-cho”)
Thank you
—dḫanyavād
3.3.3.2—Stage 1
I’m fine, thanks.
I fine am. 4.2
: pronouns
ma sanco cḫu. 5.5.3
: hunu, to be
Thanks [to you] [be]
dhanya-vād [ ] [ ]
ma sanco cḫu,
dhanyavād.
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.3.4—Example 3—[You, please,] read this message!
3.3.4.1—Toolbox
to read —paḍḫ`nu 5.1 : Verbs
‘Please be so kind
as to…’ (2H) /
…if you would! …please! 5.9.1 :
—…-hos`! Imperative
Honorific
‘Please be so kind
as to read’ (2H) /
[You] read, if you would [/please]!
—[tapāī͂]
paḍḫ`nuhos`!
message —sandeś 4.1 : Nouns:
(~“sandesh”) doers
this —yo 6.2 : adjectives
3.3.4.2—Stage 1
this message
this message
yo 6.2
: this, as an adjective
sandeś 4.1 : Nouns as doers
yo sandeś
yo sandeś
3.3.4.3—Stage 2
[You, please] read this!
[You] this read, please! 5.9.1
:
paḍḫ`nuhos`! Imperative
(2H)
[tapāī͂] paḍḫ`nuhos`!
[tapāī͂] yo paḍḫ`nuhos`!
[tapāī͂]
yo paḍḫ`nuhos`!
3.3.4.3—Stage 3
[You, please,] read this message!
[You] this message read, please. 5.9.1
[tapāī͂] paḍḫ`nuhos`! Imper-
[tapāī͂] sandeś paḍḫ`nuhos`! ative
[tapāī͂] yo sandeś paḍḫ`nuhos`! (2H)
[tapāī͂] yo sandeś paḍḫ`nuhos`!
[tapāī͂]
yo sandeś paḍḫ`nuhos`!
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.3.5.1—Toolbox
it,
that —tyo 4.2 : pronouns
is
(Low, generally)
—cḫa 5.5.3 : hunu, to
be
it
is (generally)
—tyo cḫa generally,
not as
a
definition!
what? —ke? 4.2 : Pronouns
3.3.5.2—Stage 1
It is.
It [is]
cḫa.
tyo cḫa.
tyo cḫa.
tyo cḫa.
3.3.5.3—Stage 2
What is it?
It what is
cḫa
ke cḫa? The verb is placed last.
tyo ke cḫa?
tyo ke cḫa?
tyo ke cḫa?
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.3.6—Example 5—My
name is X. What is God’s name?
3.3.6.1—Toolbox
-’s, of —-ko (masculine)
-kī (feminine)
-kā (plural)
my —mero | merī | merā - " -
name —nām 4.1
: Nouns
to say; to tell —bḫannu 5.1
: Verbs
[I] say, [I] tell 5.5.1 : Conj
—[ma] bḫancḫu ugation
is (defintively) —ho 5.5.3 :
hunu, to
be
god (generally) 4.1 : Nouns
—īśvar (~“eesh-shvar”)
(Most High) God
—parameśvar 4.1 : Nouns
God’s —īśvar-ko 9.4 : Object
nouns
Jehovah —yahovā 4.1 : Nouns
[we] say —bḫancḫỗ 5.5.1 : Conju-
(~“b_ḫan_ch_ḫā_ung”) gation
we —hāmī / 4.2
:
hāmīharū Pronoun
Come,…! Let’s !
—āo, … 5.9.2 :
Let
us …!
3.3.6.2
Stage 1
my name
my name
nām
mero nām 9.3.1
: Possessive form of I
mero nām
3.3.6.3
Stage 2
I say my name. (Or, ‘I will say
my name.’)
I my name say
ma
ma bḫancḫu. The verb
ma nām bḫancḫu. is put last.
ma mero nām bḫancḫu.
ma mero nām
bḫancḫu.
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.3.6.4
Stage 3
My name is X.
my name X is
nām ho.
mero nām ho. 5.5.3
: hunu to be
mero nām X ho. (definitively)
mero naam X ho.
mero nām X
cḫa.
3.3.6.5
Stage 4
What is God’s name? (Exodus 3:13-15)
God’s name what is?
ke? 12
: Interr-
ke ho? ogatives
nām ke ho?
īśvar-ko nām ke ho?
īśvar-ko nām ke ho?
īśvar-ko nām
ke ho?
3.3.6.6
Stage 5
God’s name is Jehovah. (Psalm 83:18)
God’s name Jehovah is
īsvarko
īsvarko nām
īsvarko nām ho.
īsvarko nām yahovā ho. Exodus 3:15
īsvarko nām yahovā ho. Matthew 22:37
īśvar-ko nām
yahovā ho.
3.3.6.7
Stage 6
We say God’s name.
We God’s name say
hāmīharū 4.2
hāmīharū bḫancḫỗ. 5.5.1 :
hāmīharū nām bḫancḫỗ. Conju-
hāmīharū nām bḫancḫỗ. gation
hāmīharū īśvar-ko nām bḫancḫỗ.
hāmīharū
īśvar-ko nām bḫancḫỗ.
3.3.6.8
Stage 7
Let’s say God’s name! (Or, ‘Come, we say
God’s name!’)
Come! we God’s name say 5.9.2
āo, Let us…
hāmīharū
hāmīharū bḫancḫỗ.
hāmīharū nām bḫancḫỗ.
hāmīharū īśvar-ko nām bḫancḫỗ.
āo, hāmīharū īśvar-ko nām bḫancḫỗ.
āo, hāmīharū īśvar-ko nām bḫancḫỗ.
āo,
hāmīharū īśvar-ko nām bḫancḫỗ!
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.3.7.1—Toolbox
he, she (generally, near or far) (3M)
—unī 4.2 : Pronoun
he says; he tells
—unī
bḫancḫa 5.5.1 : Verbs
“No” —ahã
not (negative particle)
—na
he does not say; he does not tell
(literally: ‘he is not saying’)
—unī bḫandênan` 5.5.2 : Verbs
message —sandeś (~“sandesh”)
his, her, its 9.3
—usko | uskī | uskā
own —āpḫno 6.2 : Adjective
his own —usko āpḫno
3.3.7.2—Stage 1
No, he does not say his own message.
He his (own) message says not.
unī
unī bḫandênan`. 5.5.2
:
unī sandeś bḫandênan`. not do,
unī usko sandeś bḫandênan`. etc.
unī usko
(āpḫno) sandeś bḫandênan`.
ahã, unī usko
āpḫno sandeś bḫandênan`.
3.3.8—Example 7—Yes,
you give your little invitation.
3.3.8.1—Toolbox
you
(2H) tapāī͂ 4.2 : Pronouns
as
doers
you give
(2H) 5.5.1 : Conjug-
tapāī͂
dinu huncḫa ation,honorific
your
(2H) tapāī͂ko|-kī|-kā 9.3 : Change
personal
pronouns
by case
one’s
own āpḫno
invitation nimto 4.1 : Nouns
little sāno
“Yes” ã
(~“ang”)
3.3.8.2—Stage
1
Yes, you give your little
invitation.
Yes, You your little invitation give
tapāī͂ dinu
huncḫa
tapāī͂ nimto dinu huncḫa
tapāī͂ tapāī͂ko nimto dinu
huncḫa
tapāī͂ tapāī͂ko sāno nimto dinu
huncḫa
ã, tapāī͂ tapāī͂ko sāno nimto dinu
huncḫa
ã, tapāī͂
tapāī͂ko sāno nimto dinu huncḫa.
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.3.9—Example 8—He
says [his] own name.
3.3.9.1—Toolbox
He, she
(3H near or far)
uhā͂ 4.2 : Pronouns
He says / tells
(3H) 5.5.1
:
uhā͂ bhannu
huncḫa honorific
his, her (3H
near or far)
uhā͂ko|-kī|-kā 9.3
: Changes
his
own (3H); one’s own
āpḫno 6.2
: Adjective
name nām 4.1 : Nouns
3.3.9.2—Stage
1
He says [his]
own name. (The
word ‘his’ gets omitted.)
He [his] own name says.
uhā͂ bḫannu
huncḫa.
uhā͂ nām bḫannu huncḫa.
uhā͂ āpḫno nām bḫannu
huncḫa.
uhā͂ āpḫno nām bḫannu huncḫa.
uhā͂ āpḫno
nām bḫannu huncḫa.
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.3.10—Example 9—We
say our faith, and …
3.3.10.1—Toolbox
we hāmī
/ hāmīharū 4.2
: Pronoun
we say, we tell
hāmīharū
bḫancḫỗ 5.5.1
: Con-
(~“b_ḫan_ch_ḫā_ung”) jugation,
honorific
faith viśvās
our hāmro|-ī|-ā 9.5
:
hāmro masculine
hāmrī feminine
hāmrā plural
-s’, of -ko|-kī|-kā (m.|f.|pl.)
and … ra… 10.1
: Connec-
tives
3.3.10.2—Stage
1
We say our faith, and …
We our faith say, and
…
hāmīharū bḫancḫỗ
hāmīharū viśvās bḫancḫỗ
hāmīharū hāmro viśvās bḫancḫỗ
hāmīharū hāmro viśvās bḫancḫỗ ra …
hāmīharū
hāmro viśhvās bḫancḫỗ, ra…
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.3.11—Example 10—No,
they haven’t any invitation.
3.3.11.1—Toolbox
they (3M)
(near or far)
unīharū
their (3M)
(near or far)
(masc.|fem.|plur.) unīharūko|-kī|-kā
invitation nimto
sister bahinī
brother bḫāi
-s -harū
brothers bḫāiharū
is / exists (3L
or M) generally
cḫa
is no / exists not
(3L or M) generally
cḫêna
are / exist (3L
or M) generally
cḫan`
are not / exist
not (3L or M) generally
cḫênan`
they take (3M)
(near or far)
unīharū
lincḫan`
they take (3H)
(near or far)
uhā͂harū
linu huncḫa
“Yes” ã
(~“ang”)
3.3.11.2—Stage
1
No, their invitation is not / exists not.
(No, they haven’t any invitation.)
No, their invitation [ ] is not. 5.5.4
:
cḫêna hunu -
nimto cḫêna. to be
unīharūko nimto [ ] cḫêna. (negative)
ahã, unīharūko nimto [ ] cḫêna.
ahã, unīharūko
nimto cḫêna.
3.3.11.3—Stage
2
Yes, my sister is / exists. (Yes,
I have a sister.)
Yes, my sister [ ] is.
cḫa.
bahinī cḫa.
merī bahinī cḫa. 9.5 : merī
ã, merī bahinī [ ] cḫa. (feminine)
ã, merī
bahinī cḫa.
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.3.11.4—Stage
3
Our brothers are / exist not. (We
have no brothers.)
Our brothers [ ] are not.
unīharūkā bḫāiharū cḫênan`. 5.5.4
:
unīharūkā bḫāiharū cḫênan`. hunu to be
unīharūkā bḫāiharū [ ] cḫênan`. (negative)
unīharūkā
bḫāiharū cḫênan`.
3.3.11.5—Stage
4
They take their invitation.
They their invitation take.
unīharū lincḫan`. 5.5.1
:
unīharū nimto lincḫan`. Plural
unīharū āpḫno nimto lincḫan`. verb
unīharū āpḫno
nimto lincḫan`.
3.3.12—Example 11—YOU
speak very good news.
3.3.12.1—Toolbox
YOU (3H
plural)
tapāī͂harū 4.2 : Pronoun
YOU say, YOU
tell 5.5.1
: Verb
tapāī͂harū
bḫannu huncḫa
news khabar 4.1 : Noun
very dḫerê
(~“d_ḫe_rā_ee”) 7
: Adverb
good rāmro 6.2
: Adjective
3.3.12.2—Stage
1
YOU speak
very good news.
YOU (very)
good news say.
tapāī͂harū bḫannu
huncḫa.
tapāī͂harū khabar bḫannu
huncḫa.
tapāī͂harū rāmro khabar bḫannu huncḫa.
tapāī͂harū (dḫerê)
rāmro khabar bḫannu huncḫa.
tapāī͂harū
dḫerê rāmro khabar bḫannu huncḫa.
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.3.13—Example 12—That
man does good work.
3.3.13.1—Toolbox
man lognemancḫe
[the] man does lognemancḫe
garcḫa
work kām
he / she (M,
generally, near or far)
unī
does (3M) garcḫa
he works, he does
work
unī
kām garcḫa
good rāmro
that (demonstrative
adjective); that one (pronoun)
tyo
3.3.13.2—Stage
1
That man does good work.
That man good work does.
lognemancḫe
lognemancḫe garcḫa.
lognemancḫe kām garcḫa.
lognemancḫe rāmro kām garcḫa.
tyo lognemancḫe rāmro kām garcḫa.
tyo lognemancḫe
rāmro kām garcḫa.
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.3.14—Example 13—If
a good man does only good work, then …
3.3.14.1—Toolbox
only mātra 7
: Adverbs
in the case
whereby / 11
:
having happened,
say / Conditional
if, say bḫane sentences
if (often
omitted) Not needed
[yadi] with bḫane
then (invariably
omitted)
[ta / taba] Omit mainly
3.3.14.2—Stage
1
If a good man does only good work, then …
[If] [a] good man good work only does, say,
[then]
lognemancḫe garcḫa
lognemancḫe kām garcḫa
rāmro lognemancḫe kām garcḫa
rāmro lognemancḫe rāmro kām garcḫa
rāmro lognemancḫe rāmro kām maatra garcḫa
[yadi] rāmro lognemancḫe rāmro kām maatra garcḫa …
[yadi] rāmro lognemancḫe rāmro kām maatrê garcḫa bḫane,
[taba]
rāmro
lognemancḫe rāmro kām mātrê garcḫa bḫane, …
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.3.15—Example 14—…
then who does this bad work now?
3.3.15.1—Toolbox
who? ko? 12
: question
this yo (demonstrative
adjective)
this one yo 4.2 : pronoun
yo 6.2
: adjective
bad narāmro
/
kḫarāb 6.2
: adjective
now ahile 7
: adverb
3.3.15.2—Stage
1
… then who does this bad work now?
… [then] who this bad work now does?
ko garcḫa?
ko kām garcḫa?
ko yo narāmro kām garcḫa?
ko yo narāmro kām ahile garcḫa?
… [tabe] ko yo narāmro kām ahile garcḫa?
… ko yo narāmro
kām ahile garcḫa?
3.3.16—Example 15—Do
you know the answer to the question?
3.3.16.1—Toolbox
whether, is it so?
ke…? 12
: Question
you know tapāī͂
jānnu huncḫa
5.5.1
: Verb
question praśna
4.1 : Noun
of the question,
question’s 9.4
: Changes
praśnako to nouns
answer uttar;
javāpḫ 4.1 : Nouns
answer to the
question
praśnako
uttar (=…of the q.)
[List of Contents] [Start of
Section 3]
3.3.16.2—Stage
1
Do you know [the] answer of [/to] the
question?
whether
You question’s answer know?
tapāī͂ jānnu
huncḫa
tapāī͂ uttar jānnu huncḫa
tapāī͂ praśnako uttar jānnu
huncḫa
ke
tapāī͂ praśnako uttar jānnu huncḫa?
ke tapāī͂
praśnako uttar jānnu huncḫa?
3.3.17—Example 16—We
can explain.
3.3.17.1—Toolbox
explanation 5.7.1
: Auxiliary
vyākḫyā with a noun
to explain vyākḫyā
garnu
to be able, / 5.7.2
:
can saknu Auxiliary
verb
with
another
verb
to be able to do,
/
can do garna saknu -
" -
we can do hāmīharū
garna sakcḫỗ
3.3.17.2—Stage
1
We can explain.
We explanation making | can
hāmīharū sakcḫỗ 5.5.1
hāmīharū garna | sakcḫỗ 5.7.2
hāmīharū vyākḫyā garna | sakcḫỗ 5.7.1
hāmīharū vyākḫyā garna |
sakcḫỗ
hāmīharū
vyākḫyā garna sakcḫỗ.
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.3.18—Example 17—We
can explain the truth to you.
3.3.18.1—Toolbox
to … …-lāī A postposition
to you
(2H) tapāīlāī 9.3:
object case
that one tyo 4.2: (pronoun);
that tyo 6.2:
(adjective)
it tyo 9.3:
It, unchanged
(the) truth satya 4.1: nouns
to be able saknu 5.1: verbs
[I] can sakcḫỗ 5.5.1: conjugate
to do/make garnu 5.1: verbs
[I] can do garna sakcḫỗ 5.7.2: auxiliary
explanation vyākḫyā 5.7.1: compound
3.3.18.2—Stage
1
We can explain that to you.
We to you it explanation
making | can
hāmīharū sakcḫỗ
hāmīharū garna |
sakcḫỗ
hāmīharū vyākḫyā garna | sakcḫỗ
hāmīharū tyo vyākḫyā garna
| sakcḫỗ
hāmīharū tapāīlāī tyo vyākḫyā garna |
sakcḫỗ
hāmīharū
tapāīlāī tyo vyākḫyā garna
sakcḫỗ.
3.3.18.3—Stage
2
We can explain the truth to you.
We to you the truth explanation
making | can
hāmīharū sakcḫỗ
hāmīharū garna|sakcḫỗ
hāmīharū vyākḫyā garna|sakcḫỗ
hāmīharū satya vyākḫyā garna|sakcḫỗ
hāmīharū tapāīlāī satya vyākḫyā garna|sakcḫỗ
hāmīharū
tapāīlāī satya vyākḫyā garna
sakcḫỗ.
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
3.4—Review
of First Conversations and Grammar Covered
Translate the following sentences into Nepali and check them against Examples 1-17 (3.3.2 – 3.3.18) above.
1.1. You are…
1.2 How are you?
1.3 You are well!
2. I’m fine, thanks.
3. Read this message, please!
4. What is it?
5.1 My name
5.2 I [will] say my name.
5.3 My name is [X].
5.4 What is God’s name?
5.5 God’s name is Jehovah. (Psalm 83:18)
6. He does not say his own message.
7. Yes, you give your little invitation.
8. He says his own name.
9. We say our faith, and …
10. They take their invitation.
11. YOU say/speak very good news.
12. The man does good work.
13. If a good man does only good work, then …
14. … then who does this bad work now?
15. Do you know the answer to/of this question?
16. We can explain.
17.1 We can explain that to you.
17.2 We can explain the truth to you.
[Go to
Top] [List
of Contents]
[Start of
Section 3—Words & Phrases Covered]
4
4 – DOERS (Nouns and pronouns)
Contents of
Section 4
4.1—Nouns
4.1.1—Nouns Generally
4.1.2—Names of Days of the
Week
4.1.3—Names of Months of
the Year
4.2—Pronouns
4.3—Other Words Used
Initially
4.4—Tasks 4.1-4.6
Nouns are the name given to persons or things.
A few nouns are listed here, because these are used in our explanations.. You can learn more nouns from vocabularies and dictionaries or a list of a few hundred most used words.
The plural is formed by appending ‘-harū’.
answer uttar / javāpḫ
explanation vyākḫyā / batāi
faith viśvās
God param󠅛eśvar
good news susamācār
invitation nimto / nimantraṇā
Jehovah yahovā
kindness kŗpā
man lognemāncḫe
message sandeś
messages sandeś-harū
name nām
news samācār / kḫabar
question praśna
truth satya
work kām
---
awareness, cognizance tḫāha
beginning / start śuru
brother (younger /
generally) bḫāi
doer garne
English person ãgrej
father bubā
follower celā
forgiveness / pardon kṣamā
friend sātḫī
happiness ānanda
help madat
kām garne doer of work /
worker
Jesus yeśu
life jīvan
meeting / gathering sabḫā
mental disposition mānasik jḫukāv
mother āmā
peace śānti
purpose uddeśya
sister (younger /
generally) bahinī
soul—a living person,
a ‘breather’ jīvita mānis
spirit—as one’s
mental attitude socne tārikā
talk / conversation /
subject matter / topic kurā / bāt
teacher śikṣak
the day after tomorrow parsi
tomorrow bḫoli
try / attempt kośiś
wish iccḫā
[Go to Start of Section 4—Doers]
4.1.1.1—Task 4.1.1.1
Select and learn nouns in 4.1.1 that you wish to use
initially.
4.1.2—Nouns for Days of the Week
दिन १: सोमवार din
1: somavār Day 1: Monday
दिन २: मङ्गलवार din 2: maṅgalavār Day 2: Tuesday
दिन ३: बुधवार din
3: budḫvār Day 3:
Wednesday
दिन ४:
बिहिवार din 4: bihivār Day 4: Thursday
दिन ५:
शुक्रवार din 5: śukravār Day 5: Friday
दिन ६: शनिवार din 6:
śanivār Day 6: Saturday
दिन ७: आइतवार din 7:
āitavār Day 7: Sunday
4.1.3—Nouns for Names of the Months
महिना १:
जनवरी mahinā 1: janawarī Month 1: January
महिना २:
फेब्रुअरी mahinā 2:
pḫebruarī Month 2: February
महिना ३:
मार्च mahinā 3: mārc Month 3: March
महिना ४:
अप्रिल mahinā 4: april Month 4: April
महिना ५: मे mahinā
5: me Month 5: May
महिना ६: जून mahinā
6: jūn Month 6: June
महिना ७:
जुलाई mahinā 7: julāī Month 7: July
महिना ८:
अगस्त mahinā 8: agast Month 8: August
महिना ९:
सेप्टेम्बर mahinā 9:
sepṭembar Month 9: September
महिना १०:
अक्टोबर mahinā
10: akṭobar Month 10:
October
महिना ११:
नोभेम्बर mahinā 11:
nobḫembar Month 11:
November
महिना १२:
डिसेम्बर mahinā
12: ḍisembar Month 12:
December
Pronouns substitute for the actual name given to persons or things. Demonstrative pronouns stand alone.
who? ko?
(ko
+ -le =
kasle—see 9.3)
what? ke?
this, it, he/she (near) yo
that, it, he/she (far) tyo
they, those ones (near) yī
they, those ones (far) tī
Personal Pronouns are listed here. This is their basic form that applies if they are the doer (subject, nominative case) in a clause.
He said to me that I should tell him.
Note that in most languages this form of the nouns and pronouns may be modified in various ways, if they occur as the object (like me and him in this example).
He said to me that I should tell him.
See the later consideration of “Changing Forms of Objects According to ‘Case’” (at 9.3.)
SINGULAR PLURAL
1 I ma
1 we hāmīharū
2L you tã
2M you timī
2M you timīharū
3LN he, she ū
3LN they yī
3LF he, she ū
3LF they tī
3MN he, she yinī they/these yinīharū
3M he, she unī they unīharū
3MF he, she tinī those tinīharū
3-N this, it yo they,
these yī
3-F that, it tyo they, those tī
2H you tapāī͂ YOU tapāī͂harū
3HN he, she yahā͂ these yahā͂harū
3H he, she uhā͂ they uhā͂harū
3HF he, she vahā͂ those vahā͂harū
Note:
Levels of relative honour
for persons:-
L=low; M= medium;
H=high/honorific.
Proximity:-
N=near; F=far (contrast
‘this’ and ‘that’).
Changing forms with
postpositions:-
unī + -le becomes unle;
tinī + -le becomes tinle
[Go to Start of
Section 4—Doers]
4.2.1—Task 4.2.1
Select and learn pronouns in 4.2 that you wish to use
initially.
4.3—Other Words Used Initially Other than Nouns and Pronouns
is
(generally) cḫa
is (definitively) ho
Yes ã
No ahã
how? kasto?
thank you dḫanyavād
and ra
whether? is it so?) ke?
well sanco / rāmrarī /
svastḫa / niko
unwell birāmī / bisanco
good / nice rāmro
bad / wicked narāmro / kḫarāb
where? kahā͂?
here yahā͂
there tyahā͂
when? kahile?
of ko
person(s) (a particle) janā
three [person] men tīn [janā] māncḫe
thing(s) (a particle) vaṭā
three [thing] books tīn [vaṭā] kitāb
animal(s) (a particle) vaṭā
two [animal] chickens duī [vaṭā]
kukḫurā
[Go to Top] [Go to List of Contents]
[Go
to Start of Section 4—Doers]
4.4.1—Task 4.1
Try to learn the words in 4.3.
4.4.2—Task 4.2
Translate:-
1. yo sandeś; yī sandeś-harū
2. yo sandeś ke cḫa?
3. yo sandeś susamācār ho.
4. yo sandeś parameśvar ko susamācār ho.
Answers:-
1. this message; these messages
2. What is this message?
3. This message is good news.
4. This message is God’s good news.
4.4.3—Task 4.3
Translate:-
1. that book; those books
2. What is that book?
3. That book is God’s good news.
4. [The] book’s name.
5. What is [the] book’s name?
6. [The] book’s name is [the] Bible.
Answers:-
1. tyo kitāb; tī kitāb-harū
2. tyo kitāb ke ho?
3. tyo kitāb parameśvar ko susamācār ho.
4. kitāb ko nām.
5. kitāb ko nām ke cḫa?
6. kitāb ko nām bāibal ho.
4.4.4—Task 4.4
Translate:-
1. This name
2. What is this name?
3. This name is God’s name.
4. Where is [it]?
5. Here it is!
6. God’s name is here—it is Jehovah.
Answers:-
1. yo nām
2. yo nām ke ho?
3. yo nām parameśvar ko nām ho.
4. kahā͂ cḫa?
5. yahā͂ cḫa!
6. parameśvar ko nám yahā͂
cḫa—yahovā ho.
4.4.5—Task 4.5
Translate:-
1. yo nimto
2. yo nimto ko kurā
3. tyo nimto ko kurā ke ho?
4. yo sandeś ko kurā śānti ho.
5. ã, tyo śānti ko kurā ho.
6. śānti kahā͂ cḫa?
7. yo sandeś parameśvar ko susamācār ho.
Answers:-
1. This invitation
2. This invitation’s subject matter
3. What is the subject matter of that message?
4. This message’s subject matter is peace.
5. Yes, it is a matter concerning peace.
6. Where is peace?
7. This message is God’s good news.
4.4.6—Task 4.6
Revisit Task 4.2, but this time translate the answers into Nepali.
4.4.7—Task 4.7
Revisit Task 4.3, but this time translate the answers into English.
4.4.8—Task 4.8
Revisit Task 4.4, but this time translate the answers into English.
4.4.9—Task 4.9
Revisit Task 4.5, but this time translate the answers into Nepali.
[Go to Top] [Go to List of Contents]
[Go to Start of
Section 4—Doers, Nouns]
5
5 – PROCESS DONE (Verbs)—Past, Present and Future
Contents of Section 5
5.1—Verbs Used in
this Explanation
5.2.1—Past Tense Base
5.2.2—Past Tense Use of ‘-le’ (by) with
5.2.3—Simple Past Tense Verb
Endings:-
5.2.4—Simple Past Tense Verb
Endings:-
5.2.5—Tasks—Past Regular
like garnu
5.2.6—Past Tense Use of
‘hunu’ (to be):-
5.2.7—Simple Past Tense Verb
Endings:-
5.2.7.1—Past
Development (Affirmative):-
5.2.7.2—Past Situation
(Affirmative):-
5.2.8—Simple Past Tense Verb
Endings:-
5.2.8.1—Past
Development (Negative):-
5.2.8.2—Past Situation (Negative):-
5.2.9—Tasks—Past Tense of
hunu
5.3—Present Tense
5.3.1—Habitual
Present Tense:-
5.3.1.1—Base ends in a consonant
5.3.1.2—Base ends in only
one vowel
5.3.1.3—Base ends in
two vowels together
5.3.1.4—Present Habitual
Verb Endings
5.3.2—Habitual
Present Tense:-
‘hunu’
Definitive and Variable
5.3.3—Continuous
Present Tense
5.3.3.1—Base ends
in a consonant
5.3.3.2—Base ends
in only one vowel
5.3.3.3—Base ends
in two vowels together
5.4—Future
Tense—Simple Expectation
5.4.1—Present Tenses
Used for the Future
5.4.2—Probable Future Tense
Alternative
5.5—A Past, a Present, a
Future Together
5.5.1—Regular
like ‘garnu’—Affirmative
5.5.2—Regular
like ‘garnu’—Negative
5.5.3—Irregular
‘hunu’—Affirmative
5.5.4—Irregular
‘hunu’—Negative
5.6—Causative Verbs
5.6.1—Base Verbs
with Causative Verbs
5.6.2—Examples Using
Causative Verbs
5.6.3—Tasks—Using
Causative Verbs
5.7—Auxiliary Verbs
5.7.1—Auxiliary Verbs
with a Noun
5.7.2—Auxiliary
Verbs with Another Verb
5.8—Compulsion and Prohibition
5.8.1—An Action is
Required or is Not
5.8.1.1—‘parcḫa’—‘behoove’
5.8.1.2—‘…-ne
cḫa’—‘to be to …’
5.8.2—Past,
Present, Affirmative, Negative
5.8.3—Intransitive
(without an object)
5.8.4—Transitive:
impersonal object
5.8.5—Transitive:
personal object
5.8.6—Examples
5.8.6.1—Basic
Examples
5.8.6.2—Detailed
Examples
5.8.7—Prohibition
5.8.7.1—niṣedḫa—forbidden
5.8.7.2—‘Do not …’
for ‘You must not …’
5.8.8—Reported or
Quoted Requirements
5.9—Imperatives
5.9.1—Positive
Imperatives
5.9.1.1—For
tapāī͂, add –hos`
5.9.1.2—For
timī
5.9.1.3—Third Person,
he, she, it
5.9.2—Let us …! Come, we
…! āo, hāmī …!
5.9.3—Negative
Imperatives
5.10—Future
Tense—Probable Form
5.10.1—Future—Probable—Bases
5.10.2—Future—Probable—Affirmative
5.10.3—Future—Probable—Negative
5.10.4—Future—Probable—Tasks
5.11—Passive Verbs
5.11.1—Purpose and
Pattern
5.11.1.1—Active and
Passive Voices
5.11.1.2—Active Voice Grammar
5.11.1.3—Passive Voice
Grammar
5.11.1.4—Details
Lost in Translation
5.11.2—Example of
dekḫinu—be seen
5.11.3—Other Passive
Verbs
5.11.4—Tasks—Passive Verbs
5.12.1—Perfect
Participle –eko (-ed)
5.12.2—Present
Perfect Auxiliary Verb
5.12.3—Definitive
Auxiliary ‘hoina’
5.12.4—Examples of
Present Perfect
5.12.5—Tasks—Present
Perfect
5.12.6—Cause-and-Effect
with ‘X hunāle’
5.13—Past Perfect Tense (Completed
Past)
5.13.1—Past Perfect
Auxiliary Verb
5.13.2—Examples of Past
Perfect
5.13.3—Tasks—Past
Perfect
5.13.4—Cause-and-Effect
with ‘X hunāle’
5.14—‘-ne’: the Gerundive
Idea of a Verb
5.14.1—The Action
5.14.2—The Doer of the Action
5.14.3—Tasks—‘-ne’ Gerundive Verb Form
5.15—Special Use
of Verb Participles ‘bḫanera’ and ‘bḫaneko’
5.15.1—X bḫanera: saying X (to myself)
5.15.2—X bḫanera: recalling X
5.15.3—X bḫaneko: having said X (to
myself) and intending X
5.15.4—bḫaneko ‘X’ ho: has the meaning
‘X’
5.1—Verbs Used in this
Explanation
garnu to do; to make
hunu to be (present:
definitive or changeable)
to be (past:
development or situation)
bḫannu to say; to tell
āunu to come
garāunu to cause to do;
to cause to make
piunu to drink
jānu to go
jānnu to know
dḫunu to wash
sunnu to hear; to listen
sunāunu to cause to hear; to tell
siknu to learn
sikāunu to cause to learn; to teach
calnu to go, proceed
calāunu to drive; to cause to go
bujḫnu to understand
bujḫāunu to
make understood;
to cause to understand
lagnu to feel (=to be felt like)
to be applied
lāgāunu to apply; to fix
kḫānu to eat
kḫuwāunu to
feed;
(to cause to eat)
marnu to die
mārnu to kill;
(to cause to die)
cāhanu to want to;
to wish to
saknu to be able to; (can)
lyāunu to bring
linu to take
dinu to give
pāunu to get, manage to, be able to
dekḫnu to see
dekḫinu to be seen
tarsinu to be frightened
tarsāunu /
darāunu to frighten
paḍḫ`nu to read
parnu to fall
pārnu to cause to fall / render
hĩḍnu to walk about
[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
5.1.1—Tasks
5.1.1.1—Task 5.1.1.1
Select and learn some of the verbs lists at 5.1.
5.1.1.2—Task 5.1.1.2
Translate:-
1. hunu, āunu, jānu, garnu
2. siknu, sikāunu, sunnu, sunāunu
3. dinu, linu, pāunu
Answers:-
1. to be, to come, to go, to do
2. to learn, to teach, to hear/listen, to cause to hear
3. to give, to take, to receive/obtain
5.1.1.3—Task 5.1.1.3
Translate:-
1. to want to, to be able to, to go, to do
2. to see, to be seen
3. to bring, to read
Answers:-
1. cāhanu, saknu, jānu, garnu
2. dekḫnu, dekhinu
3. lyāunu, paḍḫ`nu
5.1.1.4—Task 5.1.1.4
Translate the answers at Task 5.1.1.2 from English into Nepali.
5.1.1.5—Task 5.1.1.5
Translate the answers at Task 5.1.1.3 from Nepali into English.
5.2—Past Tense—a Simple Form
A simple past tense base (5.2.1) is modified with the verb endings shown at 5.5 below:-
5.5.1—typical, like garnu (affirmative)
5.5.2—typical, like garnu (negative)
5.5.3—hunu (affirmative)
5.5.4—hunu (negative)
The standard past tense base is formed by dropping ‘-nu’ from the dictionary form of the verb—as for garnu with its base ‘gar-’. Other bases require different modifications, as listed below.
Refer- Present Past
ence Tense Comment Tense
Form Base (Ends in…) Base Comment
garnu gar- A consonant gar- (Normal)
āunu āu- 2
vowels ā- Shortened
garāunu garāu- 2
vowels garā- Shortened
piunu piu- 2 vowels pi- Shortened
hunu hu- 1 vowel tḫi-/bḫa- Special*
jānu jā- 1
vowel ga- Special
dḫunu dḫu- 1
vowel: ‘-u’ dḫo- Special
* See the separate details later for ‘hunu’ (5.2.3, 5.5.3) after the regular verb endings that follow the example of ‘garnu’ (5.5.1).
The regular verb ending for the first person singular is ‘ẽ’.
I did—gar- + ẽ —ma garẽ
I went—ga- + ẽ —ma gaẽ
I was (situated)—tḫi- + ẽ —ma tḫiẽ
I was (completed)—bḫa- + ẽ —ma bḫaẽ
Tasks—Working
with Past Tense Bases
5.2.1.1 Task 5.2.1.1
Try to learn the past tense bases in 5.2.1.
5.2.1.2—Task 5.2.1.2
Attach the verb ending ‘ẽ’ to the verb base.
Translate:-
1. ma garẽ, ma gaẽ, ma āẽ, ma dhoẽ
(See 5.5.1)
2. ma piẽ, ma garāẽ (See 5.5.1)
3. ma tḫiẽ, ma bhaẽ (See 5.5.3)
Answers:-
1. I did, I went, I came, I washed
2. I drank, I caused to be done,
3. I was (situation); I was (development)
5.2.1.3—Task
5.2.1.3
Translate the
answers at Task 5.2.1.2 from English to Nepali.
5.2.2—Past
Tense Use of ‘-le’ (by) with Some Objects
If the verb affects an object, insert ‘le’ (like ‘by’, ‘with the action of’) and change the form of the doer into the Indirect Object case.
I did—ma garẽ
I did work—mêle kām garẽ (Note how ‘ma’ changes.)
[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
Tasks—Working
with ‘-le’ in the Past Tense
5.2.2.1 Task
5.2.2.1
Translate using:-
Verbs listed (5.1),
Past tense bases (5.2.1), and
‘-le’ rules (5.2.2)
1. garnu ; ma garẽ ; mêle tyo garẽ
2. paḍḫ`nu ; ma
paḍḫẽ ;
3. mêle kitāb paḍḫẽ
4. bujḫnu ; ma bujḫẽ
5. mêle
kurā bujḫẽ
6. dḫunu ;
ma dḫoẽ ; mêle tyo dḫoẽ
7. garāunu ;
ma garāẽ
8. mêle
kām garāẽ
Answers:-
1. to do; I did; I did this
2. to read; I read (did read);
3. I read (did read) the book
4. to understand ; I understood ;
5. I understood the subject matter
6. to wash; I
washed; I washed it
7. to cause
to be done ; I caused to be done ;
8. I got
[the] work done
5.2.2.2 Task
5.2.2.2
Translate using:-
Verbs listed (5.1),
Past tense bases (5.2.1), and
‘-le’ rules (5.2.2)
1. to come; I came
2. to go; I went
3. to cause to hear; I caused to be heard
4. I proclaimed good news
Answers:-
1. āunu ; ma
āẽ
2. jānu ; ma gaẽ
3. sunāunu ; ma sunāẽ
4. ma susamācār sunāẽ
5.2.3—Simple Past Tense Verb
Endings (Affirmative)—garnu
… did
I ma garẽ
you L
tã garis`
you M
timī garyô
he, she LN ū
garyo (m) garī (f)
he, she LF
ū garyo (m) garī (f)
he, she MN yinī
garyo (m) garī (f)
he MF unī / tinī garyo
(m)
she MF unī
/ tinī garī (f)
this, it N yo garyo (m) garī
(f)
that, it F
tyo garyo (m) garī (f)
you H
tapāī͂ garnubḫayo
he, she HN yahā͂
garnubḫayo
he, she HF uhā͂
/ vahā͂ garnubḫayo
---------:---------
we hāmīharū garyỗ
YOU L -
YOU M timīharū
garyô
they LN yī
gare
they LF
tī gare
they, these MN yinīharū gare
they, these MF unīharū/tinīharū
gare
they, these N yī gare
they, those F tī gare
YOU H tapāī͂harū
garnubḫayo
they, these HN yahā͂harū
garnubḫayo
they, those HF uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū
garnubḫayo
L=Low; M=Medium;
H=High/Honorific; N=Near; F=Far
5.2.4—Simple Past Tense Verb
Endings (Negative)—garnu
… did not do
I
ma garinã
you L
tã garinas`
you M timī garenô
he, she LN ū garena (m) garina
(f)
he, she LF
ū garena (m) garina (f)
he MN yinī garenan` (m)
she MN
yinī garinan` (f)
he MF unī
/ tinī garenan` (m)
she MF unī / tinī
garinan` (f)
this, it N yo
garena (m) garina (f)
that, it F tyo
garena (m) garina (f)
you H
tapāī͂ garnubḫaena
he, she HN yahā͂
garnubḫaena
he, she HF uhā͂ / vahā͂
garnubḫaena
---------:---------
we hāmīharū garenỗ
YOU L
-
YOU M timīharū garenô
they LN
yī garenan`
they LF
tī garenan`
they, these MN yinīharū garenan`
they, these MF unīharū garenan`
tinīharū garenan`
they, these N yī
garenan`
they, those F tī garenan`
YOU H tapāī͂harū garnubḫaena
they, these HN yahā͂harū garnubḫaena
they, those HF uhā͂harū garnubḫaena
vahā͂harū garnubḫaena
L=Low; M=Medium;
H=High/Honorific; N=Near; F=Far
5.2.5—Tasks—Past Tense of Regular
Verbs Like garnu
5.2.5.1—Task 5.2.5.1
Translate using:-
Verbs list (5.1)
Past tense bases (5.2.1)
‘-le’ rules (5.2.2)
Past Affirmative verb endings (5.2.3) and
Past Negative verb endings (5.2.4):-
1. garnu ; ma garẽ ; ma garinã
2. paḍḫ`nu ; ma paḍḫẽ
3. ma paḍḫinã ; mêle
kitāb paḍḫẽ
4. dḫunu ; ū
dḫoyo
5. ūle
tyo dḫoyo ; ūle tyo dḫoena
6. jānu ;
unī gayo ; unī gayenan`
7. āunu ; timī āyô
8. timī āundê chô ; timī āenô
Answers:-
1. to do; I did; I did not
2. to read; I did read
3. I did not read ; I did read the book
4. to wash;
he (L) washed
5. he (L)
washed it ; he (L) did not wash it
6. to
go ; he [/she] (M) went ; he (M) did not go
7. to come;
you (M) came
8. you (M)
are coming; you (M) did not come
5.2.5.2—Task 5.2.5.2
Translate:-
1. bujḫnu ; timī bujḫyô
2. timī
bujḫenô ?
3. calnu ; yo calyo
4. yo calena
5. calāunu ; ma calāẽ
6. ma calāinã
Answers:-
1. to understand ; you understood
2. Did you not understand?
3. to move;
it (N) moved
4. It (N)
did not move
5. to cause
to move [/to drive]; I drove
6. I did not
drive
5.2.5.3—Task 5.2.5.3
Translate:-
1. to say; you (H) said
2. You (H) did not say
3. to know; I knew
4. I did not know the answer
5. to
go ; he [/she] (M) went
6. He [/she] (M)
did not go
Answers:-
1. bḫannu ;
tapāī͂ bḫannubḫayo
2. tapāī͂
bḫannubḫaena
3. jānnu ; ma jānẽ
4. mêle javāph jāninã
5. jānu ; unī gayo
6. unī gaenan`
5.2.5.4—Task 5.2.5.4
Translate:-
1. garnu ; hāmīharū gayỗ
2. hāmīharū
gayenỗ
3. paḍḫ`nu ; timīharū
paḍḫ`yô
4. timīharūle kitāb paḍḫ`enỗ
5. dḫunu ;
yī dḫoe
6. yasle tyo
dḫoenan`
7. jānu ;
unīharū gae
8. unīharū
gaenan`
9. āunu ; tapāī͂harū
āũnubḫayo
10. tapāī͂harū
āũnubḫaena
Answers:-
1. to do; we went
2. We did not go
3. to read; YOU read (did read)
4. YOU did not read the book
5. to wash;
they (L) washed
6. They (L)
did not wash it
7. to
go ; they (M) went
8. They (M)
did not go
9. to come; YOU
(H) came
10. YOU
(H) did not come
5.2.5.5—Task 5.2.5.5
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.2.5.1 to 5.2.5.4 into the other language.
[Go to List of Contents]
[Start of Section
5—Verbs]
5.2.6—Past Tense of ‘hunu’ (to
be), Development or Situation
The verb ‘hunu’—‘to be’ has two forms in the habitual past. One describes a situation (or condition). The other reports a development in which the subject happened or became something.
1. A change or development happened or was completed
ma bisanco bḫaẽ—I became ill.
ma śikṣak bḫaẽ—I
became a teacher
2. A situation existed
ma bisanco tḫiẽ—I was ill
ma yahā͂ tḫiẽ—I was here.
5.2.7—Simple Past Tense Verb Endings (Affirmative)—hunu
See also the combined table at 5.5.3.
5.2.7.1—Past
Development (Affirmative)
… was (completely) / … became
I
ma bḫaẽ
you L
tã bḫais`
you M
timī bḫayô
he L N&F
ū bḫayo (m)
she L N&F
ū bḫai (f)
he M N, F
yinī, unī/tinī bḫae
(m)
she M N, F
yinī, unī/tinī bḫain`
(f)
this, that/ it N&F
yo, tyo bḫayo (m)
this, that/ it N&F
yo, tyo bḫai (f)
you H tapāī͂
hunubḫayo
he, she HN
yahā͂ hunubḫayo
he, she HF uhā͂/vahā͂
hunubḫayo
---------:---------
we hāmīharū
bḫayỗ
YOU L: -
YOU M timīharū bḫayô
they LN yī bḫae (m) bḫain`
(f)
they LF tī -
" -
they, these MN yinīharū -
" -
they, those MF unīharū/tinīharū -
" -
they, these N yī -
" -
they, those F tī -
" -
YOU H tapāī͂harū
hunubḫayo
they, these H yahā͂harū -
" -
they, those H uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū -
" -
5.2.7.2—Past
Situation (Affirmative)
… was (located) / was (in a condition)
I ma tḫiẽ
you L tã tḫiis`
you M timī tḫiyô
he L N&F ū tḫiyo (m)
she L N&F ū tḫiī (f)
he M N, F yinī, unī/tinī
tḫie (m)
she M N, F yinī, unī/tinī
tḫiin (f)
this, that/ it N&F
yo, tyo tḫiyo (m)
this, that/ it N&F
yo, tyo tḫiī (f)
you H
tapāī͂ hunuhuntḫiyo
he, she HN yahā͂ -
" -
he, she HF uhā͂/vahā͂ -
" -
---------:---------
we
hāmīharū
tḫiyỗ
YOU L: -
YOU M timīharū tḫiyô
they LN
yī tḫie (m) tḫiin (f)
they LF
tī -
" -
they, these MN yinīharū -
" -
they, those MF unīharū/tinīharū -
" -
they, these N yī -
" -
they, those F tī -
" -
YOU H tapāī͂harū
hunuhuntḫiyo
they, these H yahā͂harū -
" -
they, those H uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū -
" -
5.2.8—Simple Past Tense Verb Endings (Negative)—hunu
See also the combined table at 5.5.4.
5.2.8.1—Past Development
(Negative)
…
was not (completely) / did not become
I ma
bḫainã
you L tã bḫainas`
you M timī bḫaenô
he, she LN ū bḫaena
(m) bḫaina (f)
he, she LF ū bḫaena
(m) bḫaina (f)
he, she MN yinī bḫaenan`
(m) bḫainan` (f)
he, she MF unī/tinī bḫaenan` (m)
bḫainan` (f)
this, it N
yo bḫaena (m) bḫaina (f)
that, it F
tyo bḫaena (m) bḫaina (f)
you H tapāī͂
hunubḫaena
he, she HN yahā͂ hunubḫaena
he, she HF uhā͂ / vahā͂ hunubḫaena
---------:---------
we hāmīharū
bḫaenỗ
YOU L: -
YOU M timīharū bḫaenô
they LN yī bḫaenan`
they LF
tī -
" -
they, these MN yinīharū -
" -
they, those MF unīharū/tinīharū -
" -
they, these N yī
- "
-
they, those F tī
-
" -
YOU H tapāī͂harū:
hunubḫaena
they, these H yahā͂harū -
" -
they, those H uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū -
" -
5.2.8.2—Past
Situation (Negative)
… was not (located) /
… was not (in a condition)
I
ma tḫiinã
you L tã tḫiinas`
you M
timī tḫienô
he, she LN
ū tḫiena (m) tḫiina (f)
he, she LF
ū tḫiena (m) tḫiina (f)
he, she MN yinī
tḫienan` (m) tḫiinan` (f)
he, she MF unī / tinī
tḫienan` (m) tḫiinan` (f)
this, it N
yo tḫiena (m) tḫiina (f)
that, it F
tyo tḫiena (m) tḫiina (f)
you H tapāī͂
hunuhunnatḫiyo
he, she HN yahā͂
hunuhunnatḫiyo
he, she HF uhā͂
/ vahā͂ hunuhunnatḫiyo
---------:---------
we hāmīharū
tḫienỗ
YOU L: -
YOU M timīharū tḫienô
they LN yī tḫienan`
they LF tī -
" -
they, these MN yinīharū -
" -
they, those MF unīharū/tinīharū -
" -
they, these N yī
- "
-
they, those F
tī -
" -
YOU H tapāī͂harū:
hunuhunnatḫiyo
they, these H yahā͂harū -
" -
they, those H uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū -
" -
5.2.9—Tasks—Past Tense of hunu
5.2.9.1 Task
5.2.9.1
Using hunu, guidance on usage at 5.2.6, affirmative endings at 5.2.7, and negative endings at
5.2.8, translate:-
1. hunu ; ma thiẽ ; ma bḫaẽ
2. timī bisanco tḫiyô ; timī sanco bḫayô
3. ū tyahā͂ tḫiyo ; ū
rāmro keṭā bḫayo
4. bahinīharū yahā͂ tḫienan`
5. unīharū tyahā͂ tḫiin`
6. yeśu śikṣak hunuhuntḫiyo
7. unī parameśvar hunuhunnatḫiyo
Answers:-
1. to be; I was (situation); I was (development)
2. you were unwell; you became well
3. he (L) was there; he (L) became a good boy
4. [The] sisters (M) were not here
5. They (Mf) were there
6. Jesus (H) was a teacher
7. He (H) was not [the Most High] God
5.2.9.2—Task
5.2.9.2
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.2.9.1 into Nepali.
[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
The simplest way to express actions happening at the present time is to use the habitual present tense. This can be modified easily to form the continuous present tense.
A present tense is constructed from two parts:-
1. A present tense base—see below.
2. Verb endings, as shown below.
See also the combined table at 5.5 below:-
5.5.1—typical,
like garnu (affirmative)
5.5.2—typical,
like garnu (negative)
5.5.3—hunu
(affirmative)
5.5.4—hunu
(negative)
The standard present tense base is formed by dropping ‘-nu’ from the dictionary form of the verb—as for garnu with its base ‘gar-’.
Present
Reference Tense Ending
Form Base
garnu gar- A
consonant
āunu āu- Two
vowels
garāunu garāu- Two
vowels
piunu piu- Two
vowels
hunu hu- One
vowel, ‘u’
jānu jā- One vowel, ‘ā’
dḫunu dḫu- One
vowel, ‘u’
This base is used to form two tenses we shall work with:-
• Habitual Present Tense, as for garnu
(5.3.1),
or for hunu (5.3.2)
and
• Continuous Present Tense (5.3.3).
5.3.1—Habitual Present
Tense—Regular, like ‘garnu’
For any verb other than hunu—to be (see 5.3.2), find the last syllable of the present tense base (shown above at 5.3) for your verb. It may end in:-
• a consonant, e.g. gar-
• a single vowel, e.g. jā-, or
• two vowels together, e.g. garāu-.
If the present tense base ends in a consonant, just add the appropriate verb endings (tabled at 5.5). Otherwise, if the base ends in a vowel, this requires you to apply the following nasalization rules before you add the appropriate verb endings (tabled at 5.5).
5.3.1.1—Base
ends in a consonant
(e.g. garnu—gar ends in ‘r’)
Add the verb ending from the table.
I do—gar+cḫu—ma garcḫu
I do not do—gar+dina—ma gardina
5.3.1.2—Base ends in a single vowel
(e.g. jānu—jā ends in ‘ā’)
Affirmative: Insert ‘n-’. Add verb ending.
I go—jā+n+cḫu—ma jāncḫu
Negative: Nasalize the vowel, e.g. ‘ā͂’
This is pronounced as ‘ān’.
I do not go—jā+ ͂ +dina—ma jā͂dina
5.3.1.3—Base
ends in two vowels
(e.g. garāunu—garāu ends in ‘āu’)
Affirmative:
1. Nasalize the second vowel with
‘ ͂ ’
2. Add the verb ending from the table.
I come—āu+ ͂ +cḫu—ma āũcḫu
Negative:
1. Nasalize the second vowel with ‘ ͂ ’
2. Add the verb ending from the table.
I do not go—āu+ ͂ +dina—ma āũdina
5.3.1.4—Habitual Present Verb Endings
The Habitual Present Tense verb endings (tabled at 5.5) are arranged as:-
5.5.1—typical, like garnu (affirmative)
5.5.2—typical, like garnu (negative)
5.5.3—hunu (affirmative)
—(See explanation at 5.3.2)
5.5.4—hunu (negative)
—(See explanation at 5.3.2)
Tasks—Habitual Present Tense
5.3.1.5—Task
5.3.1.5
Translate using:-
Verbs list (5.1)
Present tense bases (5.2.1)
Present tense base nasalization rules (5.3.1)
Affirmative endings (5.5.1) and
Negative endings (5.5.2),:-
1. garnu ; ma garcḫu ; ma gardina
2. paḍḫ`nu ; ma paḍḫ`cḫu
3. ma kitāb paḍḫ`dina
4. dḫunu ; ū
dḫuncḫa
5. ū tyo dḫũdêna
6. jānu ; unī
jāncḫan`
7. unī
jā͂dênan`
8. āunu ; timī āũncḫô
9. timī āũdênô
Answers:-
1. to do; I do; I do not
2. to read; I read (do read)
3. I do not read the book
4. to wash; he
(L) washes
5. He (L) does not wash it
6. to go ;
he [/she] (M) goes
7. He [/she] (M) does not go
8. to come;
you (M) come
9. You (M) do not come
5.3.1.6—Task
5.3.1.6
Translate:-
1. bujḫnu ; timī bujḫcḫô
2. timī yo kurā bujḫdênô ?
3. calnu ; yo calcḫa ; yo caldêna
4. calāunu ; ma calāũcḫu
5. ma calāũdina
Answers:-
1. to understand ; you understand
2. Don’t you understand the subject?
3. to move;
it (N) moves
4. It (N) does not move
5. to cause
to move [/to drive]
6. I drive; I do not
drive
5.3.1.7—Task 5.3.1.7
Translate:-
1. to say; you (H) say
2. You (H) do not say
3. to know; I know
4. I do not know the answer
5. to
go ; he [/she] (M) goes
6. He [/she] (M) does not go
Answers:-
1. bḫannu ;
tapāī͂ bḫannu huncḫa
2. tapāī͂ bḫannu hunna
3. jānnu ; ma jāncḫu
4. ma javāph jāndina
5. jānu ; unī jāncḫan`
6. unī jā͂dênan`
5.3.1.8—Task
5.3.1.8
Translate:-
1. garnu ; hāmīharū garcḫỗ
2. hāmīharū gardênỗ
3. paḍḫ`nu ; timīharū
paḍḫ`cḫô
4. timīharū kitāb paḍḫ`dênỗ
5. dḫunu ; yī
dḫuncḫan`
6. yī tyo dḫũdênan`
7. jānu ;
unīharū jāncḫan`
8. unīharū jā͂dênan`
9. āunu ; tapāī͂harū
āũnu huncḫa
10. tapāī͂harū āũnu hunna
Answers:-
1. to do; we do
2. We do not
3. to read; YOU read (do read);
4. YOU do not read the book
5. to wash; they
(L) wash;
6. They (L) do not wash it
7. to
go ; they (M) go ;
8. They (M) do not go
9. to come; YOU
(H) come;
10. YOU (H) do not come
5.3.1.9—Task 5.3.1.9
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.3.1.5 to 5.3.1.8 into the other language.
5.3.2—Habitual Present
Tense—‘hunu’, Definitive and Variable
The verb ‘hunu’—‘to be’ has two forms in the present. One is used with an adjective or a location; the other for defining.
1. Definitive:-
ma ãgrej hũ—I am an English (person).
2. Variable (with an adjective or location):-
ma yahā͂ cḫu—I am here.
The endings tabled (Affirmative: 5.5.3, Negative: 5.5.4 ) for the verb ‘hunu’—in the Present tense when used (variably) with an adjective or a location—provide most of the endings for all other verbs in the present tense, as for ‘garnu’ (Affirmative: 5.5.1, Negative: 5.5.2).
5.3.2.1—Task
5.3.2.1
Translate using:-
Verbs listing of ‘hunu’ ‘to be’ (5.1)
Affirmative endings (5.5.3) and
Negative endings (5.5.4),:-
1. ma hũ
2. ma
sātḫī hũ
3. ma
iśvar hoina
4. ma cḫu ; ma yahā͂ cḫu
5. ma tyahā͂ cḫêna
6. tapāī͂ sātḫī hunu ḫuncḫa
7. tapāī͂ śikṣak
hunu hunna
Answers:-
1. I am (definitively)
2. I am (definitively) a friend
3. I am not God
4. I am (variably); I am (variably) here
5. I am not there
6. You
(H) are a friend
7. You
(H) are not a teacher
5.3.2.2—Task
5.3.2.2
Translate:-
1. We are (definitively) brothers
2. We are not gods
3. Where are (variably) YOU?
4. YOU are not there!
5. YOU
(H) are friends
6. YOU
(H) are not a teachers
Answers:-
1. hāmīharū bḫāi hỗ / hāmī bḫāiharū
hỗ;
2. hāmīharū iśvar hoinỗ
3. timīharū kahā͂ cḫô ?
4. timīharū tyahā͂
cḫênô!
5. tapāī͂harū sātḫī hunu ḫuncḫa ;
6. tapāī͂harū
śikṣak hunu hunna
5.3.2.3—Task 5.3.2.3
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.3.2.1 and 5.3.2.2 into the other language.
5.3.3—Continuous Present
Tense
The Continuous Present Tense Affirmative inserts ‘-dê ’ into the Simple Present. (The
negative of this is the same as the Habitual Negative.)
5.3.3.1—Base
ends in a consonant
e.g garnu—gar ends in ‘r’
Affirmative:
1. Add dê and the ending from the table.
I am doing—gar+dê+cḫu—ma gardêcḫu
Negative:
1. Same as Habitual Negative
I am not doing—gar+dina—ma gardina
5.3.3.2—Base ends in a single vowel
Affirmative:
1. Nasalize the vowel.
2. Add dê and the ending from the table.
I am going—jā+ ͂ +dê+cḫu—ma jā͂dê cḫu
Negative:
As Habitual Negative:-
I do not go—jā+ ͂ +dina—ma jā͂dina
5.3.3.3—Base
ends in two vowels
Affirmative:
1. Nasalize the second vowel with ‘ ͂ ’
2. Add dê and the ending from the table.
I am coming—āu+ ͂ +dê+cḫu—ma
āũdêcḫu
Negative:
1. Same as Habitual Negative
I do not come—āu+ ͂ +dina—ma
āũdina
5.3.3.4—Task
5.3.3.4
Translate using:-
Verbs list (5.1)
Present tense bases (5.2.1)
Present tense base nasalization rules (5.3.1)
Continuous Present insertion of ‘-dê’ (5.3.3)
Affirmative endings (5.5.1) and
Negative endings (5.5.2),:-
1. garnu ; ma garcḫu
2. ma gardê
cḫu ; ma gardina
3. paḍḫ`nu ; ma paḍḫ`cḫu
4. ma paḍḫ`dê cḫu
5. ma kitāb paḍḫ`dina
6. dḫunu ; ū
dḫuncḫa
7. ū
dḫundê cḫa ; ū tyo dḫũdêna
8. jānu ;
unī jāncḫan`
9. unī
jā͂dê cḫan` ; unī jā͂dênan`
10. āunu ; timī āũncḫô
11. timī āũndê cḫô
12. timī āũdênô
Answers:-
1. to do; I do
2. I am doing; I am not doing
3. to read; I read (do read)
4. I am reading
5. I am not reading the book
6. to wash;
he (L) washes
7. He (L)
is washing; he (L) does not wash it
8. to
go ; he [/she] (M) goes
9. He (M)
is going ; he (M) is not going
10. to come;
you (M) come
11. You (M)
are coming
12. You (M)
are not coming
5.3.3.5—Task
5.3.3.5
Translate:-
1. bujḫnu ; timī bujḫdê cḫô
2. timī
bujḫdênô ?
3. calnu ; yo caldê cḫa
4. yo caldêna
5. calāunu
6. ma calāũdê cḫu
7. ma calāũdina
Answers:-
1. to understand ; you are understanding
2. Are you not understanding?
3. to move;
it (N) is moving
4. It (N)
is not moving
5. to cause
to move [/to drive]
6. I am driving
7. I do not
drive [/am not driving]
5.3.3.6—Task 5.3.3.6
Translate:-
1. to say; you (H) are saying
2. You (H) do not say
[/are not saying]
3. to know; I am knowing
4. I am not knowing the answer
5. to
go ; he [/she] (M) is going
6. He [/she] (M)
is not going
Answers:-
1. bḫannu ;
tapāī͂ bḫannu hundê cḫa
2. tapāī͂
bḫannu hunna
3. jānnu ; ma jāndê cḫu
4. ma javāph jāndina
5. jānu ; unī jāndê cḫan`
6. unī jā͂dênan`
5.3.3.7—Task
5.3.3.7
Translate:-
1. garnu ; hāmīharū gardêcḫỗ
2. hāmīharū
gardênỗ
3. paḍḫ`nu ; timīharū
paḍḫ`dê cḫô
4. timīharū kitāb paḍḫ`dênỗ
5. dḫunu ;
yī dḫundˆcḫan`
6. yī
tyo dḫũdênan`
7. jānu ;
unīharū jāndê cḫan`
8. unīharū
jā͂dênan`
9. āunu ; tapāī͂harū
āũnu hundê cḫa
10. tapāī͂harū
āũnu hunna
Answers:-
1. to do; we are doing
2. We do not [/we are not doing]
3. to read; YOU are reading
4. YOU are not reading the book
5. to wash;
they (L) are washing
6. They (L)
are not washing it
7. to
go ; they (M) are going
8. They (M)
are not going
9. to come; YOU
(H) are coming
10. YOU
(H) are not coming
5.3.3.8—Task 5.3.3.8
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.3.3.4 to 5.3.3.7 into the other language.
[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
5.4—Future
Tense—a Simple Form of Expectation
The way future events are described depends on their level of certainty. Use either:-
• A present tense : if you are sure, or
• Probable future tense : if you’re unsure.
5.4.1—Present
Tenses Used for the Future
If you are sure that the event will happen, you can use either the simple present tense or the present continuous and add a word like ‘later’—‘pachi’, or ‘tomorrow’—‘bḫoli’.
Using the Simple Present Tense:-
I do work later
—ma pacḫi kām garcḫu
Or, using the Present Continuous Tense, insert ‘-dê ’:-
I’m doing work later
—ma pacḫi kām gardê cḫu
Using to come—āunu and the endings listed below:-
He will come tomorrow
—tinī bḫoli āu͂cḫan`
He is coming tomorrow
—tinī bḫoli āu͂dê cḫan`
I am not coming tomorrow
—ma bḫoli āu͂dina
The Probable Future Tense can be used to include some doubt. It is more complicated to conjugate. See 5.10.
Tasks—Simple Future Tense
5.4.3—Task 5.4.3
Translate using:-
Verbs list (5.1)
Present tense bases (5.3)
Present tense base nasalization rules (5.3.1)
Continuous Present insertion of ‘-dê’ (5.3.3)
Affirmative endings (5.5.1) and
Negative endings (5.5.2),:-
1. pacḫi ; bḫoli ;
parsi
2. ma pacḫi jāncḫu ; ma bḫoli
jā͂dina
3. unī parsi kām gardênan`.
Answers:-
1. later; tomorrow; the day after tomorrow
2. I will go
later; I am not going tomorrow
3. He (M)
is not working the day after tomorrow.
5.4.4—Task 5.4.4
1. to come; I come / I will come;
2. I am coming / I will come
3. I will come later; I am coming tomorrow
4. I do not come / I
am not coming;
5. I am not coming the
day after tomorrow
Answers:-
1. āunu ; ma āũncḫu ;
2. ma āũndê cḫu
3. ma pacḫi āũncḫu ; ma bḫoli
āũndê cḫu
4. ma āũdina
5. ma parsi āũdina
5.4.5—Task 5.4.5
1. hāmīharū bḫoli kām garcḫỗ.
2. timīharū parsi kahā͂ jāncḫô
/ jā͂dêcḫô ?
3. tapāī͂ pacḫi tyo siknu huncḫa.
Answers:-
1. We will work tomorrow.
2. Where will YOU (M) you go [ / are YOU going]
the day after tomorrow?
3. You
(H) will learn that later.
5.4.6—Task 5.4.6
Translate:-
1. unī kahile jāncḫan` ?
2. unī kahile jāndê cḫan` ?
3. timī ke āũncḫô ? timī ke
āũndê cḫô ?
4. timī ke āũdênô ?
5. bḫoli ma yo kitāb paḍḫ`dê cḫu.
Answers:-
1. When will
he [ / she] (M) go ;
2. When is he [ / she] (M) going?
3. Will you (M) come? Are you (M) coming?
4. Are you (M) not coming
5. Tomorrow I will be
reading this book
5.4.7—Task 5.4.7
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.4.3 to 5.4.6 into the other language.
[Go to List of
Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
5.5—One
Simple Tenses for each of the Past, Present, and Future Listed Together
The following tables combine some of the information provided in 5.2—Past, 5.3—Present, and 5.4—Future. We recommend that you print these tables out using the pdf version, as these sheets will enable you to find quickly and easily a way of recounting understandably any action from any time.
The main idea here is to focus initially on the minimum of information about verbs that is needed to get started and achieve practical, effective communication—using just three simple tenses—one for the past, one for the present, and one for the future. Each of these needs two forms—affirmative and negative.
First , we need two tables are for a typical regular verb (like ‘garnu’)—one is affirmative; the other is negative. Explanation of the Simple Past Tense is provided at 5.2.1 and 5.2.2. A simple present (habitual) tense is explained at 5.3.1.
After that, we have two more tables. These are for an irregular verb, ‘hunu’—‘to be’: one is for the affirmative; the other is for the negative. The past tense is explained at 5.2.3. The present tense is explained at 5.3.2.
5.5.1—Simple Tenses Listed
Together—Affirmative, Regular
This table lists verb endings for the affirmative of the
verb ‘garnu’—‘to do’. Other verbs can have the same endings
attached to their stem instead of ‘gar-’ according to the rules
described in 5.2.1
for the past tense, 5.3.1 for the
present tense, and 5.4.1 for the future
tense.
Simple
Tenses (Affirmative) for ‘garnu’—to do, to make |
|||
Person |
Past |
Present |
Future pacḫi gar- / pacḫi gardê … |
I ma |
garẽ |
garcḫu |
pacḫi gardê cḫu |
you L tã |
garis` |
garcḫas` |
pacḫi gardê cḫas` |
you M timī |
garyô |
garcḫô |
pacḫi gardê cḫô |
he, she LN
ū |
garyo (m) garī (f) |
garcḫa |
pacḫi gardê cḫa |
he, she LF
ū |
garyo (m) garī (f) |
garcḫa |
pacḫi gardê cḫa |
he, she MN yinī |
garyo (m) garī (f) |
garcḫan` |
pacḫi gardê cḫan` |
he, she MF unī /
tinī |
garyo (m) garī (f) |
garcḫan` |
pacḫi gardê cḫan` |
this, it N
yo |
garyo (m) garī (f) |
garcḫa |
pacḫi gardê cḫa |
that, it F
tyo |
garyo (m) garī (f) |
garcḫa |
pacḫi gardê cḫa |
you H tapāī͂ |
garnubḫayo |
garnu huncḫa |
pacḫi gardê hunuhuncḫa |
he, she HN
yahā͂ |
garnubḫayo |
garnu huncḫa |
pacḫi gardê hunuhuncḫa |
he, she HF uhā͂ / vahā͂ |
garnubḫayo |
garnu huncḫa |
pacḫi gardê hunuhuncḫa |
--------- |
--------- |
--------- |
--------- |
we hāmīharū |
garyỗ |
garcḫỗ |
pacḫi gardê cḫỗ |
|
|
|
|
you M timīharū |
garyô |
garcḫô |
pacḫi gardê cḫô |
they LN yī |
gare |
garcḫan` |
pacḫi gardê cḫan` |
they LF tī |
gare |
garcḫan` |
pacḫi gardê cḫan` |
they, these MN yinīharū |
gare |
garcḫan` |
pacḫi gardê cḫan` |
they, those
MF unīharū/tinīharū |
gare |
garcḫan` |
pacḫi gardê cḫan` |
they, these
N yī |
gare |
garcḫan` |
pacḫi gardê cḫan` |
they, those
F tī |
gare |
garcḫan` |
pacḫi gardê cḫan` |
you H tapāī͂harū |
garnubḫayo |
garnu huncḫa |
pacḫi gardê hunuhuncḫa |
they, these
H yahā͂harū |
garnubḫayo |
garnu huncḫa |
pacḫi gardê hunuhuncḫa |
they, those
H uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū |
garnubḫayo |
garnu huncḫa |
pacḫi gardê hunuhuncḫa |
[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
5.5.2—Simple Tenses Listed Together—Negative, Regular
This table lists endings for the negative
of the verb ‘garnu’—‘to do’. Other verbs take these endings after
their stem instead of ‘gar-’ according to the rules described in 5.2.1,
5.3.1,
and 5.4.1.
Simple
Tenses (Negative) for ‘garnu’—to do, to make |
|||
Person |
Past |
Present |
Future |
I ma |
garinã |
gardina |
pacḫi gardina |
you L tã |
garinas` |
gardinas` |
pacḫi gardinas` |
you M timī |
garenô |
gardênô |
pacḫi gardênô |
he, she LN
ū |
garena (m) garina (f) |
gardêna |
pacḫi gardêna |
he, she LF
ū |
garena (m) garina (f) |
gardêna |
pacḫi gardêna |
he, she MN yinī |
garenan` (m) |
gardênan` |
pacḫi gardênan` |
he, she MF unī /
tinī |
garenan` (m) |
gardênan` |
pacḫi gardênan` |
this, it N
yo |
garena (m) |
gardêna |
pacḫi gardêna |
that, it F
tyo |
garena (m) |
gardêna |
pacḫi gardêna |
you H tapāī͂ |
garnubḫaena |
garnu hunna |
pacḫi garnu hunna |
he, she HN
yahā͂ |
garnubḫaena |
garnu hunna |
pacḫi garnu hunna |
he, she HF uhā͂ / vahā͂ |
garnubḫaena |
garnu hunna |
pacḫi garnu hunna |
--------- |
--------- |
--------- |
--------- |
we hāmīharū |
garenỗ |
gardênỗ |
pacḫi gardênỗ |
|
|
|
|
you M timīharū |
garenô |
gardênô |
pacḫi gardênô |
they LN yī |
garenan` |
gardênan` |
pacḫi gardênan` |
they LF tī |
garenan` |
gardênan` |
pacḫi gardênan` |
they, these MN yinīharū |
garenan` |
gardênan` |
pacḫi gardênan` |
they, those
MF unīharū/tinīharū |
garenan` |
gardênan` |
pacḫi gardênan` |
they, these
N yī |
garenan` |
gardênan` |
pacḫi gardênan` |
they, those
F tī |
garenan` |
gardênan` |
pacḫi gardênan` |
you H tapāī͂harū |
garnubḫaena |
garnu hunna |
pacḫi garnu hunna |
they, these
H yahā͂harū |
garnubḫaena |
garnu hunna |
pacḫi garnu hunna |
they, those
H uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū |
garnubḫaena |
garnu hunna |
pacḫi garnu hunna |
[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
5.5.3—Irregular Simple Tenses for
‘hunu’—Affirmative
The verb ‘hunu’—‘to be’ has two forms in the present. One is used with an adjective or a location; the other for defining.
1. Definitive:-
ma ãgrej hũ—I am an English (person).
2. Variable (with an adjective or location):-
ma yahā͂ cḫu—I am here.
Section 5.3.2 provides more detail and work examples in
the present.
The verb ‘hunu’—‘to be’ has two forms in the habitual past. One describes a situation (or condition). The other reports a development in which the subject happened or became something.
1. A situation existed
ma bisanco
tḫiẽ—I was ill
ma yahā͂ tḫiẽ—I was here.
2. A change or development happened
ma bisanco bḫaẽ—I became ill.
ma śikṣak
bḫaẽ—I became a teacher
Sections 5.2.6-5.2.9 provide more detail and worked examples
using the past tense.
The verb endings tabled below for the verb ‘hunu’—in the Present tense when used with an adjective or a location—provide most of the endings for all other verbs in the present tense, as for ‘garnu’ above.
Simple
Tenses (Affirmative) for ‘hunu’—to be |
|||
Person |
Past Devel- opment | | Situation |
Present with for location or defining |
adjective |
Future (bḫoli yahā͂ …) |
I ma |
bḫaẽ | tḫiẽ |
hũ | cḫu |
(..) hunecḫu |
you L tã |
bḫais` | tḫiis` |
hos` | cḫas` |
(..) hunecḫas` |
you M timī |
bḫayô | tḫiyô |
hô | cḫô |
(..) hunecḫô |
he, she LN
ū |
bḫayo | tḫiyo (m) |
ho | cḫa |
(..) hunecḫa |
he, she LF
ū |
bḫayo | tḫiyo (m) |
ho | cḫa |
(..) hunecḫa |
he, she MN yinī |
bḫae | tḫie (m) |
hun` | cḫan` |
(..) hunecḫan` |
he, she MF unī /
tinī |
bḫae | tḫie (m) |
hun` | cḫan` |
(..) hunecḫan` |
this, it N
yo |
bḫayo | tḫiyo (m) |
ho | cḫa |
(..) hunecḫa |
that, it F
tyo |
bḫayo | tḫiyo (m) |
ho | cḫa |
(..) hunecḫa |
you H tapāī͂ |
hunubḫayo | hunuhuntḫiyo |
hunu huncḫa |
(..) hunuhuncḫa |
he, she HN
yahā͂ |
hunubḫayo | hunuhuntḫiyo |
hunu huncḫa |
(..) hunuhuncḫa |
he, she HF uhā͂ / vahā͂ |
hunubḫayo | hunuhuntḫiyo |
hunu huncḫa |
(..) hunuhuncḫa |
--------- |
--------- |
--------- |
--------- |
we hāmīharū |
bḫayỗ | tḫiyỗ |
hỗ | cḫỗ |
(..) hunecḫỗ |
|
|
|
|
you M timīharū |
bḫayô | tḫiyô |
hô | cḫô |
(..) hunecḫô |
they LN yī |
bḫae |
tḫie (m) |
hun` | cḫan` |
(..) hunecḫan` |
they LF tī |
bḫae |
tḫie (m) |
hun` | cḫan` |
(..) hunecḫan` |
they, these MN yinīharū |
bḫae |
tḫie (m) |
hun` | cḫan` |
(..) hunecḫan` |
they, those
MF unīharū/tinīharū |
bḫae |
tḫie (m) |
hun` | cḫan` |
(..) hunecḫan` |
they, these
N yī |
bḫae |
tḫie (m) |
hun` | cḫan` |
(..) hunecḫan` |
they, those
F tī |
bḫae |
tḫie (m) |
hun` | cḫan` |
(..) hunecḫan` |
you H tapāī͂harū |
hunubḫayo | hunuhuntḫiyo |
hunu huncḫa |
(..) hunuhuncḫa |
they, these
H yahā͂harū |
hunubḫayo | hunuhuntḫiyo |
hunu huncḫa |
(..) hunuhuncḫa |
they, those
H uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū |
hunubḫayo | hunuhuntḫiyo |
hunu huncḫa |
(..) hunuhuncḫa |
[Go to List of
Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
5.5.4—Irregular Simple Tenses for ‘hunu’—Negative
The verb ‘hunu’—‘to be’—has two forms in the present. One is used for defining; the other is used with an adjective or a location.
1. Definitive:-
ma ãgrej hoina
—I am not an English (person)
2. Variable (with an adjective or location):-
ma yahā͂ cḫêna
—I am not here
Alternative forms cḫênã and hoinã
are found, as at Luke 18:11—perhaps when the speaker rightly or wrongly
speaks from a superior status.
The verb ‘hunu’—‘to be’ has two forms in the habitual past. One describes a situation (or condition). The other reports a development in which the subject happened or became something.
1. A situation existed
ma
bisanco tḫiinã—I was not ill
ma yahā͂ tḫiinã—I was not here.
2. A change or development happened
ma bisanco bḫainã—I became ill.
ma
śikṣak bḫainã—I became a teacher
Section 5.3.2 provides more detail and work examples in
the present.
Sections 5.2.6-5.2.9 provide more detail and worked examples
using the past tense.
These endings for the verb ‘hunu’—when used in the Present tense with an adjective or a location—provide the key for most of the endings of all other verbs in the present tense, as for ‘garnu’ above.
Simple
Tenses (Negative) for ‘hunu’—to be |
|||
Person |
Past Dev- elopment |
Situation |
Present with for location or defining |
adjective |
Future (bḫoli yahā͂ …) |
I ma |
bḫainã | tḫiinã |
hoina | cḫêna |
(..) hunecḫêna |
you L tã |
bḫainas` | tḫiinas` |
hoinas` | cḫênas` |
(..) hunecḫênas` |
you M timī |
bḫaenô | tḫienô |
hoinô | cḫênô |
(..) hunecḫênô |
he, she LN
ū |
bḫaena | tḫiena (m) |
hoina | cḫêna |
(..) hunecḫêna |
he, she LF
ū |
bḫaena | tḫiena (m) |
hoina | cḫêna |
(..) hunecḫêna |
he, she MN yinī |
bḫaenan`| tḫienan` (m) |
hoinan` | cḫênan` |
(..) hunecḫênan` |
he, she MF unī /
tinī |
bḫaenan`| tḫienan` (m) |
hoinan` | cḫênan` |
(..) hunecḫênan` |
this, it N
yo |
bḫaena | tḫiena (m) |
hoina | cḫêna |
(..) hunecḫêna |
that, it F
tyo |
bḫaena | tḫiena (m) |
hoina | cḫêna |
(..) hunecḫêna |
you H tapāī͂ |
hunubḫaena | hunuhunnatḫiyo |
hunu hunna |
(..) hunu hunna |
he, she HN
yahā͂ |
hunubḫaena | hunuhunnatḫiyo |
hunu hunna |
(..) hunu hunna |
he, she HF uhā͂ / vahā͂ |
hunubḫaena | hunuhunnatḫiyo |
hunu hunna |
(..) hunu hunna |
--------- |
--------- |
--------- |
--------- |
we hāmīharū |
bḫaenỗ | tḫienỗ |
hoinỗ | cḫênỗ |
(..) hunecḫênỗ |
|
|
|
|
you M timīharū |
bḫaenô | tḫienô |
hoinô | chênô |
(..) hunecḫênô |
they LN yī |
bḫaenan`| tḫienan` |
hoinan` | cḫênan` |
(..) hunecḫênan` |
they LF tī |
bḫaenan`| tḫienan` |
hoinan` | cḫênan` |
(..) hunecḫênan` |
they, these MN yinīharū |
bḫaenan`| tḫienan` |
hoinan` | cḫênan` |
(..) hunecḫênan` |
they, those
MF unīharū/tinīharū |
bḫaenan`| tḫienan` |
hoinan` | cḫênan` |
(..) hunecḫênan` |
they, these
N yī |
bḫaenan`| tḫienan` |
hoinan` | cḫênan` |
(..) hunecḫênan` |
they, those
F tī |
bḫaenan`| tḫienan` |
hoinan` | cḫênan` |
(..) hunecḫênan` |
you H tapāī͂harū |
hunubḫaena | hunuhunnatḫiyo |
hunu hunna |
(..) hunu hunna |
they, these
H yahā͂harū |
hunubḫaena | hunuhunnatḫiyo |
hunu hunna |
(..) hunu hunna |
they, those
H uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū |
hunubḫaena | hunuhunnatḫiyo |
hunu hunna |
(..) hunu hunna |
[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
The thought behind causative
verbs is like:-
He causes
us to see = He shows us.
5.6.1—Base Verbs and Their Causative Verbs
Base: garnu—to do, make
Causative: garāunu—to cause to do or make
Base: sunnu—to hear
Causative: sunāunu—to tell; to cause to hear
Base: bujḫnu—to understand
Causative: bujḫāunu—to make understood
Base: calnu—to go, proceed
Causative: calāunu—to drive; to cause to go
Base: lāgnu—to be applied / be felt
(feel,
seem) / begin / use up
Causative: lagāunu—to apply; to put on
Base: siknu—to learn
Causative: sikāunu—to teach;
to
cause to learn
Base: kḫānu—to eat
Causative: kḫuwāunu—to feed;
to
cause to eat
Base: marnu—to die
Causative: mārnu—to kill; to cause to die
5.6.2—Examples Using Causative Verbs
ma yo kḫabar sundê cḫu
—I am listening to this news
ma yo kḫabar sunāundê
cḫu
—I am making this news heard
—I am telling this news
ma satya sikdê cḫu
—I am learning truth
ma satya sikāundê cḫu
—I am causing the truth to be
learned
—I am teaching truth
sākṣīharū satya sikāundê
cḫan`
—[The] Witnesses are teaching
truth.
yehova ra yeśū yo kām
garāunu huncḫa
—Jehovah and Jesus are causing
this work
to
be done.
5.6.3—Tasks—Use of Causative
Verbs
5.6.3.1—Task 5.6.3.1
Translate using:-
Verbs list (5.1)
Present tense bases (5.2.1)
Present tense base nasalization rules (5.3.1)
Continuous Present insertion of ‘-dê’ (5.3.3)
Affirmative endings (5.5.1) and
Negative endings (5.5.2),:-
Causative verb use (5.6)
1. garāunu ; kasle yo kām garāyo ?
2. sunāunu ;
3. yeṣu ko sātḫīharū
susamācār sunāundêcḫan`
4. sikāunu ;
5. vahā͂harū satya sikāunu huncḫa
6. banāunu ; kasle yo
bānāunubḫayo ?
Answers:-
1. to cause to be done; Who got this work done?
2. to cause
to be heard
3. Jesus’ friends make
the good news heard
4. to teach;
5. They (H) teach truth.
6. to form/make; Who
made [ / formed] this?
5.6.3.2—Task 5.6.3.2
1. to drive [ / to cause to move];
2. He (L) does not drive
3. to make understood;
4. The teacher made the matter understood
5. to apply; Jesus
applied love
6. to show;
7. This book shows happiness
Answers:-
1. calāunu
2. ū calāundêna
3. bujhāunu ;
4. śikṣak le yo kurā bujḫāyo
5. lagāunu; yeśule
prem lagāunu bhayo
6. dekḫāunu ;
7. yo kitāb ānanda dekḫāuncḫa.
5.6.3.3—Task 5.6.3.3
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.6.3.1 and 5.6.3.2 into the other language.
[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
These are very
useful tool, and they are also easy to use.
5.7.1—Auxiliary Verb
with a Noun
kām garnu—to work (to do work)
ma kām garcḫu— I work
madat garnu—to help (to make help)
ma madat gardê cḫu—I am helping
banda garnu—to close (to make closed)
yinīharū pacḫi banda gardê
cḫan`
—They are closing later
śuru garnu—to start
hāmīharūle hijo
śuru garyỗ
—We started yesterday
viśvās garnu—to believe (to do believing)
ma parameśvaramā viśvās
gardê cḫu
—I believe in God
(See 9.7—‘-mā’.)
kē tapāī͂
parameśvaramā viśvās
garnuhuncḫa?
—Do
you believe in God?
kośiś garnu
—to try (to do trying; to make attempt)
kṣamā garnu
—to
forgive (to do forgiving)
iccḫā
garnu
—to
want, desire; (to do desiring)
praśna garnu—to ask (to pose question)
javāpḫ dinu—to
answer (to give answer)
vyākḫyā garnu—to
explain
(to
make explanation)
man lāgnu—one feels one wants to
(=a
mind strikes)
[timīlāī]
ke garnu man lāgcḫa?
—What
do [you] want to do?
(What do
you feel like doing?)
kahā͂
jānu man lāgcḫa?
—Where
do [you] want to go?
man parnu: ‘man parcḫa’
—to
be pleasing (=‘one’s heart falls’)
yo
kitāb man parcḫa
—[I]
like this book (=This book is liked)
yo
kitāb man pardêna
—[I]
do not like this book
yo
kitāb manê
pardêna
—[I]
do not like this book at all
yo
kitāb man parcḫa?
—Do
[you] like this book?
yo
kitāb man parcḫa ki man
pardêna?
—Do
[you] like this book or not?
malāī
yo kitāb man parcḫa
—I
like this book
(=By
me this book is liked: falling on me)
timīlāī
yo kitāb man pardêna?
—Do
you not like this book?
5.7.1.1—Task 5.7.1.1
Translate using:-
Verbs list (5.1)
Present tense bases (5.2.1)
Present tense base nasalization rules (5.3.1)
Continuous Present insertion of ‘-dê’ (5.3.3)
Affirmative endings (5.5.1) and
Negative endings (5.5.2),:-
Auxiliary verbs with nouns (5.7.1)
1. viśvās garnu ;
2. ke timī yo susamācār viśvās
garcḫô ?
3. praśna garnu ;
4. tapāī͂ko praśna garnuhos`.
5. javāpḫ
dinu;
6. mêle yo javāpḫ
diẽ.
7. vyākḫyā garnu;
8. ke timīle yo kurā vyākḫyā garyô ?
Answers:-
1. to believe [‘to do faith’];
2. Do you (M) believe this good news?
3. to ask [to
make question’];
4. Pose your (H) question, please!
5. to answer [‘to give
answer’];
6. I answered thus [‘I
gave this answer].
7. to explain;
8. Did you (M) explain this matter?
5.7.1.2—Task 5.7.1.2
Translate:-
1. Do you like this book?
[‘Does this book touch/strike?]
2. I didn’t start it.
3. That man
stopped work.
4. Try, please! (H)
Answers:-
1. ke yo kitāb man lagcḫa?
2. mêle tyo śuru garinã.
3. tyo lognemancḫe le kām banda garyo.
4. kośiś
garnuhos` !
5.7.1.3—Task 5.7.1.3
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.7.1.1 and 5.7.1.2 into the other language.
5.7.2—Auxiliary Verb with Another Verb
Note that the final ‘nu’ of the assisted verb
gets changed to ‘na’.
cāhanu—to want to
jāna cāhanu—to want to go
ma jāna cāhancḫu—I want to go
sunna cāhanu—to want to hear
uhā͂ khabar sunna
cāhanuhuncḫa
—He
wants to hear news
saknu—to be able to
sunna saknu—to be able to hear
ma sunna sakcḫu—I can hear
ke timī sunna sakcḫô?
—Can
you hear?
5.7.2.1—Task 5.7.2.1
Translate using:-
Verbs list (5.1)
Present tense bases (5.2.1)
Present tense base nasalization rules (5.3.1)
Continuous Present insertion of ‘-dê’ (5.3.3)
Affirmative endings (5.5.1) and
Negative endings (5.5.2),:-
Auxiliary verbs with another verb (5.7.2)
1. sunnu; sunna cāhanu;
2. ma yo kurā sunna cāhancḫu
3. dekḫnu; dekḫna cāhanu
4. ke timī parameśvar-ko kitāb dekḫna
cāhancḫô?
5. jānu; jāna saknu;
6. unī jāna sakdênan`.
7. madat garnu; madat garna saknu;
8. ke tapāī͂ madat garna saknu hunna?
Answers:-
1. to listen; to want to listen;
2. I wish to listen to this matter.
3. to see; to wish to
see;
4. Do you (M) want to see God’s book?
5. to go; to be able
to go;
6. He (M) cannot go.
7. to help; to be
able to help;
8. Are you (H) not able to help?
5.7.2.2—Task 5.7.2.2
Translate:-
1. You (M) can try to read!
2. He (H) wants to forgive.
3. That man (L)
cannot stop working.
4. Have you (H) not been able to come?
Answers:-
1. timī paḍḫnuko kośiś garna
sakcḫô!
2. vahā͂ kṣamā garna cāhanu
huncḫa.
3. tyo lognemancḫe kām banda garna sakdêna.
4. ke tapāī͂
āuna saknubḫaena?
5.7.2.3—Task 5.7.2.3
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.7.2.1 and 5.7.2.2 into the other language.
[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
5.8—Compulsion and Prohibition
5.8.1—An Action Is Required or Is
Not Required
In the affirmative these expressions say that some action must be
done. The negative form says that it is
not necessary for the action to be done.
This is not like a prohibition described at 5.8.7, that says that
the action must not be done. Compare 5.9.3
about negative imperatives.
To say ‘I must…’ or ‘I have to…’, use the passive,
impersonal idea, ‘it falls upon me to…’ or ‘it befalls me to…’ or
‘it behooves me to…’.
‘It falls’ is ‘parcḫa’.
If the action verb is written its normal form,
like ‘sunnu’, then ‘parcḫa’ is connected
to it.
sunnuparcḫa—listening
is required
If the action verb is written its emphatic
form, like ‘sunnê’, then ‘parcḫa’ is not
connected to it.
sunnê parcḫa—listening
is very necessary
5.8.1.2—‘…-ne cḫa’—‘to be to …’
You can say that an action ‘is to be done’.
ma tyahā͂
jānecḫu.
—I am to [ / I must] go there.
timīharūle jānnecḫô.
—YOU (M) will have to
know.
(Zechariah 6:15)
tyas-pacḫi yas
yug-ko anta hunecḫa.
—After that the end of this
era [ / system /
world]
is to be. (Matthew 24:14)
tin-le us-lāī niyukta garnecḫan`.
—He will [be sure to] appoint
him.
(Matthew 24:47)
5.8.2—Past, Present, Affirmative, Negative
Express the presence or absence of compulsion
in the present using:-
‘has to / have to’—‘parcḫa’
‘do [/does] not have to’—‘pardêna’
Or, for the past, use:-
‘had to’—‘paryo’
‘did not have to’—‘parena’
5.8.3—Intransitive
(without an object)
jānu parcḫa
—One must go [/Going must happen]
ma jānuparcḫa
—I must go
ma(lāī) jānuparcḫa
—I must go
(‘lāī’ can be added)
[Go to List of Contents]
[Start of Section
5—Verbs]
5.8.4—Transitive with an impersonal object
kām is used here as an
impersonal object.
kām garnuparcḫa
—Work must be done
[ / Working
must happen]
—One
must go; I must work; We…
mêle kām garnuparcḫa
—I must do work
[ / Work
must be done by me]
The
object, ‘kām’, is unchanged.
The
compelled person ‘I’ changes.
So, ‘ma’ becomes ‘mêle’
—‘I’ becomes
‘by me’.
5.8.5—Transitive with a personal object
‘tinīharū’ is a
personal object
lyāunuparcḫa
—[Bringing must happen]
mêle
tinīharūlāī lyāunuparcḫa
—I must bring them [ / those
people]
The
object ‘tinīharū’ needs ‘lāī’.
5.8.6—Examples of Compulsion and Non-Requirement
5.8.6.1—Basic
Examples
bhannuparcḫa
—Telling
must happen
bhannu pardêna
—Telling
is not required
tapāī͂le uttar bhannu
pardêna
—You
do not have to say the answer
garnu paryo—Doing was required
mêle kām garnu paryo
—I
had to do work
[
/ Working by me was required]
lyāunu paryo
—Bringing
was required
lyāunu parena
—Bringing
was not required
timīle kitāb lyāunu parena
—You
did not have to bring the book
tī vacan sadḫễ
samajḫnuparcḫa.
—You
must always keep in mind those
words. (Acts 20:35)
kam-jor-harūlāī madat
garnuparcḫa.
—It
is necessary to help the weak ones.
(Acts 20:35)
hāmīle parameśvar-ko
ājñā mānnê
parcḫa.
—We
must obey God’s commandments.
(Acts 5:29)
hāmīle uhā͂ko
upasanā garnuparcḫa.
—We
must worship him. (John 4:23)
timīharūle pani kṣamā
garnuparcḫa.
—YOU (M)
also must forgive.
(Colossians
3:13)
timīharūle yahovā
timīharūkā
parameśvar-ko upāsanā
garnuparcḫa.
—YOU
(M) must worship Jehovah
YOUR
God. (Matthew 4:10)
uhā͂lāī mātra
pavitra sevā
caḍāunuparcḫa.
—To
him alone YOU (M) must render
sacred
service. (Matthew 4:10)
patnile pani āpḫno patiko gahiro
ādar
garnuparcḫa.
—Wives
also should have deep respect
for
their husbands. (Ephesians 5:23)
timīharū pavitra hunê
parcḫa.
—YOU (M)
must indeed be holy.
(1 Peter 1:16)
mêle parameśvar-ko rājyako
susamācār
sunāunuparcḫa.
—I
must declare the good news of the
Kingdom
of God. (Luke 4:43)
harek mānis sunnalāī
tayār hunuparcḫa.
—Everyone
must be quick to listen.
(James 1:19)
Tasks—Compulsion and Non-Requirement
5.8.6.3—Task 5.8.6.3
Translate the basic examples at 5.8.6.1 from Nepali to English.
5.8.6.4—Task 5.8.6.4
Translate the basic examples at 5.8.6.1 from English to Nepali.
5.8.6.5—Task
5.8.6.5
Translate the detailed
examples at 5.8.6.2 from Nepali
to English.
5.8.6.6—Task
5.8.6.6
Translate the detailed
examples at 5.8.6.2 from English
to Nepali.
[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
These expressions say that some action must not be done. The action is not just unnecessary. (See 5.8.1.)
You can say either:-
5.8.7.1—‘This
action is forbidden.’ or,
5.8.7.2—‘Do
not do this action.’
Note that the forbidden verb has its ending changed from ‘‑nu’ to ‘‑na’
bolna niṣedḫa cḫa
—Talking
is forbidden
yasma jāna niṣedḫa
cḫa
—Going
in here is forbidden. No entry.
malāī tyasma jāna
niṣedḫa cḫa
—Going
in there is forbidden to me.
pavitra śaktile
tinīharūlāī tyo garna
niṣedḫa
gariyeko cḫa.
—The
holy spirit has forbidden them from
doing
that.
5.8.7.2—‘Do not…’ for ‘You mustn’t…’
The requirement,
“You must not …” is often as a command, “Do not …”
Insert na- in front of the infinitive or affirmative.
[timīharūle]
tyo nagarnu.
—[YOU]
must not do that.
[By
YOU not to do that]
[timīharūle] tyasko pḫal
nakḫānu.
—[YOU]
Do not eat its fruit!
timīharū parameśvarle
najānu
bḫannubḫaeko
ṭḫāũma gaenô.
—YOU
did not enter a place God had
forbidden.
[YOU
did not go into a place where
God
had told you not to go.]
Further details about negative imperatives are provided at 5.9.3
along with more examples and tasks.
A quoted or reported requirement is often expressed in the general sense
of ‘doing the action’ or ‘to do the action’, as in the dictionary
reference form of the verb. Hence:-
‘prem garnu’—‘YOU must love’
timīharūlāī
āpḫno chimekīlāī prem
garnu. (Matthew 5:44)
—YOU
(M) must love YOUR neighbour.
[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
5.9—Imperatives, Positive and Negative
Our focus here will mainly be on the middle (M) and high (H) levels of
honour or politeness for the second person (you). There also exist a lower and a higher level
of imperative. One can also construct imperatives
in effect for first (I, we) and third (he, she it). For example, “Let us …”—(See 5.9.2),
or “Let them …”—(See 5.9.1.3).
garnu+hos` = garnuhos`
—Do, if you would!; Do, please!
Please be so kind as to do!
āunuhos`
—Come, please!
Please be so kind
as to come!
paḍḫ`nuhos`
—Read, please!
Do be so kind as to read!
linuhos`
—Take, please!
Please be kind
enough to take!
Use the present
tense base that was shown at 5.2.1, making the
adjustments described below, depending on how the base ends.
(a) The base ends in
a consonant
Add ‘a’ to the present tense base.
gar+a = gara—Do!
paḍḫ+a
= paḍḫa—Read!
dekḫ+a =
dekḫa—Look!
sun+a = suna—Listen!
lekḫ+a =
lekḫa—Write!
(b) The base ends in
a single vowel.
(i)
Regular present tense bases
Add
‘ū’ to the present tense base.
jā+ū = jāū—Go!
kḫāū—Eat!
dekḫiū—Be seen!
(ii) Irregular
present tense bases
Use
these special forms.
ho+ū = hoū—Be! (for hunu)
de+ū
= deū—Give! (for dinu)
le+ū
= leū—Give! (for linu)
dḫo+ū
= dḫoū—Wash! (for dḫunu)
(c) The base ends in
a double vowel
(i) Drop
the second of these vowels.
(ii) Add
‘ū’.
āunu > āu >
(āu - u = ā) >
(ā+ū = āū)—Come!
lyāunu > lyāu >
(lyāu - u = lyā) >
(lyā+ū = lyāū)—Bring!
calāū—Drive! (for calāunu)
sikāū—Teach! (for sikāunu)
5.9.1.3—Third Person, he, she, it
Urging for him, her, or it to do something is expressed in English by “Let
…!” For example, “Let him go!”
“Let peace come!” “Let the sun shine!” “Let your name
be sanctified!”
(i) Singular
Use the present
tense base and add ‘-os`’. Or,
add ‘–yos`’ after ‘i’ to the modified verb
base.
(a) Him
us-le unīharūlāī
bolāos`.
—Let
him call them. (James 5:14)
us-le pariśram garos`.
—Let
him do hard work.
(Ephesians
4:28)
(b) Her
ū avivāhit basos`.
—Let
her remain unmarried.
(1 Corinthians 7:11)
(c) It
tapāī͂ko rājya
āos`
—Let your
kingdom come.
tapāī͂ko nām pavitra
pāriyos`
—Let your
name be[come] viewed as
holy.
tapāī͂ko iccḫā
purā hos`.
—Let your
will be complete [ / done].
(ii) Plural
Use the present
tense base and add ‘-ūn`’.
… hoūn`—Let them be(-come) …
tinīharū (timīharūko …
ācaraṇ dekḫera)
lajjit hoūn`.
—Let
them (having seen YOUR conduct)
be
ashamed. (1 Peter 3:16)
yasto manis-harū le vivāh garun`.
—Let
them marry. (1 Corinthians 7:36)
tinīharūle us-ko lāgi
prārtḫnā garideūn`…
—Let
them pray over him… …
ra yahovā parameśvar-ko
nām-mā
tel gḫasideūn`.
—and
in the name of Jehovah God let
them
pour oil on him. (James 5:14)
yahovā parameśvar-le nê tapāī
ra mabīc
insāpḫ garideūn`.
—May
Jehovah judge between me and you.
(Genesis 16:5)
Tasks—Imperatives
5.9.1.4—Task 5.9.1.4
Translate:-
1. jāū, timī pani tyasê gara. (Luke 10:37)
2. āū! ani herā. (Revelation 6:5)
3. samajḫ calāū! (Jeremiah 9:7)
4. sitễmā deo.
(Matthew 10:8)
5. canākḫo tara sudḫo hoo. (Matthew 10:16)
6. śānti pḫarkiāos`. (Matthew 10:13)
7. uhā͂le timīharūlāī
kṣamā garideūn`.
(2 Chronicles 30:18)
Answers:-
1. Go, you (M) do likewise! [ / do also like that!]
2. Come! And look! (M)
3. Behave with [ /
Apply] understanding! (M)
4. Give freely. (M)
5. Be cautious yet
innocent [ / gentle].
6. Let peace return.
7. May He (H) forgive
YOU (M).
5.9.1.5—Task 5.9.1.5
Translate:-
1. Eat to the full! (James
2:16)
2. Hold authority over them! (M)
(Luke 19:7)
3. Come on out! (M) (John 11:43)
4. Make the sick ones (M) well. (Matthew 10:8)
5. Let peace be upon
them (M) (Matthew 10 :13)
Answers:-
1. peṭ bḫari kḫāū.
2. yin-māthi akḫtiyār calāū.
3. bāhir āū!
4. birāmīharūlāī niko pāra.
5. śānti tinīharūmāthi rahos`.
5.9.1.6—Task
5.9.1.6
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.9.1.4-5 into the other language.
To construct the exhortation: ‘Let us do something!’ you can say ‘Come,
we do something!’ This simply
requires the use of “āo,”—“Come,” followed by a statement in
the habitual present tense.—See 5.3.1.
āo, hāmīharū
jāỗ.—Let’s go!
āo,
hāmī dôḍỗ.—Let
us run!
āo,
hāmī āpḫno āśā
gḫoṣṇā garirahỗ.
—Let us keep on
proclaiming our hope!
āo,
hāmī basera kurā garỗ.
—Come, let us sit
and talk!
Tasks—‘Let us…’
5.9.2.1—Task 5.9.2.1
Translate:-
1. āo, hāmī kḫusī hoỗ. (Revelation 19:7)
2. āo, hāmī dekḫỗ.
3. āo, hāmī kośiś garỗ.
4. āo, hāmī yo kitāb
paḍḫỗ.
5. āo, hāmī sabḫāmā
jāỗ.
Answers:-
1. Let us be joyful.
2. Let us see.
3. Let us try.
4. Let us read this book.
5. Let us go to the meeting.
5.9.2.2—Task 5.9.2.2
Translate:-
1. Let us go.
2. Let us do [some] work.
3. Let us wait here.
4. Let us talk.
5. Let us build a city. (Genesis 11:4)
Answers:-
1. āo, hāmī jāỗ.
2. āo, hāmī kām garỗ.
3. āo, hāmī yahā͂ parkḫỗ.
4. āo, hāmī kurā
garỗ.
5. āo,
hāmī euṭā sahar banāỗ.
5.9.2.3—Task 5.9.2.3
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.9.2.1 and 5.9.2.2 into the other language.
Attach ‘na-’ in front of the positive imperative. Alternatively, use a simple verb to say the
action is prohibited—‘niṣedḫa’.
(See 5.8.7.)
nagarnuhos`—Don’t, please!
naāunuhos`—Do not come, please!
napaḍḫ`nuhos`—Do not read, please!
nalinuhos`—Do not take, please!
nagara—Do not!
napaḍḫa—Do not read!
nadekḫa—Don’t look!
nasuna—Don’t listen!
nalekḫa—Do not write!
najāū—Do not go!
nakḫāū—Do not eat!
nadekḫiū—Don’t be seen!
nahoū—Don’t be!
nadeū—Do not give!
naleū—Don’t take!
nadḫoū—Don’t wash!
naāū—Do not come!
nalyāū—Do not bring!
nacalāū—Don’t drive!
nasikāū—Do not teach!
Tasks—‘Do not…’
5.9.3.1—Task 5.9.3.1
Translate
1. nagara; nasuna
2. bḫoli najāū; nadeū
3. nadekḫiū; nadhoū
4. nalekḫa; naāū
5. nagarnuhos`
6. nalinuhos`
Answers:-
1. Don’t do; don’t listen.
2. Don’t go tomorrow; don’t give.
3. Don’t be seen;
don’t wash.
4. Don’t write; don’t
come
5. Please, don’t do.
6. Do not take, please.
5.9.3.2—Task 5.9.3.2
Translate:-
1. Don’t look;
2. Don’t eat; don’t take.
3. Kindly do
not come here.
4. Do not read now, please.
Answers:-
1. nadekḫa;
2. nakḫāū; naleū
3. yahā͂ naāunuhos`
4. āhile
napaḍḫ`nuhos`
5.9.3.3—Task
5.9.3.3
Translate
1. cintit nahoo. (Philippians
4:6)
2. badala naleo. (Romans 12:19)
3. tī kurāhārūdekḫi
naḍarāū. (Revelation 2:10)
4. unīharūko ilākāmā najāū. (Matthew 10:6)
5. nabahakio. (1 Corinthians 6:9)
6. nalinuhos`
Answers:-
1. Do not be anxious..
2. Do not get your own back. [ / not take revenge.]
3. Do not [you (M)]
be afraid of these things.
4. Don’t go into their (M) locality.
5. Do not be misled.
6. Do not take, please.
5.9.3.4—Task 5.9.3.4
Translate:-
1. Do not love the world. (1 John 2:15)
2. Don’t lie to one another. (Colossians 3:19)
3. Do not be
amazed at this. (John 5:28)
4. Do not rely [ / not place your reliance] on your
own understanding. (Proverbs 3:5)
Answers:-
1. sãsar-lāī prem nagara.
2. ek-arkālāī naḍḫãṭa.
3. yas-mā acamma namana.
4. āpḫnê
buddhimā bḫar napara.
5.9.3.5
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.9.3.1 and 5.9.3.4 into the other language.
[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
5.10—Future
Tense—Tentativeness in a Probable Form
At 5.4 above we
learned two simple ways for expressing future actions, and they are best suited
to definite circumstances. However, if
you want to include a level of uncertainty, use the Probable Future Tense, as
explained here.
Except for persons of high, honorific
position (H), add the verb endings listed at 5.10.2 to the verb
base described at 5.10.1—gar (do), hu (be), jān (go), etc. Modify the affirmative to form the negative.
(5.10.3.)
For persons of high, honorific position (H)
the verb endings at 5.10.2 show you use
the infinitive or dictionary form and add ‘holā’—‘perhaps’.
5.10.1—Verb
Bases for the Probable Future Tense
The base is formed initially, as described at
5.10.1.1-6. Rules are applied in
subsequent paragraphs depend on how the simple base ends.
5.10.1.1—Simple Base Formation
Drop ‘-nu’ from the
dictionary form.
lekḫnu—to write : lekḫnu – nu = lekḫ-
kḫānu—to eat : kḫānu – nu = kḫā-
jānu—to go : jānu – nu = jā-
dekḫnu—to see : dekḫnu – nu = dekḫ-
5.10.1.2—Ends in a consonant or -ā
Use the simple base.
(5.10.1.1.)
Add the verb endings
tabulated in 5.10.2.
lekḫnu—to write : lekḫ + ũlā = lekḫũlā
ma lekḫũlā—I’ll probably write
kḫānu—to eat : kḫā + ôlā = kḫāôlā
timī kḫāôlā—you (M) might eat
jānu to go : jā + lān` = jālān`
unī najālān` /
(unī jāndênan` holā)
—he
might not be going
dekḫnu to see : dekḫ +
ỗlā = dekḫỗlā
hāmī dekḫỗlā—we’ll see probably
5.10.1.3—Verb
base ends in ‘i’ except:-
linu—to take and dinu—to
give
Insert -e- between the base (5.10.1.1) and the verb endings
tabulated in 5.10.2.
dekḫinu to be seen
timīharū
dekḫieôlā—YOU may be seen
tarsinu to be frightened
unī natarsielān`
—He
might not be frightened
5.10.1.4—linu—to take and dinu—to
give
(i)
First Person ma—I and hāmī—we.
The
bases are li- and di- for the first person.
linu > li-
li
+ ũlā = liũlā
ma liũlā—I’ll probably take
li
+ ỗlā = liỗlā
hāmīharū liỗlā—We should be taking
(ii)
Other Persons not ma—I or hāmī—we
The
bases for all others are le- and de-.
linu > le-
le
+ lā = lelā
ū lelā—He (L) will probably take
le
+ ôlā = leôlā
timīharū leôlā—YOU (M) expect to take
(iii)
Examples
unīharū lelān`—They
may take
ma diũlā—I will probably
give
hāmī diỗlā—We’ll probably give
timīharū deôlā—YOU may
give
(a) ma—I.
The base
for ma—I is hu-.
ma hũlā—I will probably be
(b) All persons
except ma—I
The base
for singular and plural is ho-.
hāmī
hoỗlā—we expect to be
timī hoôlā—you will probably be
unī holān`—he (M) might be
sāyad
tãlāī kehī pḫāidā holā.
—Perhaps there may be some
benefit
to you (L). (Isaiah 47:12)
5.10.1.6—Base
ends in a double vowel
(a) ma (I) and hāmī
[/hāmīharū] (we)
(i) The
base for the First Person:-
Drop
the last vowel off the simple base.
āunu
> āu > ā-
lyāunu
> lyāu > lyā-
calāunu
> calāu > calā-
(ii)
Verb endings for the first person:-
The
verb endings from 5.10.2 are:-
ma …-ũlā
and hāmīharū …-ỗlā
(iii) Examples:-
āunu—to come
ma āũlā—I will probably come
hāmīharū āỗlā—we will come perhaps
lyāunu—to bring
ma lyāũlā—[I think] I’ll
probably bring
hāmīharū lyāỗlā—we might bring
calāunu—to drive
hāmī calāỗlā—we might drive
ma calāũlā—I might drive
(b) Other persons, not the First Person
(i) The base for other than the
First Person:-
Use the simple base
as in 5.10.1.1.
āunu
> āu > āu-
lyāunu
> lyāu > lyāu-
calāunu
> calāu > calāu-
(ii)
Just add the verb endings listed at 5.10.2.
(iii) Examples:-
āunu—to come
unī āulān`—he (M) will probably come
timīharū āuôlā
—YOU
(M) will come perhaps
lyāunu—to bring
ū lyāulā—[I think] he (L) may
bring
timīharū lyāuôlā—YOU might bring
calāunu—to drive
timī calāuôlā—you (M) might drive
unī calāulān`—he (M) might drive
unī nacalāulin`
—she
(M) might not drive
sāyad
mānis-harū tãdekḫi ḍarāulan`!
—Perhaps people may become in fear
of
you
(L). (Isaiah 47:12)
5.10.2—Future Probable Tense Endings
Probable
Future Tense
for
‘garnu’—to do, to make
Affirmative Negative
I ma garũlā gardina holā
you L tã garlās` gardinas`
holā
you M timī garôlā gardênô holā
he LN & LF ū garlā gardêna
holā
she LN & LF ū garlī gardêna holā
he yinī / unī
/ tinī garlān` gardênan` holā
she yinī / unī
/ tinī garlin` gardênan` holā
this/that/it M yo/tyo garlā gardêna holā
this/that/it F yo/tyo garlī gardêna holā
you
H tapāī͂ garnu garnu
holā hunna
holā
he, she yahā͂ - " - - " -
he, she uhā͂ / vahā͂ - " - -
" -
we hāmīharū garỗlā gardênỗ holā
YOU M timīharū garôlā gardênô holā
they L yī / tī garlān` gardênan` holā
they unīharū garlān` gardênan` holā
these yinīharū garlān` gardênan` holā
those tinīharū garlān` gardênan` holā
they, these N yī garlān` gardênan`
holā
they, those F tī garlān` gardênan`
holā
YOU
H tapāī͂harū garnu garnu
holā hunna
holā
they
H uhā͂harū - " - - " -
these H yahā͂harū - " - - " -
those H vahā͂harū - " - - " -
* See 5.10.3
about the negative, or 5.10.1 about forming verb
bases.
5.10.3—Future Tense—Probable Form—Negative
For the negative,
either:-
(1) Append holā (maybe) to the present habitual tense that was shown at 5.3.
ma
gardina + holā = ma
gardinā holā
or:-
(2) Insert na (not) in front of the probable affirmative that was shown at 5.10.2.
na
+ garũlā > ma
nagarũlā
5.10.4—Tasks—Future
Tense—Probable Form
5.10.4.1—Task 5.10.4.1
Translate:-
1. ma lekḫũlā
2. timī kḫāôlā
3. unī najālān` / (unī jāndênan`
holā)
4. hāmī dekḫỗlā
5. timīharū dekḫieôlā
6. unī natarsielān`
7. hāmī
diỗlā
Answers:-
1. I will probably write.
2. You (M) might eat.
3. He (M)
might not be going.
4. We will see probably.
5. YOU (M) may
be seen
6. He might not be
frightened.
7. We’ll probably give
5.10.4.2—Task 5.10.4.2
Translate:-
1. I’ll probably take.
2. We should be taking.
3. He (L)
will probably take.
4. YOU (M) expect to take.
5. They may take.
6. I will probably give.
7. YOU (M) may give
Answers:-
1. ma liũlā
2. hāmīharū liỗlā
3. ū lelā
4. timīharū
leôlā
5. unīharū
lelān`
6. ma
diũlā
7. timīharū
deôlā
5.10.4.3—Task 5.10.4.3
Translate:-
1. ma hũlā
2. hāmī hoỗlā
3. sāyad tãlāī kehī pḫāidā
holā.
4. hāmīharū lyāỗlā
5. hāmī calāỗlā
6. unī āulān`
Answers:-
1. I will probably be.
2. We expect to be.
3. Perhaps there may be
some benefit to you (L).
4. We might bring.
5. We might drive.
6. He (M) will probably come
5.10.4.4—Task 5.10.4.4
Translate:-
1. You (M) will probably be.
2. He (M) might be.
3. I will
probably come.
4. We will come perhaps.
5. [I expect] I’ll probably bring.
6. I might drive.
Answers:-
1. timī hoôlā
2. unī holān`
3. ma āũlā
4. hāmīharū
āỗlā
5. ma
lyāũlā
6. ma
calāũlā
5.10.4.5—Task 5.10.4.5
Translate:-
1. timīharū āuôlā
2. timīharū lyāuôlā
3. unī calāulān`
4. unī nacalāulin`
Answers:-
1. YOU (M) will come perhaps.
2. YOU(M) might bring.
3. He (M)
might drive
4. She (M) might not drive.
5.10.4.6—Task 5.10.4.6
Translate:-
1. [I think] he (L) may bring.
2. You (M) might drive.
3. Perhaps
people may be in fear of you (L).
Answers:-
1. ū lyāulā
2. timī calāuôlā
3. sāyad mānis-harū tãdekḫi
ḍarāulan`!
5.10.4.7
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.10.4.1 to 5.10.4.6 into the other language.
[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
5.11.1—Their Purpose and Pattern
5.11.1.1—Active and Passive Voices
Actions are reported in a grammatical voice—either in the active voice or
in the passive voice. Most of the verb
used until now have been in the active voice.
This places the grammatical subject of the verb as the doer or causer of the
effect of the action described by the verb. The receiver of the action is
therefore the direct object.
5.11.1.3—Passive
Voice Grammar
In the passive voice the subject of the verb speaks from the point of
view of the receiver of the action, the one affected by it. (This party would
be the direct object in an active-voice sentence).
(i) English Grammar
Passive-voice verbs are constructed with an auxiliary form of ‘to be’ and
a past participle—such as ‘were seen’.
The agent, a person or thing causing the effect of the action, can be
included in a prepositional phrase—such as ‘by the boy’.
(ii) Nepali Grammar
In many cases Nepali has a ready-made Passive-voice verb—such as:-
dekḫinu—to be seen
ū dekḫiyo—He was seen.
tyo kitāb dekḫindê cḫa
—That book is
being seen
cininu—to be known
ū āpḫno vyavahār-bāṭê
cinincḫa
—He
is known by [ / from] his actions.
Others are constructed with an auxiliary form of ‘to be’ and another word
for the detail. For example:-
ū
kḫasera gḫāite bḫae.
—He fell and was injured.
tyas-lāī
dekḫera ma āścaryacakit bḫaẽ.
—On seeing her I was amazed.
parameśvar
duḥkḫī hunubḫayo.
—God was saddened.
ke
bḫannubḫaeko cḫa.
—what was spoken.
5.11.1.4—Details Lost in Translation
Sometimes it makes little difference whether the event is reported
somehow in the active voice or the passive voice:-
He
was seated.
He
sat down.
However in some cases, the truth as well as the power of a passive
statement can be lost with insufficient detail in the active voice:-
He
was raised up on the third day.
He
rose on the third day.
This could be misleading—if the reader wrongly assumes that ‘He’ was not completely dead before
the third day, or that ‘He’ was part of some sort of a greater combined entity.
Instead, it would be
better to insert detail from contextual information and say:-
God
raised him on the third day.
5.11.2—Example of dekḫinu—be seen
(dekḫnu—to
see
ma
tyo kitāb dekḫdê cḫu
—I
am seeing that book
dekḫāunu—to
cause to be seen (5.6)
ma
tyo kitāb dekḫāundê cḫu
—I
am showing that book)
dekḫinu—to be seen
tyo kitāb dekḫindê cḫa
—That
book is being seen
mêle tyo kitāb dekḫindê cḫa
—That
book is being seen by me
tyo lognemancḫe
bāhirabāṭa nepālī
dekḫincḫa
—That
man from the outside is seen as
(
/ appears / seems to be) Nepali
ū śikṣak ho ki jasto
dekḫincḫa
—He
seems to be as if he’s a teacher
yasêma parameśvar-ko prem
dekḫincḫa
—God’s
love is seen particularly in this
yo āhile kasto dekḫincḫa?
—How
does it look to you now?
How
is it seen by you now?
tyo rāto dekḫintḫiyo
—It
was seen as red.
It
appeared red.
5.11.3—Examples of Other Passive Verbs
(garnu—to do
garāunu—to cause to do)
garinu—to be done
āśā garincḫa
—Hope is being
placed
(jānu—to know
janāunu—to cause to know)
jāninu—to be known
susamācār jānincḫa
—Good news is
being made known.
(sunnu—to hear / listen
sunāunu—to cause to hear)
suninu—to be heard
ūhā͂ko sãvād
sunincḫa
—His
message is [being] heard.
(bolnu—to speak
bolāunu—to call / invite / cause to
be said)
bolinu—to be spoken
yahā͂ satya bolincḫa
—Here truth is
spoken.
(pugnu—to reach / to arrive
pugāunu—to make reach)
puginu—to be made to arrive
viśvās yo
kurā bolna pugincḫa
—Faith leads to saying this [matter].
(tarsāunu—to frighten /to cause to
fear)
tarsinu—to fear / to be frightened
tinīharū
tarsiyeko āunecḫan`
—They are to come trembling in fright.
5.11.4.1—Task 5.11.4.1
Translate using:-
Passive verbs list (5.11.3)
Continuous Present insertion of ‘-dê’ (5.3.3)
Affirmative endings (5.5.1) and
Negative endings (5.5.2),:-
1. sunnā; sunāunu; suninu
2. dekḫnu; dekḫāunu; dekḫinu
3. bolnu; bolāunu; bolinu
4. jāunu; jānnu
5. janāunu; jāninu
Answers:-
1. to hear; to cause to hear; to be heard
2. to see; to show; to be seen
3. to speak; to cause
to be spoken; to be spoken
4. to go; to know
5. to make known; to
be made known
5.11.4.2—Task 5.11.4.2
Translate:-
1. to [do] work; to cause
work to be done
2. Hope is being
placed
3. Joy is being heard.
4. This matter [ / talk] is being feared.
5. God’s love
is seen there.
Answers:-
1. kām garnu; kām garāunu;
2. āśā garindêcḫa
3. ānanda sunindê cḫa
4. yo kurā tarsindê cḫa
5. parameśvar-ko prem tyahā͂
dekḫincḫa
5.11.4.3—Task 5.11.4.3
Translate:-
1. pugnu; pugāunu; puginu
2. hāmī yo sãvād unīharūlāī
pugāundê cḫu.
3. yo sãvād unīharūlāī pugindê
cḫa.
4. nepālī
nepālmā bolincḫa
5. tapāī͂ko
sabḫāmā ke garincḫa?
Answers:-
1. to reach; to cause to reach; to be made to reach
2. We are making this message reach them.
3. This
message is reaching them.
4. Nepali is spoken in Nepal.
5. What is done at your meeting?
5.11.4.4—Task 5.11.4.4
Translate:-
1. Who was seen in there?
2. You (M) were seen in there.
3. I was not
seen there.
4. You (M) will probably be seen tomorrow.
Answers:-
1. tyasmā ko dekḫintḫiyo?
2. timī tyasmā dekḫintḫiyô
3. ma tyahā͂ dekḫintḫiinã
4. timī
bḫoli dekḫieôlā
5.11.4.5—Task 5.11.4.5
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.11.4.1-5.11.4.4 into the other language.
[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
This tense describes
what action was done or has been completed.
It employs two
parts:-
(1) a perfect
participle to describe:-
what
was completed.
and:-
(2) an auxiliary
verb to say:-
how
the action has/was ended.
The sentence may also require ‘–le’—‘by’, if the
verb is transitive, implying an object was affected by the completed action of
the doer. (This was explained at 5.2.2.)
5.12.1—Perfect Participle –eko, -eki,
-ekā (-ed)
A perfect participle represents what action
was completed. In English such
participles typically end in –ed, but in Nepali it is a form of –eko:-
(1) –eko for masculine singular
unle* gareko cḫan` he’s done
(2) –eki for feminine singular
unle* gareki cḫan` she has done
(3) –ekā for plural
unīharūle gareko cḫan` they’ve done.
* unī + -le becomes unle—(See 9.3.)
For low (L) and medium (M) persons, a form of
–eko is appended to the Past Tense Base. This base is formed from the dictionary reference verb
using the rules at 5.2.1. The Past Participle is formed by attaching
the ending –eko, -eki, or –ekā.
Reference Base Participle Meaning
garnu gar- gareko done
āunu ā- āeko come
garāunu garā- garāeko caused
to do
piunu pi- pieko drunk
jānu ga- gaeko gone
dḫunu dḫo- dḫoeko washed
hunu bḫa- bḫaeko been
unī tahā͂ gaeko cḫan`
—He
(M) has gone there.
For honorific/high (H) forms –bhaeko is appended to the full –nu form of the verb (e.g. jānu). ‘bhaeko’ does not change for number or gender.
uhā͂ tahā͂ jānubhaeko
cḫa
—He (H)
has gone there.
5.12.2—Present Perfect Auxiliary Verb
An auxiliary verb states how the action has/was ended. In English this auxiliary is typically has,
but in Nepali it is taken from the present tense of hunu to be affirmative
(5.5.3)
or negative (5.5.4) by gender and
number of the person or thing that acted.
A slight complication is the use of two forms of the auxiliary:-
(1) General Sense
Affirmative:
ma … cḫũ
Negative:-
ma … chêna
(2) Identification, emphasis, confirmation,
defining:-
Affirmative:
ma … hũ
Negative:-
ma … hoina
Alternative forms cḫênã and hoinã
are found, as at Luke 18:11—perhaps when the speaker rightly or wrongly
speaks from a superior status.
These forms are:-
Affirmative Negative
I ma cḫu cḫêna
*
you
L tã cḫas` cḫênas`
you
M timī cḫô cḫênô
he, she
LN & LF ū cḫa cḫêna
he, she
MN yinī cḫan` cḫênan`
he, she
MF unī / tinī cḫan` cḫênan`
this, that, it yo / tyo cḫa cḫêna
you H
tapāī͂ (…-nu
(…-nu
bḫaeko) bḫaeko)
cḫa cḫêna
he, she yahā͂ - " - - " -
he, she uhā͂ / vahā͂ - " - -
" -
we hāmīharū cḫỗ, cḫênỗ
YOU
M timīharū cḫô cḫênô
they LN
& LF yī / tī cḫan` cḫênan`
they unīharū cḫan` cḫênan`
these yinīharū cḫan` cḫênan`
those tinīharū cḫan` cḫênan`
they, these
N yī cḫan` cḫênan`
they, those
F tī cḫan` cḫênan`
YOU H tapāī͂harū (…-nu- (…-nu-
bḫaeko) bḫaeko)
cḫa cḫêna
they
H uhā͂harū - " - - " -
these H yahā͂harū - " - - " -
those H vahā͂harū - " - - " -
* An alternative form cḫênã is found, as at Jeremiah 23:32—perhaps when the speaker speaks from a
superior status.
mêle ājñā dieko cḫênã.
—I
have not given the commandment.
swargako rājya najikê āeko
cḫa.
—The
Kindom of the heavens has come
very
close. (Matthew 10:7)
5.12.3—Definitive Auxiliary ‘hoina’
Sometimes a form of ‘hoina’ is used as the auxiliary verb. This
corresponds to a more definitive expression.
An alternative form
hoinã for the first person singular is found, as at Jeremiah 23:32—perhaps when the speaker speaks from a
respected status.
Affirmative Negative
I ma hũ hoina
*
you
L tã hos` hoinas`
you
M timī hô hoinô
he, she
LN & LF ū ho hoina
he, she
MN yinī hun` hoinan`
he, she
MF unī / tinī hun` hoinan`
this, that, it yo / tyo ho hoina
you H
tapāī͂ (…-nu
(…-nu
bḫaeko) bḫaeko)
ho hoina
he, she yahā͂ - " - - " -
he, she uhā͂ / vahā͂ - " - -
" -
we hāmīharū hỗ, hoinỗ
YOU
M timīharū hô hoinô
they LN
& LF yī / tī hun` hoinan`
they unīharū hun` hoinan`
these yinīharū hun` hoinan`
those tinīharū hun` hoinan`
they, these
N yī hun` hoinan`
they, those
F tī hun` hoinan`
YOU H tapāī͂harū (…-nu- (…-nu-
bḫaeko) bḫaeko)
ho hoina
they
H uhā͂harū - " - - " -
these H yahā͂harū - " - - " -
those H vahā͂harū - " - - " -
ma tyaskāraṇ`-le āeko
hoinã.
—I have not come for that reason.
(John 8:42)
mêle jḫūṭ boleko hoinã. (Romans 9:1)
—I am not lying [ / have not lied]
mêle yo kurā bḫaneko hoinã.
(John 13:18)
—I am not talking (I have not talked)
mêle tinīharūlāī
pāṭḫāeko hoinã.
—I did not send them. (Jeremiah 23:32)
5.12.4—Examples of Present Perfect
ma āeko cḫu—I have come.
mêle tyo kām gareko cḫu
—I have done that work.
timīle yo khabar suneko cḫô?
—Have you heard this news?
ūle usko pānī pieko
cḫêna
—He (L) has not drunk his water.
unī
bujḫnu sakeki cḫênan`
—She has not been able to understand.
yo kitāb dekḫieko cḫêna
—This book has not been seen.
tapāī͂le tyo bujḫnubḫaeko
cḫa?
—Have you (H) understood
that?
hāmīharūle hāmro
uttarko vyākḫyā
diekā chỗ—
—We have given the explanation of our
answer.
timīharūle
hāmro sandeś paḍḫekā cḫô?
—Have
YOU (all) read our message?
unīharū
śikḫekā cḫênan`
—They have not learned.
tapāī͂harū āunubḫaeko
cḫa?
—Have YOU (H all) come?
uhā͂harū
kahā͂ jānubḫaeko
cḫa?
—Where have they (H) gone?
5.12.5.1—Task 5.12.5.1
Translate:-
1. ma āeko cḫu
2. ma suneko cḫêna
3. timīle kām gareko cḫênô.
4. hāmīle timīlāī euṭā
kitāb dieko cḫỗ.
5. tapāī͂ko kām dekhieko cḫêna.
6. parameśvar-le euṭā pratijñā
bḫannu bḫaeko ho.
7. timīharūle hāmro sandeś
paḍḫekā cḫô?
8. ūle usko pānī pieko cḫêna
Answers:-
1. I have come.
2. I have not heard..
3. You have not
worked.
4. We have given you (M) a book.
5. Your (H)
work has not been seen.
6. God has given a
promise.
7. Have YOU (all)
read our message?
8. He (L) has not drunk his water.
5.12.5.2—Task 5.12.5.2
Translate:-
1. I have gone.
2. You (M) have seen.
3. She (M)
has not seen that.
4. You (H) have not told me his (H) name.
5. They have not
learned.
6. Have you (H) understood that?
7. She has not been
able to understand.
Answers:-
1. ma gaeko cḫu.
2. timī dekḫeko chênô.
3. unle tyo dekḫeko chênan`.
4. tapāī͂le
malāī uhā͂ko nām bḫannu bḫaeko hoina.
5. unīharū śikḫekā cḫênan`.
6. tapāī͂le tyo bujḫnubḫaeko
cḫa?
7. unī bujḫnu sakeki cḫênan`.
5.12.5.3
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.12.5.1 and 5.12.5.2 into the other language.
[Go to List of Contents] [Start of Section 5—Verbs]
5.12.6—Cause-and-Effect with ‘X hunāle’ (‘on X obtaining’)
This device can be used to simplify a ‘Cause-and-Effect’ structure. It allows the causal present perfect verb to
be replaced with hunāle.
‘-le’ can be viewed as a conditional participle with the idea of ‘taking
this as happening’: based on ‘linu’—‘to take’. (See its use in conditional sentences: ‘If
X then Y’—11.1.2)
The verb describing the action that may have happened is like the
dictionary reference form, but with its ending ‘-nu’ changed to
‘-nā’. ‘-le’ is appended to this:-
hunu
> hunā > hunāle
hunāle in a Present Perfect context implies:-
‘taking
it that X has happened …’, or
‘[X]
being the case, so …’, or
‘If
X, …’
ma birāmī bḫaeko hunāle āunu
sakeko cḫêna
—I have become ill and so have been
unable
to come.
timī āeko hunāle
hāmīharū kurā
garnu sakcḫỗ—
Literally:-
You have come, [being the case, so] we
can
talk.
Meaning:-
Because you have come, we can talk.
īśvar yo kitāb
dinubḫaeko hunāle
yasmā satya cḫa.
—God having given this
book, in it is
truth.
(Because God gave this book, in
it
is truth.)
hāmīlāī yī kurā
pratijñā gariyeko hunāle
pavitra hoỗ.
—Since
these words have been made as
promises
to us, let us be holy.
(2 Corinthians 7:1)
mêle yo viśvās gareko hunāle
mero nyāy
hũdê cha.
—Because
I have placed this faith, I am
being
judged. (Acts 23:6)
kas-le uhā͂lāī pahile
dieko hunāle uhā͂le
pani dinuparne bhaeko cḫa?
—Who
has first given to him, so that it
must
be repaid to him? (Romans 11:35)
mero ke pani kām nahunāle ma
āju
āunu sakeko chu.
—With
me having no work at all, I have
been
able to come today.
5.13—Past Perfect Tense (or Pluperfect or
Completed Past)
This tense describes what action had been
done or had been completed.
Like the Present
Perfect Tense (5.12) it employs two
parts:-
(1) a
perfect participle to describe what had been completed and
(2) an
auxiliary verb to say how the action had been ended.
The sentence may also require –le ‘by’, if the verb is transitive, implying an object was affected
by the completed action of the doer.
(This was explained at 5.2.2.)
5.13.1—Past Perfect Auxiliary Verb
The construction of the past perfect tense is
similar to the present perfect tense, but the auxiliary verb is changed from
its present form to hunu ‘to be’ to its past form:-
Affirmative Negative
I ma tḫiẽ tḫiinã
you L tã tḫiis` tḫiinas`
you M timī tḫiyô tḫienô
he L ū tḫiyo (m) tḫiena (m)
she M ū tḫiī (f) tḫiina (f)
he yinī/unī
/ tinī tḫie (m)/ tḫienan` (m)/
she yinī/unī/tinī / tḫiin (f) / tḫiinan` (f)
this/that/it L&M yo/tyo tḫiyo (m) tḫiena (m)
this/that/it L&M yo/tyo tḫiī (f) tḫiina (f)
you H tapāī͂ (…-nu- (…-nu-
bḫaeko) bḫaeko)
tḫiyo tḫiena
he/she H yahā͂/uhā͂/vahā͂ - " - - " -
we hāmīharū tḫiyỗ tḫienỗ
you M timīharū tḫiyô tḫienô
they L yī / tī tḫie (m) / tḫienan` (m)/
/
tḫiin (f) / tḫiinan`
(f)
they/these M yinīharū/ - " - -
" -
/unīharū/tinīharū - " - - " -
they/these L&M yī - " - - " -
they/those L&M tī - " - - " -
YOU H tapāī͂harū (…-nu- (…-nu-
bḫaeko) - bḫaeko)
tḫiyo tḫiena
they/these/those yahā͂- -
" - - " -
-harū/uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū - " - - " –
5.13.2—Examples
of Past Perfect
ma āeko tḫiẽ
—I had come
mêle tyo kām gareko tḫiẽ
—I had done that work
timīle yo khabar suneko tḫiyô?
—Had you heard this news?
ūle usko pānī pieko tḫiena
—He had not drunk his water
unī bujḫnu sakeki tḫiinan`
—She hadn’t been able to understand
yo kitāb dekḫieko tḫiena
—This book had not been seen
tapāī͂le tyo bujḫnubḫaeko tḫiyo?
—Had you (H) understood
that?
hāmīharūle hāmro uttarko vyākḫyā
diekā tḫiyỗ
—We had given the explanation
of our
answer.
timīharūle hāmro sandeś paḍḫekā
tḫiyô?
—Had YOU (all) read
our message?
unīharū śikḫekā tḫienan`
—They had not learned
tapāī͂harū
āunubḫaeko tḫiena?
—Had YOU (H all) come?
uhā͂harū
kahā͂ jānubḫaeko
tḫiyo?
—Where had they (H
all) gone?
hāmīle
timīharūlāī ājñā diekā tḫiyỗ.
—We
had given YOU (M) commandment.
5.13.3.1—Task 5.13.3.1
Translate:-
1. ma āeko tḫiẽ.
2. ma suneko tḫiinã.
3. timīle kām gareko tḫienô.
4. hāmīle timīlāī euṭā
kitāb dieko tḫiyỗ.
5. tapāī͂ko kām dekhieko tḫiena.
6. parameśvar-le euṭā pratijñā
bḫannu bḫaeko tḫiyo.
7. timīharūle hāmro sandeś
paḍḫekā tḫiyô?
8. ūle usko pānī pieko tḫiena.
Answers:-
1. I had come.
2. I had not heard..
3. You (M) had
not worked.
4. We had given you (M) a book.
5. Your (H)
work had not been seen.
6. God had given a
promise.
7. Had YOU (all)
read our message?
8. He (L) had not drunk his water.
5.13.3.2—Task 5.13.3.2
Translate:-
1. I had gone.
2. You (M) had seen.
3. She (M)
had not seen that.
4. You (H) had not told me his (H) name.
5. They had not
learned.
6. Had you (H) understood that?
7. She had not been
able to understand.
Answers:-
1. ma gaeko tḫiẽ.
2. timī dekḫeko tḫienô.
3. unle tyo dekḫeko tḫienan`.
4. tapāī͂le
malāī uhā͂ko nām bḫannu bḫaeko tḫiena.
5. unīharū śikḫekā tḫienan`.
6. tapāī͂le tyo bujḫnubḫaeko tḫiyo?
7. unī bujḫnu sakeki tḫiinan`.
5.13.3.3
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.13.3.1 and 5.13.3.2 into the other language.
[Go to List of Contents]
[Start of Section
5—Verbs]
5.13.4—Cause-and-Effect with ‘X
hunāle’ (‘as X had obtained’)
This device can be
used to simplify a ‘Cause-and-Effect’ structure. It allows the causal past perfect verb to be
replaced with hunāle.
‘-le’ can be viewed as a conditional participle
with the idea of ‘taking this as happening’: based on ‘linu’—‘to take’. (See its use in
conditional sentences: ‘If X then Y’—11.1.2)
The verb describing
the action that may have happened is like the dictionary reference form, but
with its ending ‘-nu’ changed to ‘-nā’.
‘-le’ is appended to this:-
hunu
> hunā > hunāle
hunāle in a past perfect context implies:-
‘taking
it that X had happened …’, or
‘[X]
being the case, so …’, or
‘If
X, …’
hunāle here implies:-
—‘with
it being [that X had happened]’
‘[X]
having been the case, so’
ma birāmī bḫaeko hunāle āunu
sakeko tḫiinã
—I
had become ill [having
happened, so]
had
been unable to come.
timī āeko hunāle
hāmīharū kurā
garnu sakeko cḫỗ
Literally:-
—You
had come, [being the case,
so]
we
could talk.
Meaning:-
—Because you had come, we have
been
able to talk.
īśvar yo kitāb
dinubḫaeko hunāle yasmā
satya tḫiyo.
—God
had given this book, so in it
was
truth.
Because God had given this book,
in
it was truth.
hāmīlāī yī kurā
pratijñā gariyeko hunāle
hāmī pavitra hunu cahekā
tḫiyỗ.
—Since
these words had been made as
promises
to us, we had wanted to
be
holy.
mêle yo viśvās gareko hunāle
mero nyāy
hũdê tḫiyo.
—Because
I had placed this faith, I was
being
judged.
kas-le uhā͂lāī pahile
dieko hunāle uhā͂le
pani dinuparne bhaeko tḫiyo?
—Who
has first given to him, so that it
had
to be repaid to him?
mero ke pani kām nahunāle ma hijo
āunu sakeko tḫiẽ.
—With
me having no work at all, I had
been
able to come yesterday.
5.13.5—Tasks—hunāle
5.13.5.1—Task 5.13.5.1
Translate:-
1. unī bujḫeko hunāle rāmro kām
garyo.
2. tinī suneko nahunāle narāmro kām gareko
cḫa.
3. timro śikṣak yahā͂ nahunāle ma
timīlāī dekḫāuna sakcḫu.
4. yo kurā timīlāī paḍḫieko
hunāle tyasmas satya ke ho?
Answers:-
1. As he (M) had understood, he did good work.
2. Since he (MF) had not listened, [he] has done bad work.
3. Since your (M)
teacher is not here, I can show you.
4. Since this information
has been read to (M), what
truth is in it?
5. Your (H)
work had not been seen.
5.13.5.2
Translate the
answers at Task 5.13.5.1 into Nepali.
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5.14—‘-ne’: the Gerundive Idea of a
Verb
The gerundive idea of seeking to
achieve the action of a particular verb can employ its reference form with its
‘-nu’ ending changed to ‘-ne’.
This form can be used:-
to describe the
action itself (5.14.1)
or
to represent
the doer of the action (5.14.2)
garnu > garne—doing;
to do; one doing
jānu > jāne—going; to go; one going
hunu > hune—being;
to be; one being
This application concisely reports
or describes the action. Here are some
examples.
garnu > garne
ke garne?—What [are we] to do?
arkolāī prem
garne asal ho.
—To love others is
good.
sabê kurā
garne bal pāũcḫu.
—I receive power to do all things.
śásan garne adḫikār
—the authority to do
ruling
tin-ko dḫerê adḫyayan
garnele
āpḫêlāī tḫakāũcḫa.
—too much study of
them tires you out.
jānu > jāne
kahā͂ jāne?—Where [is one] to go?
malāi tahā͂ jāne
anumati dinuhos`.
—Give me permission
to go there.
āunu
> āune
māthibāṭa āune
buddḫi
—wisdom coming from
above?
paunu > pāune
kahā͂ tyo pāune?
—Where [are we] to
get it?
kasarī tḫāha
pāune?
—How will anyone
know
[
/ gain awareness]?
māthibāṭa āune
buddḫi pāune mānis
ko ho?
—Who (M) is
a person receiving wisdom
that
comes from above?
bolnu > bolne
ke bolne?—What [are you] to speak?
jḫūṭḫ
bolne mānis—a person telling
lies
vibḫinna
bḫāṣā bolne jātijāti
—nations
speaking various languages
The gerundive form can be used to
say:-
the person who does this
action;
the one doing this
action;
the one known to do this
action.
garnu > garne—one
who does
nāś garnele nāś
gardê cḫa.
—The destroyer is
destroying. [ / The
doer
of destruction is doing destruction.]
kām garnele tyo yahā͂
rākḫiyo.
—The worker put it
here.
atitḫi-sat-kār
garne hunuparcḫa.
—[One] must be hospitable [ / be one
doing
hospitality].
tāki ūmātḫi
viśvās garne kohī pani nāś
nahos`.
—so that everyone
exercising faith in him
might
not be destroyed. (John 3:16)
vivāh garnele asalê garcḫa.
—Whoever marries
does well.
cintā garnele kām śuru
gareko chêna.
—The worrier has
not started the work.
kḫarāb
kām garnele āpḫno kḫarāb
vicār
tyāgos`.
—Let the one doing bad deeds leave
his
bad thoughts. (Isaiah 55:7)
cāhanu > cāhane—one who wants
(See also conditional
devices at 11.1.3.)
Using ‘kām garna nacāhane’—‘a person who does not want to work’:-
kām garna nacāhanele pani kḫā͂dā
nakḫāos`.
—Let anyone
who does not want
to
work, also not eat.
=If
anyone does not want
to
work, neither let him eat.
(2 Thessalonians 3:10)
5.14.3—Tasks—‘-ne’
Gerundive Verb Form
5.14.3.1—Task 5.14.3.1
Translate:-
1. ke bolne ?
2. ke sunne ?
3. timīlāī ke bḫanne ?
4. kahā͂ adḫyayan garne?
5. tahā͂ jāneko bal (mero) cḫêna.
6. yo kurā bolneko uddeśya ke ho?
Answers:-
1. What to say? [ / What shall we say?]
2. What to listen to? [ / What shall we listen to?]
3. What to tell you (M)
? [ / What shall I tell you?]
4. Where to study? [ /
Where shall I (you; we; he…) study?]
5. The strength to go
there (mine) does not exist [ / I do not have].
6. What is the purpose of
saying these words [ / this matter]?
5.14.3.2—Task 5.14.3.2
Translate:-
1. One doing good work [ / A doer of good work] gets a good name.
2. Who is bad? We can see the fruits [ / results] of a doer of bad
work!
Answers:-
1. rāmro kām garne rāmro nām
pāũncḫa.
2. ko kḫarāb ho? hāmīharū kḫarāb
garneko pḫal dekḫna sakcḫỗ!
5.14.3.3
Translate the
answers at Tasks 5.14.3.1 and 5.14.3.2 into the other language.
5.15—Special Use of Verb Participles ‘bḫanera’
and ‘bḫaneko’
5.15.1—X bḫanera: saying X (to
myself)
-era—in doing
X bḫanera
Y.
—In asking, “X?”, Y.
namaste
bḫanera gayo.
—Saying, “Hello”, he went.
usle timro
kitāb yahā͂ cḫa bḫanera gayo.
—In saying, “Your book is
here”, he went.
—He said my book was here
and went.
mero
kitāb timro gḫar-mā cha bḫanera ma yahā͂ āeko cḫu.
—With saying (to myself)
[or, remembering], “My book is in your house”, I have come here.
—I remembered my book was
in your house, and (so) I have come here.
5.15.3—X
bḫaneko: having said X (to myself) and intending X
ma
us-lāī bḫancḫu bḫaneko ta [/tara] unī āeko cḫêna.
—Having said (to myself)
[or, thinking/intending], “I will tell him”, however, he hasn’t come.
—I meant to tell him, but
he didn’t come.
5.15.4—bḫaneko ‘X’ ho: has the
meaning ‘X’
‘yahovā’ bḫaneko
ke ho? [/yahovā nām-ko artḫ ke ho?]
—What is the meaning of
(the name) ‘Jehovah’?
parameśvar-ko
nām “banne ra banāune uhā͂ nê hunuhuncḫa” bḫanne
ho?
—God’s name means “He
Causes to Become.”
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6
6
– DESCRIPTIONS ATTACHED TO DOERS AND OBJECTS —(Adjectives)
Contents of
Section 6
6.1—Introduction to Adjectives
6.2—Adjectives
Used in this Explanation
6.3—Inflection
for Gender and Number
6.4—Examples of Adjectives Inflected by Gender or Number
6.5—Tasks—Adjectives
6.6—Cardinal
Numbers
6.1—Introduction to Adjectives
A selection of useful adjectives should be learned. It is necessary to learn how adjectives have to be modified — perhaps by changing their endings — according to the gender (masculine, feminine, neuter...), their plurality, or even object case of the noun or pronoun to which they are attached.
6.2—Adjectives Used in this
Explanation
kasto how?
well sanco / rāmrarī
/ svastḫa / niko
unwell bisanco / birāmī
good / nice rāmro
bad / wicked narāmro / kḫarāb
own / one’s own āpḫno
cheap sasto
expensive mahãgo
some (people) kohī
some (things) kehī
a few
/ a little amount of alikati
every sabê / sab
clean saphā
dirty mêlo
new nayā͂
old purāno
big ṭḫūlo
small / little sāno
ready tayār
this yo
that tyo
these yī
those tī
working [person] kām garne [māncḫe]
peace-speaking śānti bolne
Nepali nepālī
English ãgrej
aware, cognizant thāha
ashamed lajjit
[Start
of Section 6—Adjectives]
6.3—Inflection for Gender and Number
If the adjective ends in ‘o’:-
The final vowel gets inflected to suit gender and number.
Singular Plural
M: rāmro keṭā rāmrā keṭāharū
F: rāmrī keṭī rāmrā keṭīharū
For emphasis amend the final vowel to ‘-ê’.
M: rāmrê keṭā rāmrê keṭāharū
F: rāmrê keṭī rāmrê
keṭīharū
If the adjective ends in a vowel other than ‘o’ or in a consonant:-
These do not change.
M: saphā keṭā saphā keṭāharū
F: saphā keṭī saphā
keṭīharū
M: nayā͂ keṭā nayā͂ keṭāharū
F: nayā͂ keṭī nayā͂ keṭīharū
For emphasis amend the final vowel to ‘-ê’.
M: saphê keṭā saphê keṭāharū
F: saphê keṭī saphê
keṭīharū
For emphasis
do not amend the final consonant or nasal (as in ā͂).
Instead, insert ‘dherê’—‘very’.
dherê nayā͂ keṭā dherê nayā͂ keṭāharū
dherê nayā͂
keṭī dherê nayā͂
keṭīharū
6.4—Examples
of Adjectives Inflected by Gender or Number
yo sāno kitāb dḫerê
nayā͂ ho.
—This little book is very new.
tyo rāmrī keṭī
tahā͂ cḫa.
—That good girl is there.
yo bahinī rāmrī cḫa.
—This sister is good.
tī ṭḫūlā
keṭāharū yahā͂ cḫễnan`.
—The big boys are not here.
rāmrā keṭīharū
satya bḫancḫan`.
—Good girls say the truth.
ã, unīharū rāmrā
cḫan`!
—Yes, they are good!
yo kḫabar rāmrê cḫa.
—This news is very good.
tyo rāmro kitāb kahā͂
cḫa?
—Where is that good book?
yahā͂ cḫa.—Here it is.
ṭḫūlo cḫêna.—It is not big.
tyo kitāb malāī madat gardê
cḫa.
—The book helps me.
yo rāmro kḫabar hāmīlāī madat
garna sakcḫa.
—This good news can help.
bḫoli ma timīlāī bhancḫu, timī ke
garnu parcḫa.
—This book tells us what we must do.
hāmī[harū]le rāmro
kām garnu
parcḫa
—We must do good work.
{āhile āune māncḫe} bḫandê cḫa.
—{The man who is coming now} is speaking.
{śānti bolne bahinī} āunu bḫaeko cḫa.
—{The sister(3H) speaking peace} has come.
ke
timīharūlāī tḫāha cḫêna?
—Do YOU (M) not
know? [ / Are you
not
aware?] (1 Corinthians 6:9)
6.5.1—Task 6.5.1
Translate:-
1. sanco cḫô? sancê cḫu!
१. सन्चो छौ?
सन्चै छु!
2. ke yo kitāb mahãgo cḫa?
२. के
यो किताब
महँगो छ?
3. rāmrê keṭīharū
३. राम्रै
केटीहरू
4. tī ṭḫūlā keṭāharū
yahā͂ cḫênan`.
४. ती ठूला
केटाहरू यहाँ
छैनन्
5. āhile āune māncḫe bḫandê
cḫa.
५. अहिले
आउने मान्छे
भन्दै छ।
6. usko āpḫno viśvās
६. उस्को
आफ्नो
विश्वास।
Answers:-
1. Are you (M) well? I’m very well!
2. Is this book expensive?
3. very good girls
4. The big boys are not
here.
5. The man who is
coming now is speaking.
6. his (L) own faith
6.5.2—Task 6.5.2
Translate:-
1. good boys
2. a very new girl
3. The book
helps me.
4. Are you not aware?
5. clean boys
Answers:-
1. rāmrā keṭāharū
१. राम्रा
केटाहरू
2. dherê nayā͂ keṭī
२. धेरै
नयाँ केटी
3. tyo kitāb malāī madat gardê cḫa.
३. त्यो
किताब मलाई
मदत गर्दै छ।
4. ke
timīharūlāī tḫāha cḫêna?
४. के
तिमीहरूलाई
थाह छैन?
5. saphê keṭāharū
५. सफै
केटाहरू
6.5.3—Task 6.5.3
Translate the
answers at Tasks 6.5.1 and 6.5.2 into the other language.
6.6—Cardinal Numbers (One, Two…)
0 zero ० शुन्य śunya
1 one १ एक ek * 11 eleven ११ एघार eghāra
2 two २ दुई duī 12 twelve १२ बाह्र bāhra
3 three ३ तीन tīn 13 thirteen १३ तेह्र tehra
4 four ४ चार cār 14 fourteen १४ चौध côdḫa
5 five ४ पाँच pãc 15 fifteen १४ पन्ध pandḫ
6 six ६ छ cḫa 16 sixteen १६ सोह्र sohra
7 seven ७ सात sāt 17 seventeen १७ सत्र satra
8 eight ८ आठ āṭḫ 18 eighteen १८ अठार aṭḫāra
9 nine ९ नौ nô 19 nineteen १९ उननाईस unnāīs
10 ten १० दस das 20 twenty २० बीस bīs
20 30 40 50
0 bīs tīs cālīs pacās
1 ekkāis ek-tīs ek-cālīs ekāunna
2 bāīs battīs bayālīs bāunna
3 teīs teīs tricālīs tripanna
4 côbīs cỗtīs cawālīs caunna
5 paccīs pễtīs pễtālīs pac-panna
6 cḫabbīs cḫattīs cḫayālīs cḫapanna
7 sattāīs sễtīs sat-cālīs santāunna
8 aṭṭḫāis aṭḫ`tīs aṭḫ-cālīs anṭḫāunna
9 unnīs unancālīs unancās unansāṭḫī
0 tīs cālīs pacās sāṭḫī
60 70 80 90
0 sāṭḫī sattarī asī nabbe
1 ek-saṭṭḫī ek-hattar ekāsī ekānabbe
2 bễsaṭṭḫī bahattar bayāsī bayānabbe
3 trisaṭṭḫī trihattar triyāsī triyānabbe
4 cỗsaṭṭḫī côhattar côrāsī côrānabbe
5 pễsaṭṭḫī pac-hattar pacāsī paccānabbe
6 cḫễsaṭṭḫī cḫahattar cḫayāsī cḫayānabbe
7 sat-saṭṭḫī sat-hattar satāsī santānabbe
8 aṭḫ-saṭṭḫī aṭḫ-hattar aṭḫāsī anṭḫānabbe
9 un-hattar unāsī unānabbe unānsay
0 sattarī asī nabbe say
100 say (one hundred = ek say)
102 ek say duī
345 tīn say pā͂c
1000 hajār (one thousand = ek hajar)
11234 egḫāra
hajār duī say cỗtīs
100,000 = १,००,००० ek lākḫ
(one hundred thousand = one lakh)
10,000,000 = १,००,००,००० ek karoḍ
(ten million = one crore)
123,456,789 = १२,३४,५६,७८९
—bāhra
karoḍ cỗtīs lākḫ cḫapanna hajār…
… sāt say unānabbe
* euṭā is used to say how many things there are.
an (indefinite) example—euṭā udāharaṇ
One (definite) faith there is
—viśvās
euṭê cḫa
There
is one God
—parameśvar ek janā hunuhuncḫa
God is one
—parameśvar
ekê hunuhuncḫa
person(s) (a particle) janā
three [person] men tīn [janā] māncḫe
thing(s) (a particle) vaṭā
three [thing] books tīn [vaṭā] kitāb
animal(s) (a particle) vaṭā
two [animal] chickens duī [vaṭā]
kukḫurā
6.7.1—Task 6.7.1
Translate:-
1. duī[-vaṭā] kitāb
१. दुई[वटा]
किताब
2. tīn janā māncḫe
२. तीन जना
मान्छे
3. euṭā rāmro kukḫurā
३. एउटा
राम्रो
कुखुरा
4. hāmro lāgi euṭā cḫorā di-ieko
cḫa.
४. हाम्रो
लागि एउटा
छोरा दिइएको
छ।
5. euṭê viśvās cḫa r euṭê pavitra
śakti.
५. एउटै
विश्वास छ र
एउटै पवित्र
शक्ति।
Answers:-
1. two [indefinite] books
2. three men
3. a fine chicken
4. For us a son has been
given.
5. There is one faith
and one holy spirit.
6.7.2—Task 6.7.2
Translate:-
1. four hundred and seventy nine books
2. one thousand and six men
Answers:-
1. cār say unāsī kitāb
१. चार सय
उनासी किताब
2. ek hajār cḫa māncḫe
२. एक हजीर छ
मान्छे
6.7.3—Task 6.7.3
Translate the
answers at Tasks 6.7.1 and 6.7.2 into the other language.
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[Start of
Section 6—Adjectives]
7
7 – DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS DONE OR THE QUALIFYING
OF AN ADJECTIVE
—(Adverbs)
A selection of useful adverbs should be learned.
Here is selection of useful adverbs.
7.1—Adverbs
Used in this Explanation
not na
not good (=bad) narāmro
nicely (=having…
…done
‘nice’) rāmro garera
kindly; please H -hos (for tapāī͂)
quite, a little, fairly ali
slightly ali ali
very dḫerê
extremely nikê
absolutely ek-damê
only mātra; mātrê
also / too pani
sometimes kahilekahī͂
never (…not) kahilyê pani … na
always sadḫễ
later pacḫi
again pherī
yesterday hijo
today āja / āju
tomorrow bḫoli
earlier / beforehand aghāṛī / aghī
now ahile / aba
later pacḫi
perhaps sāyad
where? kahā͂?
here yahā͂
there tyahā͂
when? kahile?
quickly cḫitê / chito garera
more / further ajḫê
See further use of adverbs in comparatives and superlatives. (See 8.0.)
7.2—Examples of the Use of Adverbs
tapāī hijo āunubḫaena
—You
did not come yesterday.
tinī sadḫễ rāmro kām
gardê cḫa
—He/she
is always doing good work
ma bḫoli pherī kośiś
garcḫu
—I
will try again tomorrow.
āunuhos`
—Please
come! (For tapāī͂)
tyo pani narāmro cḫa
—That
is bad, too.
yo kitāb nikê rāmro ho.
—This
book is extremely good.
timī kahile jāncḫo?
—When
will you (M) go?
bḫoli gaera parsu pḫeri
āundê cḫu.
—I’ll
go [ / having gone] tomorrow and
come
again the day after tomorrow.
malāī pheri bḫannuhos`.
—Tell
to me again.
tapāī͂ ko sabḫa
kahā͂ hunecḫa?
—Where
will your (H) meeting be?
tī sadḫê yahā͂
huncḫa.
—They
(L) are always here.
parameśvar-le
uhā͂lāī ajḫê
bḫannubḫayo…
—God
further said to him (H) …
(Genesis 17:9)
7.3.1—Task 7.3.1
Translate:-
1. dḫerê rāmro
१. धेरै
राम्रो
2. ek-damê narāmro
२. एकदमै
नराम्रो
3. unī kahilekahī͂ yahā͂
āuncḫan.
३. उनी
कहिलेकहीं
यहाँ आन्छन्।
4. yī kahile pani sundêna.
४. यी कहिले
पनि सुन्दैन।
5. śāyad ma āũla.
५. शायद म
आउल।
6. chito garera āunuhos`.
६. छितो
गरेर
आउनुहोस्।
7. ma ali-ali matrê kḫāncḫu.
७. म अलि-अलि
मत्रै
खान्छु।
Answers:-
1. very good
2. absolutely bad
3. He (M) sometimes
comes here.
4. He (L) never listens at all.
5. Perhaps I may
come.
6. Kindly come (H) quickly.
7. I’ll only eat a
little.
7.3.2—Task 7.3.2
Translate the
answers at Task 7.2.1 into Nepali.
[Go to Top] [List of Contents]
8
—COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
Contents of
Section 8
8.1—Formation of Comparative Structures
8.2—Verbs with Descriptive Use—cḫa
8.3—Verbs with Definitive Use—ho
8.5—Tasks
8.1—Formation
of Comparatives and Superlatives
How
are comparatives formed?
(This road is more even.)
(This road is better.)
How are superlatives formed?
(This road is most even.)
(This road is best.)
Normal Moreso Than Most
jḫanê /
ajḫê /
jyādā /
bḫandā sab-bḫandā
good better the best
rāmro baṛḫī sab-bḫandā
[/jyādā] rāmro
rāmro
asal jḫanê sabêbḫandā
asal asal
There are some special words:-
jeṭḫo older
kāncḫo younger
8.2—Verbs
with Descriptive Use—cḫa
This book is good.
—yo kitāb rāmro cḫa.
This
book is better.
—yo kitāb baṛḫī
[/jyādā} rāmro cḫa.
This
book is best.
—yo kitāb sab-bḫandā
rāmro cḫa.
the
finest perfumes
—sabêbḫandā asal attar
8.3—Verbs with Definitive Use—ho
This
is the best book.
—yo sab-bḫandā rāmro
kitāb ho.
ū
ajḫê buddhimān` hunecḫa.
—He (L) will be wiser. (Proverbs 9:9)
timro
ḍorī ajḫê lāmo banāū.
—Make your cords longer. (Isaiah 54:2)
ma
timīharūlāī dḫerê prem garcḫu.
—I love YOU (M) more.
(2 Corinthians 2:15)
ū
jḫanê ānandita hunecḫa.
—She will be [ / is to be] happier.
bubā
mabḫandā mahān hunuhuncḫa
—The father is greater than I am.
(John 14:28)
uhā͂ko
buddḫi cihāṅ-bḫandā gahiro cḫa.
—His (H) wisdom is deeper than
the grave.
(Job 11:8)
euṭā
siṅ arko bḫandā ajḫê lāmo tḫiyo.
One horn was higher than
the other.
(Daniel 8:3)
jo
sab-bḫandā sāno cḫa.
—The one who is least. (Ephesians
3:8)
yo
nê sabêbḫandā ṭḫulo ājñā ho.
—This is the greatest commandment.
(Matthew 22:38)
sabêbḫandā
asal cij-harū
—the finest things (Hebrews 7:4)
unīharū
uhā͂bḫandā jeṭḫā tḫiyo.
—They (M) were older than him.
(Job 32:4)
jeṭḫo
cāhĩ kāncḫoko dās hunecḫa.
—The older will be the slave of the
younger.
(Romans 9:12)
8.5—Tasks—Comparative,
Superlative
8.5.1—Task 8.5.1
Translate:-
1. unī mabḫandā lāmo hun`.
१. उनी
मभन्दा लामो
हुन्।
2. ma uhā͂bḫandā sāno hũ.
२. म
उहाँभन्दा
सानो हुँ।
3. bubā mabḫandā mahān hunuhuncḫa.
३. बुबा
माभन्दा महान
हुनुहुन्छ।
4. uhā͂ko prem yobḫandā gahiro cḫa.
४. उहाँको
प्रेम
योभन्दा
गहिरो छ।
5. yo keṭī arko bḫandā ānandita tḫiyo.
५. यो केटी
अर्को भन्दा
आनन्दित
थियो।
Answers:-
1. He (M) is taller than me.
2. I am smaller than him (H).
3. The father is greater than I am.
4. His (H) love
is deeper than this.
5. This girl was happier
than the other.
8.5.2—Task 8.5.2.
Translate:-
1. That is my newest
book.
2. To love him
(H) is the greatest commandment.
3. This man is older.
4. That is the youngest girl.
Answers:-
1. tyo mero sab-bḫandā nayā͂ kitāb cḫa.
१. त्यो
मेरो सबभन्दा
नयाँ किताब छ।
2. uhā͂lāī prem garne sabêbḫandā
ṭḫulo ājñā ho.
२. उहाँलाई
प्रेम गर्ने
सबैभन्दा
थुलो आज्ञा हो।
3. yo lognemāncḫe jeṭḫo ho.
३. यो
लोग्नेमान्छे
जेथो हो।
4. tyo sab-bḫandā kāncḫī
keṭī ho.
४. त्यो
सबभन्दा
कान्छी केटी
हो।
8.5.3
Translate the
answers at Tasks 8.5.1 and 8.5.2 into the other language.
[Go to Top] [List of Contents]
9
9 – CHANGING FORMS OF OBJECT PRONOUNS AND
NOUNS BY THEIR ‘CASE’
Contents of
Section 9
9.1—Introduction to Object ‘Cases’
9.2—Common Object Cases and Their Related Postpositions
9.3—List of Other Postpositions
9.4—Changing of Demonstrative Adjectives with Nouns
9.5—Changing of Object Personal Pronouns—as with ‘ma’
9.6—Changing of Object Personal Pronouns—All
9.7.1—Changing Impersonal Object Pronouns
9.7.2—Tasks—Impersonal Object Pronouns
9.7.3—Changing Personal Object Pronouns
9.8—General Examples of How Nouns and Pronouns Change by Case
9.9—Tasks—Declension of Nouns and Pronouns
9.1—Introduction
to Object ‘Cases’
If a noun or pronoun representing a thing or person is not the doer but is affected by an action, then it is called the object in a clause. It is usually a modified form of the word that would be used if it were the doer (subject). In the Nepali language you may modify the word itself or attach another element (a postposition) after it.
We can tabulate the changes required according to ‘case’, and, if necessary, gender and plurality. (We keep it as simple as possible to begin with.) It can be helpful to relate common grammatical ‘cases’ to the postpositions Nepali uses to express them. (See 9.2.) Other postpositions are also used, so these others are listed separately at 9.3.
Firstly, see the changes in demonstrative adjectives with nouns in this book, that book, these books, and those books according to ‘case’ and the postpositions involved. (See 9.4.)
Secondly, see how personal pronouns are adapted—for example, I, me, my, to me. (See 9.5—‘ma’, or 9.6—All.)
Thirdly, see how nouns like book and man change—as with the book, of the book, to the book. (See 9.7.)
[Go to Start of Section 9
—Changes to Object Pronouns and Nouns]
9.2—Common
Object Cases and Their Related Postpositions
Case Purpose Postposition
Nominative [Doer] -
Accusative* affecting … (-lāī)
Genitive** of -ro / -rī / -rā
-ko / -kī /
kā
Dative*** to -lāī
Instrumental-1 by/through -le
Instrumental-2 by way of -dvārā
Ablative from -bāṭa / -dekḫi
Locative-1 in -bḫitro / -mā
Locative-2 on mātḫi
Locative-3 at -lāī
Vocative Oh …! he …!
* Indirect Object
** Possessive
*** Direct Object
9.3—List of Other
Postpositions
with … -sit / -sãga
for … … lāgi / … nimti
after … … pacḫi
up to … -samma
/ as far as … -samma
since …
(time) -dekḫi
except … -bāheka
than -bḫandā (8.1)
9.4—Changing of Demonstrative Adjectives with Nouns
With singular nouns:-
yo kitāb—this book
yas kitāb-lāī—to this book
tyo kitāb—that book
tyas kitāb-lāī—to that book
With plural nouns:-
yī kitāb-harū —these books
yī kitāb-harūlāī—to these books
tī kitāb-harū—those books
tī kitāb-harūlāī—to those books
[Go to Start of
Section 9—Changes to Object Pronouns and Nouns]
9.5—Changing of Object Personal Pronouns—as
with ‘ma’
I ma
affecting me malāī
of me (my) mero / merī / merā
to me malāī
by/through me mêle
by way of me madvārā
from me mabāṭa / madekḫi
in me mero bḫitro / mero mā
on me mero mātḫi
at me malāī
with me masit / masãga
for me mero lāgi / mero nimti
Oh me! he ma!
9.6—Changing of Object Personal
Pronouns—All
If a pronoun ends in a consonant, the latter’s character does not get
conjoined into a single syllable when a postposition is attached. Hence, ‘us-lāī’ is
correct, not ‘uslāī’.
I— ma;
malāī; mero; mêle
you L — tã;
talāī; tero; têle
you M— timī;
timīlāī; timro; timīle
he, she LN—ū; us-lāī; us-ko; us-le
he, she LF—ū; us-lāī; us-ko; us-le
he, she MN—yinī; yin-lāī; yin-ko; yin-le
he, she MF—unī; un-lāī; un-ko; un-le
/
tinī;
tin-lāī; tin-ko; tin-le
this, it N—yo; yas-lāī; yas-ko; yas-le
that, it F—tyo; tyas-lāī; tyas-ko; tyas-le
you H—tapāī͂; tapāī͂lāī;
tapāī͂ko; tapāī͂le
he, she HN— yahā͂;
yahā͂lāī;
yahā͂ko;
yahā͂le
he, she HF—uhā͂; uhā͂lāī;
uhā͂ko; uhā͂le /
vahā͂;
vahā͂lāī; vahā͂ko; vahā͂le
we— hāmī; hāmīlāī; hāmro; hāmīle /
hāmīharū; hāmīharūlāī;
hāmīharūko;
hāmīharūle
you M— timīharū;
t…lāī; t…ko; t…le
they LN—yī
they LF—tī
they, these MN—yinīharū; y…lāī;
y…ko;
y…le
they, these MF—unīharū/tinīharū;
u/t…lāī;
u/t…ko; u/t…le
they, these, those NF—yī / tī
you H —tapāī͂harū;
t…lāī; t…ko; t…le
they, these H—yahā͂harū;
y…lāī;
y…ko; y…le
they, those H—uhā͂harū/vahā͂harū;
u/v…lāī; u/v…ko; u/v…le
See also Section 12 about Relative Sentences
who?—ko; kas-lāī; kas-ko; kas-le
the one who—jo; jas-lāī; jas-ko; jas-le
that one—tinī
ānandita tī lognemāncḫeharū
jas-ko
kām rāmro cḫa.
—Happy [are] those
men whose work
is
good.
9.6.1—Tasks—Changing Personal Object Pronouns
9.6.1.1—Task
9.6.1.1
Translate:-
1. ma yahā͂ cḫu. ma sancê cḫu.
१. म
यहाँ छु। म
सन्चै छु।
2. ma
śikṣak hũ.
२. म शिक्षक
हुँ।
3. mero śikṣak malāī
sikāũcḫa.
३. मेरो
शिक्षक मलाई
सिकाउँछ।
4. mêle śikṣak-lāī tyo kurā
bḫaneko cḫa.
४. मैले
शिक्षकलाई
त्यो कुरा
भनेको छ।
5. unī madvārā sunyo.
५. उनी
मद्वारा
सुन्यो।
6. unī mabāṭa tyo kitāb pāyo.
६. उनि मबाट
त्यो किताब
पायो।
7. meromā ke sā͂co prem cḫa?
७. मेरोमा के
साँचो प्रेम
छ?
8. malāī tyo kitāb dinuhos`.
८. मलाई
त्यो किताब
दिनुहोस्।
9. mero śikṣak-le masãga bolyo.
९. मेरो
शिक्षकले
मसँग बल्यो।
10. yo kitāb mero lāgi paṭḫāieko
tḫiyo.
१०. यो किताब
मेरो लागि पठियेको
थियो।
11. unī mabḫandā buddḫimān` hun`.
११. उनि
मभन्दा
बुद्धिमान्
हुन्।
Answers:-
1. I am here. I am very well.
2. I am a teacher.
3. My teacher teaches
me.
4. I have said that
matter to the teacher.
5. He (M) heard
through me.
6. He received that book
from me.
7. Is there true
love in me?
8. Please give that book
to me.
9. My teacher spoke with me.
10. This book was sent for me.
11. He (M) is wiser than me.
9.6.1.2—Task
9.6.1.2
Translate the
answers at Task 9.6.1.1 into Nepali.
[Go
to Start of Section 9
—Changes to Object Pronouns and Nouns]
9.7.1—Impersonal
Nouns
the book kitāb
affecting the book kitāb-lāī
of the book kitāb-ko (1) /
kitāb-harū-kā
(>1) *
to the book kitāb-lāī
by/through the book kitāb-le
by way of the book kitāb-dvārā
from the book kitāb-bāṭa /
kitāb-dekḫi
in the book kitāb-mā /
kitāb-ko bḫitro
among the books kitāb-harūmadhya
on the book kitāb mātḫi
at the book kitāb-lāī
with the book kitāb-sit / kitāb-sãga
for the book kitāb-ko lāgi /
kitāb-ko nimti
Oh the book he kitāb!
yo kitāb—this book
mêle yas kitāb-lāī
dekḫyo.
—I
looked to this book
ma tyas kitāb-ko nām
jāndina.
—I
don’t know the name of that book.
yas kitāb-le malāi madat gareko
cḫa.
—This
book has helped me.
yo kitāb tyas
kitāb-bḫandā nayā͂ ho.
—This
book is newer than that book.
9.7.2.1—Task 9.7.2.1
Translate:-
1. yo kitāb; tyo kitāb
2. yo kitāb nayā͂ ho.
3. nayā͂ kitāb kahā͂ cḫa?
4. yas kitāb-ko nām ke ho?
5. yas kitāb-mā rāmro kurā ho.
6. tyas kitāb-le malāī satya bḫanyo.
7. yas kitāb-dvārā mêle satya sikeko cḫu.
8. sāno kitāb tḫulo kitāb-sãga
tḫiyo.
9. yo susamācār tyas kitāb-bāṭa
āũcḫa.
10. sapḫā kitāb mêlo
kitāb-mātḫi narākḫnuhos`.
11. tyas kitāb-ko lāgi parkḫanu parcḫa.
12. tī kitāb-harūmadḫya
kahā͂-samma paḍḫyô?
Answers:-
1. this book; that book
2. This book is new.
3. Where is the new
book?
4. What is the name of
this book?
5. In this book are
good words.
6. That book spoke truth
to me.
7. Through this book
I have learned truth.
8. The little book was
with the big book.
9. This good news comes from that book.
10. Please do not put the clean book on the dirty book.
11. You have to wait for that book.
12. Among those books up to where did you (M) read?
9.7.2.2.—Task 9.7.2.2
Translate the
answers at Task 9.7.2.1 into Nepali.
9.7.2.3.—Task 9.7.2.3
Transform the
questions at Task 9.7.2.1 into the plural and check with the following
answers.
Answers:-
1. yī kitāb-harū; tī kitāb-harū.
2. yī kitāb-harū nayā͂ ho.
3. nayā͂ kitāb-harū kahā͂
cḫan`?
4. yī kitāb-harūko nām ke hun`?
5. yī kitāb-harūmā rāmro kurā
ho.
6. tī kitāb-harūle malāī satya
bḫane.
7. yī kitāb-harūdvārā mêle satya
sikeko cḫu.
8. sānā kitāb-harū tḫulā
kitāb-harūsãga tḫie.
9. yo susamācār tī kitāb-harūbāṭa
āũcḫa.
10. sapḫā kitāb-harū mêlā kitāb-harūmātḫi
narākḫnuhos`.
11. tī kitāb-harūko lāgi parkḫanu
parcḫa.
12. tī kitāb-harūmadḫya
kahā͂-samma paḍḫyô?
the man— lognemāncḫe
affecting the man— lognemāncḫelāī
of the man— lognemāncḫeko
*
to the man— lognemāncḫelāī
by/through the man— lognemāncḫele
by way of the man— lognemāncḫedvārā
from the man—lognemāncḫebāṭa / -dekḫi
in the man—lognemāncḫemā / ko bḫitro
on the man— lognemāncḫeko mātḫi
at the man— lognemāncḫelāī
with the man— lognemāncḫesit
/
lognemāncḫesãga
for the man— lognemāncḫeko
lāgi /
lognemāncḫeko nimti
Oh the man!— he
lognemāncḫe!
* kī (not ko) if a female human is ‘owned’.
kā (not ko) if more than one are
owned.
yo lognemāncḫe—this man
yas lognemāncḫelāī—to this man
mêle yas lognemāncḫelāī bḫannu parcḫa
—I must speak to this man
yas lognemāncḫeko—of that man
yas lognemāncḫeko nām
—this
man’s name
yas lognemāncḫe-le—by this book
yas lognemāncḫele
malāī satya
bḫanyo
—This
man told me truth
9.8—Examples of How Nouns and Pronouns Change by Case
lognemāncḫeko bhāi
—The man’s brother
lognemāncḫekī āmā
—The mother of the man
lognemāncḫekā kitāb-harū
—The man’s books
lognemāncḫekā bahinīharū
—The man’s books
lognemāncḫekā bhāibahinīharū
—The man’s brothers and sisters
hāmīharūkā
bhāibahinīharū
—Our
brothers and sisters
tyo kitāb lognemāncḫeko lāgi
cḫa.
—That book is for the man.
ma lognemāncḫesãga tḫiẽ.
—I was with the man.
ma kitāb-dvārā sikna sakẽ.
—I was able to learn through the book.
yinī mero kitāb
lyāundê tḫie.
—He [MN] was bringing my book.
ma lognemāncḫesãga thiẽ.
—I was with the man.
mero bāheka arko keṭā āeko
cḫêna.
—Apart from me no other boy has come.
9.9—Tasks—Declension of Nouns and Pronouns
9.9.1—Task 9.9.1
Translate:-
1. śikṣak-ko bḫāi; us-ko bḫāi
१.
शिक्षकको भाइ;
उसको भाइ
2. śikṣak-kī āmā; us-kī
āmā
२. शिक्षककी
आमा; उसकी आमा
3. śikṣak-kā kitāb-harū; us-kā
kitāb-harū
३. शिक्षकका
किताबहरू;
उसका
किताबहरू
4. śikṣak-kā bahinīharū; us-kā
bahinīharū
४. शिक्षकका
बहिनीहरू;
उसका
बहिनीहरू
5. unī yahā͂ tḫienan`.
५. उनी यहाँ
थिएनन्।
6. yas-kāraṇ-le mêle un-lāī yo
bḫannu sakeko cḫêna.
६. यसकारणले
मैले उनलाई यो
भान्नु सकेको
छैन।
7. tinī kahā͂ cḫan`?
७. तिनी
कहाँ छन्?
8. mêle tin-lāi bḫannu parcḫa.
८. मैले
तिनलाई भन्नु
पर्छ।
Answers:-
1. the teacher’s (younger) brother; his brother
2. the teacher’s mother; his mother
3. the teacher’s
books; his books
4. the teacher’s
(younger) sisters; his sisters
5. He (M) was
not here.
6. For this reason I have
been unable to tell this to him.
7. Where is he (MF)?
8. I must tell him.
9.9.2—Task 9.9.2
Translate:-
1. He (MN) has come. Please give him my book!
2. I do not know him. I have not seen him.
3. Has he (L) seen
you (M)?
4. I heard this good news
through that man.
5. I brought this
book from him (L).
6. In this book there are
matters [ / words] of life.
Answers:-
1. yinī āeko cḫan`. yin-lāī mero
kitāb dinuhos` !
१. यिनी
आएको छन्।
यिनलाई मेरो
किताब
दिनुहोस् !
2. ma tin-lāī cindêna. mêle tin-lāī
dekḫeko cḫêna.
२. म तिनलाई
चिन्दैन।
मैले तिनलाई
देखेको छैन।
3. ūle ke timīlāī dekḫeko
cḫêna ?
३. ऊले के
तिमीलाई
देखेको छैन?
4. mêle tyas lognemāncḫedvārā yo
susamācār sunẽ.
४. मैले
त्यस
लोग्नेमान्छेद्वारा
यो सुसमाचार
सुनें।
5. mêle yo kitāb ūbāṭa liẽ.
५. मैले यो
किताब ऊबाट
लिएँ।
6. yas kitāb-mā jīvan-ko kurā cḫa.
६. यसकिताबमा
जीवनको कुरा
छ।
9.9.3—Task 9.9.3
Translate:-
1. īśvar-ko celāharūko bḫitro prem
hunu parcḫa.
१. ईश्वरको
चेलाहरूको
भित्रो प्रेम
हुनु पर्छ।
2. timro kitāb tyas lognemāncḫeko kitāb
mātḫi tḫiyo.
२. तिम्रो
किताब त्यस
लोग्नेमान्छेको
किताब माथि
थियो।
3. ū mero kitāb us-ko mātḫi
rākḫera hĩḍdê tḫiyo.
३. ऊ मेरो
किताब उसको
माथि राखेर
हिंडदै थियो।
4. merī bahinī tapāīsit [ / -sãga]
tḫiī. (5.5.3)
४. मेरी
बहिनी
तपाईसित [ / -सँग] थिई।
5. mêle yo kitāb timro lāgi liera āeko
cḫu.
५. मैले यो
किताब तिम्रो
लागि लिएर
आएको छु।
Answers:-
1. Love must be in God’s follower(s).
2. Your (M) book was on top of that man’s book.
3. He (L) put
my book on top of him and was walking around.
4. My (younger) sister
was with you (H).
5. I have brought
this book for you (M).
9.9.4—Task 9.9.4
Translate the
answers at Tasks 9.9.1 and 9.9.3 into the other language.
[Go to Top] [List of Contents]
[Go to
Start of Section 9—Changes to Object Pronouns and Nouns]
10
Contents of
Section 10
10.1—List of Connectives
10.2—Examples of the Use of Connectives
10.3—Avoidance of ‘and’ in a Series of Actions
10.4—Tasks—Connectives
A list of useful connectives should be learned.
ra and [See ‘Avoidance
of “and”’ (10.3)]
tara but
taba then
ani and so; also
tyas-kāraṇ therefore
yas-kāraṇle for this reason
phal-svarūp consequently
tyasêle so
kinaki because
ki that
tāki so that
bḫanera saying; recalling; (See 5.15.1, .2.)
bḫaneko intending; expressing; meaning (See 5.15.3, .4.)
[Go to Start of Section 10—Connectives]
10.2—Examples
of the Use of Connectives
unī yahā͂ kām
garcḫa, ra tyas-pacḫi ma
usãga yo kitāb paḍḫ`cḫu.
—He
works here and after that I read
this
book with him.
unīharūle yo
kitāb paḍḫe, tara
bujhenan`.
—They (did) read that book, but did
not
understand.
timī āuna sakcḫô, taba ma timīsãga
bhanna sakcḫu.
—You
can come, then I can speak with
you.
unī āuna sakena, tyas-kāraṇ
hāmī
unīsãga
bhandênỗ.
—He
could not come, therefore we are
not
speaking with him.
hāmī unīsãga
bhandênỗ, kinaki unī
āuna sakena.
—We
are not speaking with him, because
he
could not come.
mêle tapāīlāī bhanyo ki tapāīle
unīharūlāī
madat garnu parcḫa.
—I
have told you that you must help them.
unī āyo, tāki
unī masãga bhanna sakos`.
—He
came, so that he might speak
with
me.
[Go to Start of Section 10—Connectives]
10.3—Avoidance of ‘AND’ in a Series of Actions
In English a chain
of verbs may be liked by ‘and’.
i.e. X did Y and Z.
In Nepali you can
say ‘Having done X, A did Y’. This uses the verb form, ‘having done +
and’—for example:-
‘lie + ra’—‘having taken + and’
mero
kitāb liera āunuhos`!
—Please
bring my book!
(‘Having
taken my book please come!)
ma āera kām garcḫu
—I
will come and work.
kitāb paḍḫera bujhdê cḫu
—After
reading the book I understand.
rāmro garera sikdê cḫô
—You are learning well.
(Literally:
Having
done nicely you are learning.)
[Go to Top] [List of Contents]
[Go to Start of Section 10—Connectives]
10.4.1—Task 10.4.1
Translate:-
1. ākāś ra pŗtḫvī
१. आकाश र
पृथ्वी
2. tin-ko ra tin-ko bubāko nām lekḫieko
tḫiyo.
२. तिनको र
तिनको बुबाको
नाम लेखिएको
थियो।
3. unī yahā͂ chênan` tara tyahā͂
cḫan`.
३. उनी यहाँ
छैनन् तर
त्यहाँ छन्।
4. tinīharū duī hoinan` tara euṭê
śarīr hun`.
४. तिनीहरू
दुई होइनन् तर
एउटै शरीर
हुन्।
5. taba un-le javāpḫ die.
५. तब उनले
जवाफ दिए।
6. tinīharū ānandit ani pavitra hun`.
६. तिनीहरू
आनन्दित अनि
पवित्र हुन्।
7. ma birāmī cḫu, yas-kāraṇ-le ma
āũdina.
७. म विरामी
छु, यसकारणले
म आउँदिन।
8. un-le bḫaniyo ki tyo satya hoina.
८. उनले
भनियो कि त्यो
सत्य होइन।
Answers:-
1. heaven and earth
2. His and his father’s name were written.
3. He (M) is
not here but is there.
4. They (M) are
not two but are one flesh [ / body].
5. Then he (M)
gave the answer.
6. They (M) are happy and holy.
7. I am ill, and for
this reason I am not coming.
8. He (M) said that that is not the truth.
10.4.2—Task 10.4.2.
Translate the
answers at Task 10.4.1 into Nepali.
11
Contents of
Section 11
11.1—Pattern and Elements Used
11.1.1—[yadi] X bḫane Y—If X, then Y
11.1.1.1—The Condition
11.1.1.2—The Outcome
11.1.2—‘hunāle’—X being the case, [then] Y
11.1.3—Other devices to express conditions
11.2—Examples of Conditional Sentences
11.3—Tasks—Conditional Sentences
11.1—Pattern
and Elements Used
There are two main ways for expressing a conditional clause and its outcome.
11.1.1—[yadi]
X bḫane Y—If X, then Y
Two parts form this structure to express the condition and the possible outcome. These sentences follow this pattern:-
English structure:
You come, say, I will go.
or [If] you come, say, [then] I will go.
Nepali
structure:
You
come, said, I will go.
or [If] you come, said, [then] I will go.
In
English ‘say’ is often used to convey the idea of: ‘Suppose this
situation’. More commonly English
says: “If …,”.
In
Nepali ‘bḫane’—‘said’ is used to convey a similar
idea. Sometimes you will also meet the
addition of ‘yadi’—‘If’.
‘bḫane’
conveys the
idea of:-
‘said’,
or
‘having
said’, or
‘If
the situation is assumed in which…’.
‘bḫane’ is placed at the end of the clause that
states a condition.
timī viśvās gardê cḫô bḫane, …
—You
believe, say, …
—If
you believe, …
‘yadi’ is
sometimes be inserted at the start of the condition to emphasize ‘If’.
yadi
unī āuna sakcḫa bḫane, …
—If
he can come, say, …
yadi
tapāī
āunubhayo bḫane, ma
tapāīsãga jāncḫu.
—If you have come, say, I’ll go wth you.
‘ta’—‘so’
or ‘accordingly’ is sometimes added to signal the outcome, like ‘then’
is sometimes used in English.
yadi tinī sutekā cḫan` bḫane
ta ṭḫik
huncḫan` holā.
—If
he (M) is sleeping, in that case he
will
get well, we expect. (John 11:12)
‘taba’ is only rarely used instead of ‘ta’. However, ‘taba’ normally means ‘then’. It is often used elsewhere. It also matches with ‘jaba’—‘when’. (See 12.2.)
taba
hera!—Then [ / So, but] look!
taba
me bḫanẽ: …—Then I said: …
taba
swargamā laḍāī͂ bḫayo.
—Then
war broke out in heaven.
jaba
tyas-le jḫuṭ bolcḫa, taba āpḫno
swabḫāb-anusārê
bolcḫa.
—When
he speaks, [then] he speaks
according
to his own disposition.
11.1.2—‘hunāle’—X being the case, [then] Y
The key part of the cause
or condition is:-
-le—being the case / because
See also the use of ‘hunāle’ to simplify the structure of present perfect clauses (5.12.6)
and past perfect clauses (5.13.4).
The pattern is:-
X-hunāle Y pani hos`.
—X
being the case, let Y then happen.
ke timīle malāī
dekḫeko hunāle viśvās
garyô?
—Did
you (M) believe because [ / if]
having
seen me? (John 20:29)
11.1.3—Other devices to express conditions
Often another way
can be devized to express an outcome that is dependent on a certain condition.
Using ‘kām garna nacāhane’—‘a person who does not want to work’:-
kām garna nacāhanele pani kḫā͂dā
nakḫāos`.
—Let anyone
who does not want
to
work, also not eat.
=If anyone does not want
to
work, neither let him eat.
(2 Thessalonians 3:10)
11.2—Examples of Conditional Sentences
timī kām garyo bḫane
yo kitāb
pāuncḫô.
—If you work, [then] you
will receive
this
book.
yadi kasêle “ma parameśvar-lāī prem
garcḫu”
bḫancḫa tara āpḫno bḫāilāī
gḫŗṇā
garcḫa bḫane ū
jḫūṭā ho.
—If anyone says “I love God” but hates
his
brother then he is a liar.
(1 John 4:20)
yadi parameśvar timīharūkā bubā
hunuhũdo ho ta timīharūle malāī prem
garne tḫiyô.
—If God were your Father, [then] you
would love me. (John 8:42)
yadi mero prem
cḫêna bḫane ma kehi
pani hoinã.
—If I do not have love, then I am nothing.
(1 Corinthians 13:2)
yadi uhā͂ timīharūsit ek hunuhunna
bḫane
ta timīharūle uhā͂ko anumodan
pāekā
rahenachô.
—If he (H) is not one with YOU (M),
in
that case YOU are not continuing to
receive
his approval.
(2 Corinthians 13:5)
yadi mero rājya yas sãsār-ko hũdo ho
ta mero sevak-harūle …
—If my kingdom were of this world,
then by
my servants … (John 18:36)
11.3—Tasks—Conditional
Sentences
11.3.1—Task 11.3.1
Translate:-
1. yo narāmro cḫa bḫane ma yo
paḍḫ`nu cāhandêna.
१. यो
नराम्रो छ भने
म यो पढ्नु
चाहन्दैन।
2. unī āeko cḫan` bḫane timī kina
un-lāī boleko chênô?
२. उनी आएको
छन् भने तिमी
किन उनलाई
बोलेको छैनौ?
3. tapāī͂ jānnu huncḫa bḫane
ke tapāī͂ malāī bḫannu hunna?
३. तपाई
जान्नु हुन्छ
भने के तपाई
मलाई भन्नु हन्न?
4. timī yo kitāb paḍḫ`na sakcḫô
bḫane sikna pani sakcḫô.
४. तिमी यो
किताब पढ्न
सक्छौ भने
सिक्न पनि
सक्छौ।
5. yadi timīle bujḫyo bḫane ta malāī
uttar sikāuna sakcḫô.
५. यदि
तिमीले
बुझ्यो भने त
मलाई उत्तर
सिकाउन सक्छौ।
Answers:-
1. If this is bad, I don’t want to read it.
2. If he (M) has come, why haven’t you (M) spoken to
him ?
3. If you (H)
know, will you not tell me ?
4. If you (M) can read this book, you can learn.
5. If you (M) understood,
then you can teach me the answer.
11.3.2—Task 11.3.2
Translate:-
1. By this all will know that YOU (M) are my disciples—if YOU
have love among yourselves. = {YOU have practised love, say} {YOU are my
disciples} {having affirmed} {by all from this particularly} {are to gain
awareness}. (John 13:35)
2. If anyone wants to come after me, let him (M) disown
himself. (Matthew 16:24)
3. If you
exercise faith in him, you are to gain salvation. (Romans 10:9)
Answers:-
1. timīharūle āpas-mā prem garyô
bḫane timīharū merā celāharū hô bḫanī
sabêle yasêbāṭa tḫāha pāunecḫan`.
१. तिमीहरूले
आपसमा प्रेम
गर्यौ भने
तिमीहरू मेरा
चेलाहरू हौ
भनी सबैले
यसैबाट थाह
पाउनेछन्।
2. yadi kohī mero pacḫi āna
cāhancḫa bḫane us-le āpḫulāī inkār
garos`.
२. यदि कोही
मेरो पछि आन
चाहन्छ भने
उसले आफुलाई इन्कार
गरोस।
3. yadi timī uhā͂mātḫi
viśvās garcḫô bḫane timīle uddḫār
pāunecḫô.
३. यदि तिमी
उहाँमाथि
विश्वास
गर्छौ भने
तिमीले
उद्धार
पाउनेछौ।
11.3.3.
Translate the
answers at Tasks 11.3.1 and 11.3.2 into the other language.
[Go to Top] [List of Contents]
12
12 – INTERROGATIVES,
RELATIVES & CORRELATIVES
Contents of Section 12
12.1—Pattern of Question, Detail,
Effect
12.2—Matching Sets
12.3—Examples of Relative Sentences
12.1—Pattern of Question, Detail, Effect
Related words form matching sets:-
Interrogative—a question
Relative—related details
Correlative—resulting,
correlated effect.
They work according to this
question-and-answer pattern:-
Interrogative Relative Correlative
k- ? j- t-
kahā͂…? jahā͂…, tahā͂…
kahā͂ jāncḫô? jahā͂ jā͂dê cḫô, tahā͂ ma jāncḫu
Where will Where you
you go? are going, there I will go.
Interrogative Relative Correlative
What…?
ke…? je tyo
What things…?
ke-ke…? je-je tī
Which…?
kuna…? juna tinê
Who…? (Singular)
ko…? jo tinī
WHO…? (Plural)
ko ko…? jo-jo tinīharū
Why…?
kina…? yas-kāraṇ-le tāki /
tyas-kāraṇ-le
When…?
kahile…? jahile/jaba tahile / taba
Where…?
kahā͂…? jahā͂ tahā͂
How…? / in what manner?
kasarī…? jasarī tyasarī
What sort of…?
kasto…? jasto tyasto
How much…?
kati…? jati tyati
Whose…?
kas-ko…? jas-ko tyas-ko
How many (persons)…?
katijanā…? jatijanā tyatijanā
How many (things/animals)…?
kativaṭā…? jativaṭā tyativaṭā
Whether …?
ke..? - -
12.3—Examples of Relative Sentences
kahā͂
jāncḫô?—Where will you go?
timī jahā͂ jā͂dê cḫô, tahā͂
ma jāncḫu
—Where you are going, there
I will go.
yo ke ho?—What is this?
timī malāī je kitāb diyo, yo tyo
kitāb
ho.
—The book that you gave me, it is that
book.
kuna
kitāb-harū rāmro?
—Which [plural] books are good?
juna kitāb-harū satya bhancḫan`, tinê
rāmrê
hun`.
—[Only] those books that tell the truth,
these ones [only] are good.
tī ke-ke
hun`?
—What [plural] are these things?
timī
malāī je-je kitāb-harū
diyo, tī
kitāb-harū
ho.
—The
books that you gave me, [they are]
those books.
tahā͂ ko
cḫa?—Who
is there?
jo hijo āyo, tinī
pḫeri yahā͂ cḫa.
—The one who
came yesterday, he is
here
again.
tahā͂ ko-ko
cḫa?—Who
are there?
jo-jo hijo āe, tinīharū
pḫeri yahā͂ cḫan`.
—The ones who came yesterday, they are
here
again.
timī kina
āyô?—Why did you come?
ma
yas-kāraṇ-le āẽ…
—I came for this
reason,…
tāki ma madat garū͂:
ma tyas-kāraṇ-le
āẽ.
so that I might help:for
that reason I
came.
timī kahile
āũdê chô?
—When are you
coming?
jahile mero bhāi āuna sakcḫa, tahile
ma āũdê cḫu.
—When
my brother can come, then I am
coming.
timī kahile āũdê chô?
—When
are you coming?
mero
bhāi jaba āuna sakcḫa, taba ma
āũdê cḫu.
—When
my brother can come, then I am
coming.
unle yo sabê kasarī sikyo?
—How did he learn all this?
śikṣak
jasarī gardê hunuhuncḫa,
unī
tyasarī
sikdê cḫa.
—Just as the
teacher is doing he learns in
that
way
ū kasto
kām garcḫa?
—What sort of work does he do?
ule jasto
kām garnu parcḫa,
ū tyasto*
kām gardê cḫa.
—The sort of work he should do, he’s
doing that sort* of work.
* Or for emphasis, tyastê—exactly that sort
usko kitāb kati rāmro cḫa?
—How good is his book?
timro kitāb jati
rāmro cḫa, us-ko kitāb
tyati
rāmro cḫa.
—As good as your book is,
—his book is that [/so] good
yo kas-ko kitāb ho?—Whose book is this?
jas-ko kitāb-harū yahā͂ tḫie,
yo tyas-ko
kitāb
ho.
—The person whose books were here, this
is
that person’s book.
katijanā bhāiharū
yahā͂ thie?
—How many brothers
were here?
jatijanā bhāiharūko nām tyo kitāb-mā
tḫie, tyatijanā bhāiharū yahā͂ thie.
—The number of brothers whose names
were
in the book, this number of
brothers
were here.
ke
timī āũdê chô?
—Whether
you are coming?
[Are you coming?]
12.4.1—Task 12.4.1
Translate:-
1. timī kahā͂ jā͂dêcḫô?
śikǎk jahā͂ bḫaniyo, tahā͂
jā͂dêcḫu.
१. तिमी
कहाँ जाँदैछौ?
शिक्षक जहाँ
भनियो, तहाँ
जाँदैछु।
2. ule ke bḫaneko cḫa? je us-ko kitāb-mā
tḫiyo, us-le tyo bḫaniyo.
२. उले के
भनेको छ? जे
उसको किताबमा
थियो, उसले
त्यो भनियो।
3. timīle kunê kitāb paḍḫeko cḫô? juna
kitāb yahā͂ tḫiyo, ma tinê paḍḫẽ.
३. तिमिले
कुनै किताब
पढेको छ? जुन
किताब यहाँ
थियो, म तिनै
पढें।
4. ko-ko āeko cḫan`? jo-jo hijo āeko
tḫiyo, unīharū pḫeri āeko cḫan`.
४. को-को
आएको छन्?
जो-जो हिजो
आएको थियो,
उनीहरू फेरि
आएको छन्।
5. timro kām kina tayār cḫêna? mero ke pani
kitāb thiena, tyas-kāraṇ-le tayār cḫêna.
५. तिम्रो
काम किन तयार
छैन? मेरो के
पनि किताब
थिएन, त्यसकारणले
तयार छैन।
6. yo kas-ko kām ho? jas-ko śikṣak
sab-bḫandā rāmro, tyas-ko kām ho.
६. यो कसको
काम हो? जसको
शिक्षक
सबभन्दा
राम्रो, त्यसको
काम हो।
7. ke timī mero praśna bujḫna sakchô?
७. के
तिमी मेरो
प्रश्न बुझ्न
सक्छौ?
Answers:-
1. Where are you (M) going? Where the teacher said, I’m going
there.
2. What has he (L) said? What was in his book, he said that.
3. Exactly which
books have you (M) read? The one that was here, I read that one.
4. WHO have come? Those
who came yesterday, they (M) have come
again.
5. Why is your (M)
work not ready? I had no book, for that reason it is not ready.
6. Whose work is this?
The person whose teacher is the best, his work it is.
7. Can you (M) understand
my question?
12.4.2.
Translate the
answers at Task 12.4.2 into Nepali.
[Go to Top] [List of Contents]
13
13 –EXPRESSIONS WITHOUT EQUIVALENT
The main information in the original language has to be identified, and an acceptable alternative way has to be found of communicating enough of this in a way that is comfortable in the new language.
Give examples of some of the most important ones you find, especially if their construction is difficult to grasp.
Nepali English
-era—in doing
X bḫanera Y.
—In asking, “X?”, Y.
namaste bḫanera gayo. (See 5.15.1, .2.)
—Saying, “Hello”, he went.
usle timro kitāb yahā͂ cḫa bḫanera gayo. (See 5.15.1, .2.)
—In saying, “Your book is
here”, he went.
—He said my book was here
and went.
mero kitāb timro gḫar-mā cha bḫanera ma yahā͂ āeko cḫu.
—With saying (to myself)
[or, remembering], “My book is in your house”, I have come here.
—I remembered my book was
in your house, and (so) I have come here.
ma us-lāī
bḫancḫu bḫaneko ta [/tara] unī āeko cḫêna.
—Having said (to myself)
[or, thinking/intending], “I will tell him”, however, he hasn’t come.
—I meant to tell him, but
he didn’t come.
……….
—……………….
……….
—……………….
[Go to
Top] [List
of Contents]
14
It may be beneficial to add other important
features of the Nepali language in order to facilitate a rapid but sufficiently
accurate start to meaningful, fluent communication.
[Go to Top] [List of Contents]
15
Thanks to all who have assisted in the preparation of
this document. Best wishes to each
reader.
The Author
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